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Saha M, Pragasam AK, Kumari S, Verma J, Das B, Bhadra RK. Genomic and functional insights into antibiotic resistance genes floR and strA linked with the SXT element of Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2024; 170:001424. [PMID: 38180462 PMCID: PMC10866021 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens are a critical public health concern across the globe. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play an important role in the horizontal acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria. In this study, we have decoded the whole genome sequences of multidrug-resistant Vibrio cholerae clinical isolates carrying the ARG-linked SXT, an integrative and conjugative element, in their large chromosomes. As in others, the SXT element has been found integrated into the 5'-end of the prfC gene (which encodes peptide chain release factor 3 involved in translational regulation) on the large chromosome of V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 strains. Further, we demonstrate the functionality of SXT-linked floR and strAB genes, which confer resistance to chloramphenicol and streptomycin, respectively. The floR gene-encoded protein FloR belongs to the major facilitator superfamily efflux transporter containing 12 transmembrane domains (TMDs). Deletion analysis confirmed that even a single TMD of FloR is critical for the export function of chloramphenicol. The floR gene has two putative promoters, P1 and P2. Sequential deletions reveal that P2 is responsible for the expression of the floR. Deletion analysis of the N- and/or C-terminal coding regions of strA established their importance for conferring resistance against streptomycin. Interestingly, qPCR analysis of the floR and strA genes indicated that both of the genes are constitutively expressed in V. cholerae cells. Further, whole genome-based global phylogeography confirmed the presence of the integrative and conjugative element SXT in non-O1/non-O139 strains despite being non-multidrug resistant by lacking antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene cassettes, which needs monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Saha
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR), Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Agila Kumari Pragasam
- Centre for Microbial Research, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Shashi Kumari
- Centre for Microbial Research, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Jyoti Verma
- Centre for Microbial Research, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Centre for Microbial Research, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Rupak K. Bhadra
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR), Kolkata-700032, India
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Peng K, Li Y, Wang Q, Yang P, Wang Z, Li R. Integrative conjugative elements mediate the high prevalence of tmexCD3-toprJ1b in Proteus spp. of animal source. mSystems 2023; 8:e0042923. [PMID: 37707055 PMCID: PMC10654056 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00429-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The emergence and spread of tmexCD-toprJ have greatly weakened the function of tigecycline. Although studies have demonstrated the significance of Proteus as carriers for tmexCD-toprJ, the epidemic mechanism and characteristics of tmexCD-toprJ in Proteus remain unclear. Herein, we deciphered that the umuC gene in VRIII of SXT/R391 ICEs was a hotspot for the integration of tmexCD3-toprJ1b-bearing mobile genetic elements by genomic analysis. The mobilization and dissemination of tmexCD3-toprJ1b in Proteus were mediated by highly prevalent ICEs. Furthermore, the co-occurrence of tmexCD3-toprJ1b-bearing ICEs with other chromosomally encoded multidrug resistance gene islands warned that the chromosomes of Proteus are significant reservoirs of ARGs. Overall, our results provide significant insights for the prevention and control of tmexCD3-toprJ1b in Proteus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Peng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangfan Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaojun Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengbin Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruichao Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Mevada V, Patel R, Dudhagara P, Chaudhari R, Vohra M, Khan V, J. H. Shyu D, Chen YY, Zala D. Whole Genome Sequencing and Pan-Genomic Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Vibrio cholerae VC01 Isolated from a Clinical Sample. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2030. [PMID: 37630590 PMCID: PMC10457874 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera, a disease caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria, threatens public health worldwide. The organism mentioned above has a significant historical record of being identified as a prominent aquatic environmental pollutant capable of adapting its phenotypic and genotypic traits to react to host patients effectively. This study aims to elucidate the heterogeneity of the sporadic clinical strain of V. cholerae VC01 among patients residing in Silvasa. The study involved conducting whole-genome sequencing of the isolate obtained from patients exhibiting symptoms, including those not commonly observed in clinical practice. The strain was initially identified through a combination of biochemical analysis, microscopy, and 16s rRNA-based identification, followed by type strain-based identification. The investigation demonstrated the existence of various genetic alterations and resistance profiles against multiple drugs, particularly chloramphenicol (catB9), florfenicol (floR), oxytetracycline (tet(34)), sulfonamide (sul2), and Trimethoprim (dfrA1). The pan-genomic analysis indicated that 1099 distinct clusters were detected within the genome sequences of recent isolates worldwide. The present study helps to establish a correlation between the mutation and the coexistence of antimicrobial resistance toward current treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Mevada
- DNA Division, Directorate of Forensic Science, Gandhinagar 382007, India;
| | - Rajesh Patel
- Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat 395007, India;
| | - Pravin Dudhagara
- Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat 395007, India;
| | - Rajesh Chaudhari
- School of Applied Sciences and Technology, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad 382424, India;
| | - Mustafa Vohra
- Directorate of Medical & Health Services, UT of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Silvassa 396230, India; (M.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Vikram Khan
- Directorate of Medical & Health Services, UT of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Silvassa 396230, India; (M.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Douglas J. H. Shyu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
| | - Yih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan;
| | - Dolatsinh Zala
- School of Applied Sciences and Technology, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad 382424, India;
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Sugimoto Y, Kadoya A, Suzuki S. An Integrative and Conjugative Element (ICE) Found in Shewanella halifaxensis Isolated from Marine Fish Intestine May Connect Genetic Materials between Human and Marine Environments. Microbes Environ 2022; 37. [PMID: 36058879 PMCID: PMC9530723 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me22038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) play a role in the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). We herein report an ICE from Shewanella halifaxensis isolated from fish intestine with a similar structure to both a clinical bacterial ICE and marine bacterial plasmid. The ICE was designated ICEShaJpn1, a member of the SXT/R391 family of ICEs (SRIs). ICEShaJpn1 has a common core structure with SRIs of clinical and fish origins and an ARG cassette with the pAQU1 plasmid of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, suggesting that the common core of SRIs is widely distributed and ARG cassettes are collected from regional bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Sugimoto
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University
| | - Aya Kadoya
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University
| | - Satoru Suzuki
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University
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Pauer H, Teixeira FL, Robinson AV, Parente TE, De Melo MAF, Lobo LA, Domingues RMCP, Allen-Vercoe E, Ferreira RBR, Antunes LCM. Bioactive small molecules produced by the human gut microbiome modulate Vibrio cholerae sessile and planktonic lifestyles. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-19. [PMID: 34006192 PMCID: PMC8143261 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1918993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans live in symbiosis with a diverse community of microorganisms, which has evolved to carry out many specific tasks that benefit the host, including protection against invading pathogens. Within the chemical diversity of the gastrointestinal tract, small molecules likely constitute chemical cues for the communication between the microbiota and pathogens. Therefore, we sought to investigate if molecules produced by the human gut microbiota show biological activity against the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae. To probe the effects of the gut metabolome on V. cholerae, we investigated its response to small-molecule extracts from human feces, from a complex bacterial community cultivated in vitro, and from culture supernatants of Enterocloster citroniae, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, and Bacteroides vulgatus. Using RNA sequencing, we determined the impact of the human gut metabolome on V. cholerae global gene expression. Among the genes downregulated in the presence of the fecal extract, the most overrepresented functional category was cell motility, which accounted for 39% of repressed genes. Repression of V. cholerae motility by the fecal extract was confirmed phenotypically, and E. citroniae extracts reproduced this phenotype. A complex in vitro microbial community led to increased motility, as did extracts from B. vulgatus, a species present in this community. Accordingly, mucin penetration was also repressed by fecal and E. citroniae extracts, suggesting that the phenotypes observed may have implications for host colonization. Together with previous studies, this work shows that small molecules from the gut metabolome may have a widespread, significant impact on microbe-microbe interactions established in the gut environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Pauer
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação Em Doenças De Populações Negligenciadas, Centro De Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Lopes Teixeira
- Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Avery V. Robinson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Thiago E. Parente
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marília A. F. De Melo
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro A. Lobo
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Regina M. C. P. Domingues
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Rosana B. R. Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis Caetano M. Antunes
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação Em Doenças De Populações Negligenciadas, Centro De Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Infecção Hospitalar, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,CONTACT Luis Caetano Antunes Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900
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Bhandari M, Jennison AV, Rathnayake IU, Huygens F. Evolution, distribution and genetics of atypical Vibrio cholerae - A review. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104726. [PMID: 33482361 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease, which can occur as either an epidemic or sporadic disease. Cholera pandemic-causing V. cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups originated from the Indian subcontinent and spread globally and millions of lives are lost each year, mainly in developing and underdeveloped countries due to this disease. V. cholerae O1 is further classified as classical and El Tor biotype which can produce biotype specific cholera toxin (CT). Since 1961, the current seventh pandemic El Tor strains replaced the sixth pandemic strains resulting in the classical biotype strain that produces classical CT. The ongoing evolution of Atypical El Tor V. cholerae srains encoding classical CT is of global concern. The severity in the pathophysiology of these Atypical El Tor strains is significantly higher than El Tor or classical strains. Pathogenesis of V. cholerae is a complex process that involves coordinated expression of different sets of virulence-associated genes to cause disease. We are yet to understand the complete virulence profile of V. cholerae, including direct and indirect expression of genes involved in its survival and stress adaptation in the host. In recent years, whole genome sequencing has paved the way for better understanding of the evolution and strain distribution, outbreak identification and pathogen surveillance for the implementation of direct infection control measures in the clinic against many infectious pathogens including V. cholerae. This review provides a synopsis of recent studies that have contributed to the understanding of the evolution, distribution and genetics of the seventh pandemic Atypical El Tor V. cholerae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murari Bhandari
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Department of Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amy V Jennison
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Department of Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Irani U Rathnayake
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Department of Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Flavia Huygens
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Isolation, nucleotide sequencing and genomic comparison of a Novel SXT/R391 ICE mobile genetic element isolated from a municipal wastewater environment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8716. [PMID: 32457296 PMCID: PMC7251087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrative Conjugative Elements (ICE’s) of the SXT/R391 family have largely been detected in clinical or environmental isolates of Gammaproteobacteria, particularly Vibrio and Proteus species. As wastewater treatment plants accumulate a large and diverse number of such species, we examined raw water samples taken from a municipal wastewater treatment plant initially using SXT/R391 family integrase gene-specific PCR probes to detect the presence of such elements in a directed approach. A positive amplification occurred over a full year period and a subsequent Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis revealed a very limited diversity in the treatment plant examined. Samples demonstrating positive amplification were cultured using Vibrio and Proteus selective media and PCR amplification tracking was utilized to monitor SXT/R391-ICE family containing strains. This screening procedure resulted in the isolation and identification of a Proteus mirabilis strain harbouring an ICE. Whole-genome sequencing of this ICE containing strain using Illumina sequencing technology revealed a novel 81 kb element that contained 75 open reading frames on annotation but contained no antibiotic or metal resistance determinants. Comparative genomics revealed the element contained a conserved ICE core with one of the insertions containing a novel bacteriophage defence mechanism. This directed isolation suggests that ICE elements are present in the environment without apparent selective pressure but may contain adaptive functions allowing survival in particular environments such as municipal wastewater which are reservoirs for large bacterial phage populations.
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Irenge LM, Ambroise J, Mitangala PN, Bearzatto B, Kabangwa RKS, Durant JF, Gala JL. Genomic analysis of pathogenic isolates of Vibrio cholerae from eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (2014-2017). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007642. [PMID: 32310947 PMCID: PMC7192507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past recent years, Vibrio cholerae has been associated with outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa, notably in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This study aimed to determine the genetic relatedness of isolates responsible for cholera outbreaks in eastern DRC between 2014 and 2017, and their potential spread to bordering countries. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Phenotypic analysis and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were carried out on 78 clinical isolates of V. cholerae associated with cholera in eastern provinces of DRC between 2014 and 2017. SNP-based phylogenomic data show that most isolates (73/78) were V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor with CTX-3 type prophage. They fell within the third transmission wave of the current seventh pandemic El Tor (7PET) lineage and were contained in the introduction event (T)10 in East Africa. These isolates clustered in two sub-clades corresponding to Multiple Locus Sequence Types (MLST) profiles ST69 and the newly assigned ST515, the latter displaying a higher genetic diversity. Both sub-clades showed a distinct geographic clustering, with ST69 isolates mostly restricted to Lake Tanganyika basin and phylogenetically related to V. cholerae isolates associated with cholera outbreaks in western Tanzania, whereas ST515 isolates were disseminated along the Albertine Rift and closely related to isolates in South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia. Other V. cholerae isolates (5/78) were non-O1/non-O139 without any CTX prophage and no phylogenetic relationship with already characterized non-O1/non-O139 isolates. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Current data confirm the association of both DRC O1 7PET (T)10 sub-clades ST69 and ST515 with recurrent outbreaks in eastern DRC and at regional level over the past 10 years. Interestingly, while ST69 is predominantly a locally endemic sequence type, ST515 became adaptable enough to expand across DRC neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid M. Irenge
- Center for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Defence Laboratories Department, ACOS Ops&Trg, Belgian Armed Forces, Peutie, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Ambroise
- Center for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Bertrand Bearzatto
- Center for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-François Durant
- Center for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Gala
- Center for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Das B, Verma J, Kumar P, Ghosh A, Ramamurthy T. Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae: Understanding the ecology of resistance genes and mechanisms. Vaccine 2020; 38 Suppl 1:A83-A92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ryan MP, Slattery S, Pembroke JT. A Novel Arsenate-Resistant Determinant Associated with ICEpMERPH, a Member of the SXT/R391 Group of Mobile Genetic Elements. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121048. [PMID: 31888308 PMCID: PMC6947025 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ICEpMERPH, the first integrative conjugative element (ICE) of the SXT/R391 family isolated in the United Kingdom and Europe, was analyzed to determine the nature of its adaptive functions, its genetic structure, and its homology to related elements normally found in pathogenic Vibrio or Proteus species. Whole genome sequencing of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolate K802 (which contains the ICEpMERPH) was carried out using Illumina sequencing technology. ICEpMERPH has a size of 110 Kb and 112 putative open reading frames (ORFs). The “hotspot regions” of the element were found to contain putative restriction digestion systems, insertion sequences, and heavy metal resistance genes that encoded resistance to mercury, as previously reported, but also surprisingly to arsenate. A novel arsenate resistance system was identified in hotspot 4 of the element, unrelated to other SXT/R391 elements. This arsenate resistance system was potentially linked to two genes: orf69, encoding an organoarsenical efflux major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter-like protein related to ArsJ, and orf70, encoding nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Phenotypic analysis using isogenic strains of Escherichia coli strain AB1157 with and without the ICEpMERPH revealed resistance to low levels of arsenate in the range of 1–5 mM. This novel, low-level resistance may have an important adaptive function in polluted environments, which often contain low levels of arsenate contamination. A bioinformatic analysis on the novel determinant and the phylogeny of ICEpMERPH was presented.
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Sarkar A, Morita D, Ghosh A, Chowdhury G, Mukhopadhyay AK, Okamoto K, Ramamurthy T. Altered Integrative and Conjugative Elements (ICEs) in Recent Vibrio cholerae O1 Isolated From Cholera Cases, Kolkata, India. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2072. [PMID: 31555253 PMCID: PMC6743048 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-transferring integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are large genomic segments carrying several bacterial adaptive functions including antimicrobial resistance (AMR). SXT/R391 family is one of the ICEs extensively studied in cholera-causing pathogen Vibrio cholerae. The genetic characteristics of ICE-SXT/R391 in V. cholerae are dynamic and region-specific. These ICEs in V. cholerae are strongly correlated with resistance to several antibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. We screened V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from cholera patients in Kolkata, India from 2008 to 2015 for antibiotic susceptibility and the presence of ICEs, and subsequently sequenced their conserved genes. Resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was detected in strains isolated during 2008-2010 and 2014-2015. The genes encoding resistance to tetracycline (tetA), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (dfrA1 and sul2), streptomycin (strAB), and chloramphenicol (floR) were detected in the ICEs of these strains. There was a decrease in overall drug resistance in V. cholerae associated with the ICEs in 2011. DNA sequence analysis also showed that AMR in these strains was conferred mainly by two types of ICEs, i.e., ICETET (comprising tetA, strAB, sul2, and dfrA1) and ICEGEN (floR, strAB, sul2, and dfrA1). Based on the genetic structure, Kolkata strains of V. cholerae O1 had distinct genetic traits different from the ICEs reported in other cholera endemic regions. Transfer of AMR was confirmed by conjugation with sodium azide resistant Escherichia coli J53. In addition to the acquired resistance to streptomycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, the conjugally transferred (CT) E. coli J53 with ICE showed higher resistance to chloramphenicol and tetracycline than the donor V. cholerae. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) based clonal analysis revealed that the V. cholerae strains could be grouped based on their ICEs and AMR patterns. Our findings demonstrate the epidemiological importance of ICEs and their role in the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in El Tor vibrios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Sarkar
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Daichi Morita
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish K. Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Keinosuke Okamoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- Center for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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Mohammed Y, Aboderin AO, Okeke IN, Olayinka AT. Antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio cholerae from sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Afr J Lab Med 2018; 7:778. [PMID: 30643734 PMCID: PMC6325272 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v7i2.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Assembly adopted the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, which includes improving the knowledge base through surveillance and research. Noteworthily, the World Health Organization has advocated a Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System to address the plan’s surveillance objective, with most African countries enrolling in or after 2017. Aim The aim of this article was to review prior data on antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio cholerae from sub-Saharan Africa with a view for future control and intervention strategies. Methods We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (or ‘PRISMA’) guidelines to search the PubMed and African Journals Online databases, as well as additional articles provided by the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, for articles reporting on the antibiotic susceptibility of V. cholerae between January 2000 and December 2017. Results We identified 340 publications, of which only 25 (reporting from 16 countries within the sub-Saharan African region) were eligible. The majority (20; 80.0%) of the cholera toxigenic V. cholerae isolates were of the serogroup O1 of the El Tor biotype with Ogawa and Inaba serotypes predominating. Resistance was predominantly documented to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (50% of the studies), ampicillin (43.3% of the studies), chloramphenicol (43.3% of the studies) and streptomycin (30% of the studies). Resistance mechanisms were reported in 40% of the studies. Conclusion Our results demonstrate a documented antimicrobial resistance of V. cholerae to multiple antibiotic classes, including cell wall active agents and antimetabolites with evidence of phenotypic/genotypic resistance to fluoroquinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahaya Mohammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Aaron O Aboderin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Iruka N Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adebola T Olayinka
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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13
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Li Y, Li Y, Fernandez Crespo R, Leanse LG, Langford PR, Bossé JT. Characterization of the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae SXT-related integrative and conjugative element ICEApl2 and analysis of the encoded FloR protein: hydrophobic residues in transmembrane domains contribute dynamically to florfenicol and chloramphenicol efflux. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73:57-65. [PMID: 29029160 PMCID: PMC5890775 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To characterize ICEApl2, an SXT-related integrative and conjugative element (ICE) found in a clinical isolate of the porcine pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and analyse the functional nature of the encoded FloR. Methods ICEApl2 was identified in the genome of A. pleuropneumoniae MIDG3553. Functional analysis was done using conjugal transfer experiments. MIDG3553 was tested for susceptibility to the antimicrobials for which resistance genes are present in ICEApl2. Lack of florfenicol/chloramphenicol resistance conferred by the encoded FloR protein was investigated by cloning and site-directed mutagenesis experiments in Escherichia coli. Results ICEApl2 is 92660 bp and contains 89 genes. Comparative sequence analysis indicated that ICEApl2 is a member of the SXT/R391 ICE family. Conjugation experiments showed that, although ICEApl2 is capable of excision from the chromosome, it is not self-transmissible. ICEApl2 encodes the antimicrobial resistance genes floR, strAB, sul2 and dfrA1, and MIDG3553 is resistant to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and trimethoprim, but not florfenicol or chloramphenicol. Cloning and site-directed mutagenesis of the floR gene revealed the importance of the nature of the hydrophobic amino acid residues at positions 160 and 228 in FloR for determining resistance to florfenicol and chloramphenicol. Conclusions Our results indicate that the nature of hydrophobic residues at positions 160 and 228 of FloR contribute dynamically to specific efflux of florfenicol and chloramphenicol, although some differences in resistance levels may depend on the bacterial host species. This is also, to our knowledge, the first description of an SXT/R391 ICE in A. pleuropneumoniae or any member of the Pasteurellaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Li
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK.,Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Roberto Fernandez Crespo
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Leon G Leanse
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Janine T Bossé
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
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14
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Acosta-Smith E, Viveros-Jiménez K, Canizalez-Román A, Reyes-Lopez M, Bolscher JGM, Nazmi K, Flores-Villaseñor H, Alapizco-Castro G, de la Garza M, Martínez-Garcia JJ, Velazquez-Roman J, Leon-Sicairos N. Bovine Lactoferrin and Lactoferrin-Derived Peptides Inhibit the Growth of Vibrio cholerae and Other Vibrio species. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2633. [PMID: 29375503 PMCID: PMC5768654 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, some of which can cause serious infectious diseases. Vibrio infections are associated with the consumption of contaminated food and classified in Vibrio cholera infections and non-cholera Vibrio infections. In the present study, we investigate whether bovine lactoferrin (bLF) and several synthetic peptides corresponding to bLF sequences, are able to inhibit the growth or have bactericidal effect against V. cholerae and other Vibrio species. The antibacterial activity of LF and LF-peptides was assessed by kinetics of growth or determination of colony forming unit in bacteria treated with the peptides and antibiotics. To get insight in the mode of action, the interaction between bLF and bLF-peptides (coupled to FITC) and V. cholera was evaluated. The damage of effector-induced bacterial membrane permeability was measured by inclusion of the fluorescent dye propidium iodide using flow cytometry, whereas the bacterial ultrastructural damage in bacteria treated was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that bLF and LFchimera inhibited the growth of the V. cholerae strains; LFchimera permeabilized the bacteria which membranes were seriously damaged. Assays with a multidrug-resistant strain of Vibrio species indicated that combination of sub-lethal doses of LFchimera with ampicillin or tetracycline strongly reduced the concentration of the antibiotics to reach 95% growth inhibition. Furthermore, LFchimera were effective to inhibit the V. cholerae counts and damage due to this bacterium in a model mice. These data suggest that LFchimera and bLF are potential candidates to combat the V. cholerae and other multidrug resistant Vibrio species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Acosta-Smith
- Programa Regional Para el Doctorado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Karina Viveros-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada para la Salud Pública (CIASaP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Adrian Canizalez-Román
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada para la Salud Pública (CIASaP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico.,Hospital de la Mujer, Servicios de Salud de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Magda Reyes-Lopez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jan G M Bolscher
- Department of Oral Biochemistry ACTA, University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry ACTA, University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hector Flores-Villaseñor
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada para la Salud Pública (CIASaP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico.,Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Alapizco-Castro
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada para la Salud Pública (CIASaP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jesús J Martínez-Garcia
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada para la Salud Pública (CIASaP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico.,Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Jorge Velazquez-Roman
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada para la Salud Pública (CIASaP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada para la Salud Pública (CIASaP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico.,Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
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15
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Klemm E, Dougan G. Advances in Understanding Bacterial Pathogenesis Gained from Whole-Genome Sequencing and Phylogenetics. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 19:599-610. [PMID: 27173928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of next-generation sequencing as a cost-effective technology has facilitated the analysis of bacterial population structure at a whole-genome level and at scale. From these data, phylogenic trees have been constructed that define population structures at a local, national, and global level, providing a framework for genetic analysis. Although still at an early stage, these approaches have yielded progress in several areas, including pathogen transmission mapping, the genetics of niche colonization and host adaptation, as well as gene-to-phenotype association studies. Antibiotic resistance has proven to be a major challenge in the early 21(st) century, and phylogenetic analyses have uncovered the dramatic effect that the use of antibiotics has had on shaping bacterial population structures. An update on insights into bacterial evolution from comparative genomics is provided in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Klemm
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
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16
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17
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Eibach D, Herrera-León S, Gil H, Hogan B, Ehlkes L, Adjabeng M, Kreuels B, Nagel M, Opare D, Fobil JN, May J. Molecular Epidemiology and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae Associated with a Large Cholera Outbreak in Ghana in 2014. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004751. [PMID: 27232338 PMCID: PMC4883745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghana is affected by regular cholera epidemics and an annual average of 3,066 cases since 2000. In 2014, Ghana experienced one of its largest cholera outbreaks within a decade with more than 20,000 notified infections. In order to attribute this rise in cases to a newly emerging strain or to multiple simultaneous outbreaks involving multi-clonal strains, outbreak isolates were characterized, subtyped and compared to previous epidemics in 2011 and 2012. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Serotypes, biotypes, antibiotic susceptibilities were determined for 92 Vibrio cholerae isolates collected in 2011, 2012 and 2014 from Southern Ghana. For a subgroup of 45 isolates pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing and multilocus-variable tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) were performed. Eighty-nine isolates (97%) were identified as ctxB (classical type) positive V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor and three (3%) isolates were cholera toxin negative non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae. Among the selected isolates only sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim resistance was detectable in 2011, while 95% of all 2014 isolates showed resistance towards sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, ampicillin and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. MLVA achieved the highest subtype discrimination, revealing 22 genotypes with one major outbreak cluster in each of the three outbreak years. Apart from those clusters genetically distant genotypes circulate during each annual epidemic. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This analysis suggests different endemic reservoirs of V. cholerae in Ghana with distinct annual outbreak clusters accompanied by the occurrence of genetically distant genotypes. Preventive measures for cholera transmission should focus on aquatic reservoirs. Rapidly emerging multidrug resistance must be monitored closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eibach
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia Herrera-León
- National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Horacio Gil
- National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- European Public Health Microbiology Training Programme (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benedikt Hogan
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lutz Ehlkes
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Adjabeng
- Ghana Health Service, Disease Surveillance Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Benno Kreuels
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Nagel
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - David Opare
- Ghana Health Service, National Public Health and Reference Laboratory (NPHRL), Accra, Ghana
| | - Julius N Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jürgen May
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany
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18
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Geller G, Dvoskin R, Thio CL, Duggal P, Lewis MH, Bailey TC, Sutherland A, Salmon DA, Kahn JP. Genomics and infectious disease: a call to identify the ethical, legal and social implications for public health and clinical practice. Genome Med 2014; 6:106. [PMID: 25593592 PMCID: PMC4295297 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-014-0106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in genomics are contributing to the development of more effective, personalized approaches to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Genetic sequencing technologies are furthering our understanding of how human and pathogen genomic factors - and their interactions - contribute to individual differences in immunologic responses to vaccines, infections and drug therapies. Such understanding will influence future policies and procedures for infectious disease management. With the potential for tailored interventions for particular individuals, populations or subpopulations, ethical, legal and social implications (ELSIs) may arise for public health and clinical practice. Potential considerations include balancing health-related benefits and harms between individuals and the larger community, minimizing threats to individual privacy and autonomy, and ensuring just distribution of scarce resources. In this Opinion, we consider the potential application of pathogen and host genomic information to particular viral infections that have large-scale public health consequences but differ in ELSI-relevant characteristics such as ease of transmission, chronicity, severity, preventability and treatability. We argue for the importance of anticipating these ELSI issues in advance of new scientific discoveries, and call for the development of strategies for identifying and exploring ethical questions that should be considered as clinical, public health and policy decisions are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Geller
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Rachel Dvoskin
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Chloe L Thio
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Michelle H Lewis
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Theodore C Bailey
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Andrea Sutherland
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Daniel A Salmon
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Jeffrey P Kahn
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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