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Ju X, Wang B, Wu L, Zhang X, Wu Q, Han G. Grazing decreases net ecosystem carbon exchange by decreasing shrub and semi-shrub biomass in a desert steppe. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11528. [PMID: 38932943 PMCID: PMC11199334 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Livestock grazing can strongly determine how grasslands function and their role in the carbon cycle. However, how ecosystem carbon exchange responds to grazing and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We measured ecosystem carbon fluxes to explore the changes in carbon exchange and their driving mechanisms under different grazing intensities (CK, control; HG, heavy grazing; LG, light grazing; MG, moderate grazing) based on a 16-year long-term grazing experimental platform in a desert steppe. We found that grazing intensity influenced aboveground biomass during the peak growing season, primarily by decreasing shrubs and semi-shrubs and perennial forbs. Furthermore, grazing decreased net ecosystem carbon exchange by decreasing aboveground biomass, especially the functional group of shrubs and semi-shrubs. At the same time, we found that belowground biomass and soil ammonium nitrogen were the driving factors of soil respiration in grazed systems. Our study indicates that shrubs and semi-shrubs are important factors in regulating ecosystem carbon exchange under grazing disturbance in the desert steppe, whereas belowground biomass and soil available nitrogen are important factors regulating soil respiration under grazing disturbance in the desert steppe; this results provide deeper insights for understanding how grazing moderates the relationships between soil nutrients, plant biomass, and ecosystem CO2 exchange, which provide a theoretical basis for further grazing management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ju
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Management and Utilization, College of Grassland, Resources and EnvironmentInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotInner MongoliaChina
| | - Bingying Wang
- Forest and Grassland Protection and Development CenterBairin Right BannerInner MongoliaChina
| | - Lianhai Wu
- Net Zero and Resilient FarmingRothamsted ResearchDevonUK
| | - Xiaojia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Management and Utilization, College of Grassland, Resources and EnvironmentInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotInner MongoliaChina
| | - Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Management and Utilization, College of Grassland, Resources and EnvironmentInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotInner MongoliaChina
| | - Guodong Han
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Management and Utilization, College of Grassland, Resources and EnvironmentInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotInner MongoliaChina
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2
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Bai T, Wang P, Qiu Y, Zhang Y, Hu S. Nitrogen availability mediates soil carbon cycling response to climate warming: A meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:2608-2626. [PMID: 36744998 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Global climate warming may induce a positive feedback through increasing soil carbon (C) release to the atmosphere. Although warming can affect both C input to and output from soil, direct and convincing evidence illustrating that warming induces a net change in soil C is still lacking. We synthesized the results from field warming experiments at 165 sites across the globe and found that climate warming had no significant effect on soil C stock. On average, warming significantly increased root biomass and soil respiration, but warming effects on root biomass and soil respiration strongly depended on soil nitrogen (N) availability. Under high N availability (soil C:N ratio < 15), warming had no significant effect on root biomass, but promoted the coupling between effect sizes of root biomass and soil C stock. Under relative N limitation (soil C:N ratio > 15), warming significantly enhanced root biomass. However, the enhancement of root biomass did not induce a corresponding C accumulation in soil, possibly because warming promoted microbial CO2 release that offset the increased root C input. Also, reactive N input alleviated warming-induced C loss from soil, but elevated atmospheric CO2 or precipitation increase/reduction did not. Together, our findings indicate that the relative availability of soil C to N (i.e., soil C:N ratio) critically mediates warming effects on soil C dynamics, suggesting that its incorporation into C-climate models may improve the prediction of soil C cycling under future global warming scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongshuo Bai
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunpeng Qiu
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Liu Z, Chen Z, Yu G, Zhang W, Zhang T, Han L. The role of climate, vegetation, and soil factors on carbon fluxes in Chinese drylands. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1060066. [PMID: 36844101 PMCID: PMC9947249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1060066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Drylands dominate the trend and variability of the land carbon (C) sink. A better understanding of the implications of climate-induced changes in the drylands for C sink-source dynamics is urgently needed. The effect of climate on ecosystem C fluxes (gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem productivity (NEP)) in drylands has been extensively explored, but the roles of other concurrently changing factors, such as vegetation conditions and nutrient availability, remain unclear. We used eddy-covariance C-flux measurements from 45 ecosystems with concurrent information on climate (mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP)), soil (soil moisture (SM) and soil total nitrogen content (soil N)), and vegetation (leaf area index (LAI) and leaf nitrogen content (LNC)) factors to assess their roles in C fluxes. The results showed that the drylands in China were weak C sinks. GPP and ER were positively correlated with MAP, while they were negatively correlated with MAT. NEP first decreased and then increased with increasing MAT and MAP, and 6.6 °C and 207 mm were the boundaries for the NEP response to MAT and MAP, respectively. SM, soil N, LAI, and MAP were the main factors affecting GPP and ER. However, SM and LNC had the most important influence on NEP. Compared with climate and vegetation factors, soil factors (SM and soil N) had a greater impact on C fluxes in the drylands. Climate factors mainly affected C fluxes by regulating vegetation and soil factors. To accurately estimate the global C balance and predict the response of ecosystems to environmental change, it is necessary to fully consider the discrepant effects of climate, vegetation, and soil factors on C fluxes, as well as the cascade relationships between different factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guirui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weikang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyou Zhang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lang Han
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Zhu J, Li H, He H, Zhang F, Yang Y, Li Y. Interannual characteristics and driving mechanism of CO 2 fluxes during the growing season in an alpine wetland ecosystem at the southern foot of the Qilian Mountains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1013812. [PMID: 36340381 PMCID: PMC9627607 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1013812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The carbon process of the alpine ecosystem is complex and sensitive in the face of continuous global warming. However, the long-term dynamics of carbon budget and its driving mechanism of alpine ecosystem remain unclear. Using the eddy covariance (EC) technique-a fast and direct method of measuring carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes, we analyzed the dynamics of CO2 fluxes and their driving mechanism in an alpine wetland in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) during the growing season (May-September) from 2004-2016. The results show that the monthly gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Re) showed a unimodal pattern, and the monthly net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) showed a V-shaped trend. With the alpine wetland ecosystem being a carbon sink during the growing season, that is, a reservoir that absorbs more atmospheric carbon than it releases, the annual NEE, GPP, and Re reached -67.5 ± 10.2, 473.4 ± 19.1, and 405.9 ± 8.9 gCm-2, respectively. At the monthly scale, the classification and regression tree (CART) analysis revealed air temperature (Ta) to be the main determinant of variations in the monthly NEE and GPP. Soil temperature (Ts) largely determined the changes in the monthly Re. The linear regression analysis confirmed that thermal conditions (Ta, Ts) were crucial determinants of the dynamics of monthly CO2 fluxes during the growing season. At the interannual scale, the variations of CO2 fluxes were affected mainly by precipitation and thermal conditions. The annual GPP and Re were positively correlated with Ta and Ts, and were negatively correlated with precipitation. However, hydrothermal conditions (Ta, Ts, and precipitation) had no significant effect on annual NEE. Our results indicated that climate warming would be beneficial to the improvement of GPP and Re in the alpine wetland, while the increase of precipitation can weaken this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbin Zhu
- College of Tourism, Resources and Environment, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Hongqin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Huidan He
- College of Tourism, Resources and Environment, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Fawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Yongsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Yingnian Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
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5
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Ganjurjav H, Hu G, Gornish E, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yan Y, Wu H, Yan J, He S, Danjiu L, Gao Q. Warming and spring precipitation addition change plant growth pattern but have minor effects on growing season mean gross ecosystem productivity in an alpine meadow. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156712. [PMID: 35709997 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) plays an important role in global carbon cycling. However, how plant phenology and growth rate regulate GEP under climate change is unclear. Based on an in situ manipulative experiment using open top chambers from 2015 to 2018, we measured whole year warming and spring precipitation addition effects on plant phenology, plant growth rate and GEP. Our results showed that warming delayed plant green up (4 days) and withering (5 days), while spring precipitation addition advanced green up 13 days and did not change withering. Warming delayed the timing of the fast-growing phase 7 days, shortened length of the fast-growing phase 7 days and marginally increased the growth rate. Spring precipitation addition advanced the timing of the fast-growing phase 6 days, but did not change the length of the fast-growing phase or the growth rate. Both whole year warming and spring precipitation addition have not significantly affected growing season mean GEP. GEP is positively correlated with plant growth rate and negatively correlated with the length of the fast-growing phase. We provide an evidence that although warming did not change growing season mean productivity, it delayed plant fast-growing phase. Our findings suggest that management approaches for increasing water availability before the fast-growing phase should be intensified to increase ecosystem carbon uptake and grass supply for animal husbandry in spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasbagan Ganjurjav
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment, Nagqu, China
| | - Guozheng Hu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment, Nagqu, China
| | - Elise Gornish
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center, College of Wetlands, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Tourism and Land Resource, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yulong Yan
- CECEP Engineering Technology Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbao Wu
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Nagqu Grassland Station, Nagqu, China
| | | | | | - Qingzhu Gao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment, Nagqu, China.
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Yang J, Jia X, Ma H, Chen X, Liu J, Shangguan Z, Yan W. Effects of warming and precipitation changes on soil GHG fluxes: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154351. [PMID: 35259374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations resulting from human activities lead to climate change, including global warming and changes of precipitation patterns worldwide, which in turn would have profound effects on soil GHG emissions. Nonetheless, the impact of the combination of warming and precipitation changes on all three major biogenic GHGs (CO2, CH4 and N2O) has not been synthesized, to build a global synthesis. In this study, we conducted a global meta-analysis concerning the effects of warming and precipitation changes and their interactions on soil GHG fluxes and explored the potential factors by synthesizing 39 published studies worldwide. Across all studies, combination of warming and increased precipitation showed more significant effect on CO2 emissions (24.0%) than the individual effect of warming (8.6%) and increased precipitation (20.8%). Additionally, warming increased N2O emissions (28.3%), and decreased precipitation reduced CO2 (-8.5%) and N2O (-7.1%) emissions, while the combination of warming and decreased precipitation also showed negative effects on CO2 (-7.6%) and N2O (-14.6%) emissions. The interactive effects of warming and precipitation changes on CO2 emissions were usually additive, whereas CO2 and N2O emissions were dominated by synergistic effects under warming and decreased precipitation. Moreover, climate, biome, duration, and season of manipulations also affected soil GHG fluxes as well. Furthermore, we also found the threshold effects of changes in soil temperature and moisture on CO2 and N2O emissions under warming and precipitation changes. The findings indicate that both warming and precipitation changes substantially affect GHG emissions and highlight the urgent need to study the effect of the combination of warming and precipitation changes on C and N cycling under ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Hongze Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhouping Shangguan
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Weiming Yan
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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7
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Fu G, Shen ZX. Asymmetrical warming of growing/non-growing season increases soil respiration during growing season in an alpine meadow. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152591. [PMID: 34954180 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil respiration (Rs) is an important carbon flux in the global carbon cycle, and understanding the influence of global warming on Rs is critical for precise prediction future climate change. Actually, global warming is expected to be seasonally asymmetric, however, it is still unclear on the response of Rs to asymmetrical warming of growing/non-growing season in alpine regions. In this study, an experiment with asymmetrical warming of growing/non-growing season (including three treatments, CK: control; GLNG: warming magnitude of growing season lower than non-growing season; GHNG: warming magnitude of growing season higher than non-growing season) was performed in an alpine meadow of the Northern Tibet since June 2015. The 'GLNG' and 'GHNG' treatments increased mean Rs by 71.22% (1.89 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) and 34.32% (0.91 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) during growing season in 2019, respectively. However, the 'GLNG' and 'GHNG' treatments did not significantly affect mean Rs during growing season in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The variation coefficient of growing season mean Rs was 32.95% under the CK treatment in 2015-2019. Therefore, warming may have a lagging effect on Rs. The warming scene with a greater warming during non-growing season may have a stronger effect on Rs than the warming scene with a greater warming during growing season. Inter-annual variation of Rs may be greater than the warming effect on Rs in alpine meadows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Fu
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zhen-Xi Shen
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Zhou Z, Su P, Wu X, Shi R, Ding X. Leaf and Community Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation of Alpine Plants Under in-situ Warming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:690077. [PMID: 34305983 PMCID: PMC8299952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.690077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau is highly sensitive to elevated temperatures and has experienced significant climate warming in the last decades. While climate warming is known to greatly impact alpine ecosystems, the gas exchange responses at the leaf and community levels to climate warming in alpine meadow ecosystems remain unclear. In this study, the alpine grass, Elymus nutans, and forb, Potentilla anserina, were grown in open-top chambers (OTCs) for 3 consecutive years to evaluate their response to warming. Gas exchange measurements were used to assess the effects of in-situ warming on leaf- and community-level photosynthetic carbon assimilation based on leaf photosynthetic physiological parameters. We introduced a means of up-scaling photosynthetic measurements from the leaf level to the community level based on six easily measurable parameters, including leaf net photosynthetic rate, fresh leaf mass per unit leaf area, fresh weight of all plant leaves in the community, the percentage of healthy leaves, the percentage of received effective light by leaves in the community, and community coverage. The community-level photosynthetic carbon assimilation and productivity all increased with warming, and the net photosynthetic rate at the leaf level was significantly higher than at the community level. Under elevated temperature, the net photosynthetic rate of E. nutans decreased, while that of P. anserina increased. These results indicated that climate warming may significantly influence plant carbon assimilation, which could alter alpine meadow community composition in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peixi Su
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiukun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinjing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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9
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Wu Q, Ren H, Bisseling T, Chang SX, Wang Z, Li Y, Pan Z, Liu Y, Cahill JF, Cheng X, Zhao M, Wang Z, Li Z, Han G. Long-Term Warming and Nitrogen Addition Have Contrasting Effects on Ecosystem Carbon Exchange in a Desert Steppe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7256-7265. [PMID: 34013726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Desert steppe, a unique ecotone between steppe and desert in Eurasia, is considered highly vulnerable to global change. However, the long-term impact of warming and nitrogen deposition on plant biomass production and ecosystem carbon exchange in a desert steppe remains unknown. A 12-year field experiment was conducted in a Stipa breviflora desert steppe in northern China. A split-design was used, with warming simulated by infrared radiators as the primary factor and N addition as the secondary factor. Our long-term experiment shows that warming did not change net ecosystem exchange (NEE) or total aboveground biomass (TAB) due to contrasting effects on C4 (23.4% increase) and C3 (11.4% decrease) plant biomass. However, nitrogen addition increased TAB by 9.3% and NEE by 26.0% by increasing soil available N content. Thus, the studied desert steppe did not switch from a carbon sink to a carbon source in response to global change and positively responded to nitrogen deposition. Our study indicates that the desert steppe may be resilient to long-term warming by regulating plant species with contrasting photosynthetic types and that nitrogen deposition could increase plant growth and carbon sequestration, providing negative feedback on climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Management and Utilization, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China
| | - Haiyan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Management and Utilization, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Management and Utilization, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Scott X Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Yuanheng Li
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Zhanlei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Management and Utilization, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China
| | - Yinghao Liu
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - James F Cahill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Xu Cheng
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mengli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Management and Utilization, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China
| | - Zhongwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Management and Utilization, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Management and Utilization, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China
| | - Guodong Han
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Management and Utilization, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China
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10
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Li J, Wang Z, Lai C. Severe drought events inducing large decrease of net primary productivity in mainland China during 1982-2015. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:135541. [PMID: 31761360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of the impact of drought events on terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) is significant to understand the effects of droughts on regional/global carbon cycling. During the past three decades, terrestrial ecosystems in mainland China have been frequently impacted by drought events. However, quantitative analyses of the variation of NPP induced by droughts are still not enough. Therefore, this study explored the response of NPP to drought events from 1982 to 2015 based on the standardized evapotranspiration deficit index (SEDI) and an NPP dataset obtained from the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach model. We first identified drought events and analyzed the characteristics of drought events using a three-dimensional clustering algorithm. Subsequently, we determined the NPP variations in the drought-affected areas during the droughts and explored the correlation between the NPP variation and the drought characteristics. The results showed that 152 persistent drought events lasting at least 3 months were identified. Most events had durations between 3 and 5 months, and 19 events lasted >9 months. A negative NPP was detected in >60% of the drought-affected areas during long-term (>6 months) and severe (>4 × 106 km2 month) drought events and the total NPP showed a clear decrease during these events. In general, strong drought events reduced the total NPP by >30 TgC in the Northern Region, South Region, Southwest Region, and Northeast Region. The substantial decrease was mainly caused by the NPP anomaly from April to September. The NPP responses to drought events exhibited differences due to different drought characteristics. Although a high proportion of the drought-affected areas experienced a decrease in NPP during most short-term (<5 months) and less severe droughts (<2 × 106 km2 month), the total NPP did not exhibit a large change during these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhaoli Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; State Key Lab of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Chengguang Lai
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; State Key Lab of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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11
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Quan Q, Tian D, Luo Y, Zhang F, Crowther TW, Zhu K, Chen HYH, Zhou Q, Niu S. Water scaling of ecosystem carbon cycle feedback to climate warming. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav1131. [PMID: 31457076 PMCID: PMC6703863 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
It has been well established by field experiments that warming stimulates either net ecosystem carbon uptake or release, leading to negative or positive carbon cycle-climate change feedback, respectively. This variation in carbon-climate feedback has been partially attributed to water availability. However, it remains unclear under what conditions water availability enhances or weakens carbon-climate feedback or even changes its direction. Combining a field experiment with a global synthesis, we show that warming stimulates net carbon uptake (negative feedback) under wet conditions, but depresses it (positive feedback) under very dry conditions. This switch in carbon-climate feedback direction arises mainly from scaling effects of warming-induced decreases in soil water content on net ecosystem productivity. This water scaling of warming effects offers generalizable mechanisms not only to help explain varying magnitudes and directions of observed carbon-climate feedback but also to improve model prediction of ecosystem carbon dynamics in response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dashuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fangyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tom W. Crowther
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Qingping Zhou
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuli Niu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding author.
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12
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Du YD, Gu XB, Wang JW, Niu WQ. Yield and gas exchange of greenhouse tomato at different nitrogen levels under aerated irrigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:1156-1164. [PMID: 31018455 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Significant global warming increases over the last century have resulted in recent research focused on practices to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Agricultural management practices, such as nitrogen (N) fertilization and aerated irrigation (AI), have significantly increased crop yields by improving soil water and fertilizer availability, and have been widely adopted in recent years. However, the interactive impact of different growing seasons and management practices in the greenhouse on GHG emissions is unclear. This greenhouse study was conducted during Spring and Autumn cultivation periods in Yangling, China with five N application rates (0, 50, 150, 200,250 kg ha-1) and two irrigation methods (AI and conventional irrigation [CK]). The results indicated that AI and N application both increased tomato yield, but also increased soil CO2 and N2O emissions. The temperature was 4 °C higher during Spring cultivation than during Autumn cultivation, which significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil emissions of CO2, N2O, and net GHG by 10.6%, 43.8%, and 12.3%, respectively. However, the yield in Spring cultivation only increased by 5.1% (P > 0.05). Thus, among the selectable cultivation seasons, the cooler season (Autumn) along with AI and 200 kg N ha-1, was recommended to farmers to avoid adverse effects of a warming environment. AI and 150 kg N ha-1 in Spring cultivation could be recommended as an alternative measure to local farmers. Our results suggest that in a future warmer climate, reducing nitrogen fertilizer rate in conjunction with the use of AI will remain important practices for maintaining crop yield while reducing soil net GHG emissions. There is an urgent need to transform current management practices to offset the negative impacts of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Dan Du
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiao-Bo Gu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing-Wei Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Wen-Quan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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13
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Zhong Z, Zhang G, Zhang H. Impact of diurnal unsymmetrical warming on soil respiration in an agroecological system of the Lhasa region. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217575. [PMID: 31141568 PMCID: PMC6541288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The impact of diurnal unsymmetrical rise in temperature on soil respiration (Rs) is not fully understood; thus, we explored such a warming influence on Rs in an agroecological system of the Lhasa. Materials and methods A field warming experiment (C: control; DW: daytime warming; NW: nighttime warming; DW+NW: daytime plus nighttime warming) was carried out in a naked barley ecological system. Results and discussion The DW, NW and DW+NW treatments dramatically increased soil temperature and decreased soil moisture but did not markedly modify Rs. The effects of DW and NW on soil respiration sensitivity (Q10) during the daytime and nighttime were different; they had no effects on daytime Q10 of Rs, but a significant inhibitory effect on nighttime Q10 of Rs. Conclusions A diurnal unsymmetrical rise in temperature brought about different results for the Q10 of Rs but did not cause changes in Rs under different experimental treatments in agroecological systems of the Lhasa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Zhong
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haorui Zhang
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Wang N, Quesada B, Xia L, Butterbach-Bahl K, Goodale CL, Kiese R. Effects of climate warming on carbon fluxes in grasslands- A global meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1839-1851. [PMID: 30801860 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming will affect terrestrial ecosystems in many ways, and warming-induced changes in terrestrial carbon (C) cycling could accelerate or slow future warming. So far, warming experiments have shown a wide range of C flux responses, across and within biome types. However, past meta-analyses of C flux responses have lacked sufficient sample size to discern relative responses for a given biome type. For instance grasslands contribute greatly to global terrestrial C fluxes, and to date grassland warming experiments provide the opportunity to evaluate concurrent responses of both plant and soil C fluxes. Here, we compiled data from 70 sites (in total 622 observations) to evaluate the response of C fluxes to experimental warming across three grassland types (cold, temperate, and semi-arid), warming methods, and short (≤3 years) and longer-term (>3 years) experiment lengths. Overall, our meta-analysis revealed that experimental warming stimulated C fluxes in grassland ecosystems with regard to both plant production (e.g., net primary productivity (NPP) 15.4%; aboveground NPP (ANPP) by 7.6%, belowground NPP (BNPP) by 11.6%) and soil respiration (Rs) (9.5%). However, the magnitude of C flux stimulation varied significantly across cold, temperate and semi-arid grasslands, in that responses for most C fluxes were larger in cold than temperate or semi-arid ecosystems. In semi-arid and temperate grasslands, ecosystem respiration (Reco) was more sensitive to warming than gross primary productivity (GPP), while the opposite was observed for cold grasslands, where warming produced a net increase in whole-ecosystem C storage. However, the stimulatory effect of warming on ANPP and Rs observed in short-term studies (≤3 years) in both cold and temperate grasslands disappeared in longer-term experiments (>3 years). These results highlight the importance of conducting long-term warming experiments, and in examining responses across a wide range of climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Quesada
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, "Interactions Climate-Ecosystems (ICE)" Research Group, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Longlong Xia
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christine L Goodale
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ralf Kiese
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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15
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Yu CQ, Wang JW, Shen ZX, Fu G. Effects of experimental warming and increased precipitation on soil respiration in an alpine meadow in the Northern Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:1490-1497. [PMID: 30180354 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainty on the response of soil respiration (Rs) to warming and increased precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau can limit our ability to predict how alpine ecosystems will respond to future climate change. Based on a warming (control, low- and high-level) and increased precipitation (control, low- and high-level) experiment, the response of Rs to experimental warming and increased precipitation was examined in an alpine meadow in the Northern Tibetan Plateau from 2014 to 2017. The low-level warming increased soil temperature (Ts) by 1.19°C and decreased soil moisture (SM) by 0.02m3m-3, whereas the high-level warming increased Ts by 2.88°C and decreased SM by 0.04m3m-3 over the four growing seasons in 2014-2017. The low- and high-level increased precipitation did not affect Ts, but increased SM by 0.02m3m-3 and 0.04m3m-3, respectively, over the four growing seasons in 2014-2017. No significant main and interactive effects of experimental warming and increased precipitation on Rs were observed over the four growing seasons in 2014-2017. In contrast, there was a significant inter-annual variation of Rs in 2014-2017. There was a marginally significant quadratic relationship between the effect of experimental warming on Rs and warming magnitude. There was a negligible difference of Rs between the low- and high-level increased precipitation over the four growing seasons in 2014-2017 and Rs also showed a quadratic relationship with precipitation. Therefore, experimental warming and increased precipitation did not change Rs and Rs responded nonlinearly to experimental warming and increased precipitation in the alpine meadow in the Northern Tibetan Plateau. Growing season precipitation may play a more important role than experimental warming and increased precipitation in affecting Rs in the alpine meadow in the Northern Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Qun Yu
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiang-Wei Wang
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen-Xi Shen
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gang Fu
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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16
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Li C, Peng F, Xue X, You Q, Lai C, Zhang W, Cheng Y. Productivity and Quality of Alpine Grassland Vary With Soil Water Availability Under Experimental Warming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1790. [PMID: 30619386 PMCID: PMC6302047 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The plant productivity of alpine meadow is predicted to generally increase under a warming climate, but it remains unclear whether the positive response rates will vary with soil water availability. Without consideration of the response of community composition and plant quality, livestock grazing under the current stocking rate might still lead to grassland degradation, even in meadows with high plant biomass. We have conducted a warming experiment from 2010 to 2017 to examine the interactive effects of warming and soil water availability on plant growth and forage quality at individual and functional group levels in an alpine meadow located in the permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Warming-induced changes in community composition, biomass, and forage quality varied with soil water availability. Under dry conditions, experimental warming reduced the relative importance of grasses and the aboveground biomass by 32.37 g m-2 but increased the importance value of forbs. It also increased the crude fat by 0.68% and the crude protein by 3.19% at the end of summer but decreased the acid detergent fiber by 5.59% at the end of spring. The increase in crude fat and protein and the decrease in acid detergent fiber, but the decrease in aboveground biomass and increase the importance value of forbs, which may imply a deterioration of the grassland. Under wet conditions, warming increased aboveground biomass by 29.49 g m-2 at the end of spring and reduced acid detergent fiber by 8.09% at the end of summer. The importance value of grasses and forbs positively correlated with the acid detergent fiber and crude protein, respectively. Our results suggest that precipitation changes will determine whether climate warming will benefit rangelands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, with drier conditions suppressing grassland productivity, but wetter conditions increasing production while preserving forage quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori, Japan
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Xian Xue
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Quangang You
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chimin Lai
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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17
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Ganjurjav H, Hu G, Wan Y, Li Y, Danjiu L, Gao Q. Different responses of ecosystem carbon exchange to warming in three types of alpine grassland on the central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1507-1520. [PMID: 29435228 PMCID: PMC5792621 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate is a driver of terrestrial ecosystem carbon exchange, which is an important product of ecosystem function. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau has recently been subjected to a marked increase in temperature as a consequence of global warming. To explore the effects of warming on carbon exchange in grassland ecosystems, we conducted a whole-year warming experiment between 2012 and 2014 using open-top chambers placed in an alpine meadow, an alpine steppe, and a cultivated grassland on the central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We measured the gross primary productivity, net ecosystem CO 2 exchange (NEE), ecosystem respiration, and soil respiration using a chamber-based method during the growing season. The results show that after 3 years of warming, there was significant stimulation of carbon assimilation and emission in the alpine meadow, but both these processes declined in the alpine steppe and the cultivated grassland. Under warming conditions, the soil water content was more important in stimulating ecosystem carbon exchange in the meadow and cultivated grassland than was soil temperature. In the steppe, the soil temperature was negatively correlated with ecosystem carbon exchange. We found that the ambient soil water content was significantly correlated with the magnitude of warming-induced change in NEE. Under high soil moisture condition, warming has a significant positive effect on NEE, while it has a negative effect under low soil moisture condition. Our results highlight that the NEE in steppe and cultivated grassland have negative responses to warming; after reclamation, the natural meadow would subject to loose more C in warmer condition. Therefore, under future warmer condition, the overextension of cultivated grassland should be avoided and scientific planning of cultivated grassland should be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasbagan Ganjurjav
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in AgricultureChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory for Agro‐EnvironmentMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Guozheng Hu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in AgricultureChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory for Agro‐EnvironmentMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Yunfan Wan
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in AgricultureChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory for Agro‐EnvironmentMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in AgricultureChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory for Agro‐EnvironmentMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Luobu Danjiu
- Nagqu Grassland StationTibet Autonomous RegionNagquChina
| | - Qingzhu Gao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in AgricultureChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory for Agro‐EnvironmentMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
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18
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Clipping has stronger effects on plant production than does warming in three alpine meadow sites on the Northern Tibetan Plateau. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16330. [PMID: 29180638 PMCID: PMC5703988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative effects of warming and clipping on vegetation growth are not fully understood. Therefore, we compared the relative effects of experimental warming and clipping on the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), green NDVI (GNDVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), aboveground biomass (AGB) and gross primary production (GPP) in three alpine meadow sites (A, B and C) on the Northern Tibetan Plateau from 2013 to 2015. There were no obvious effects of experimental warming on the NDVI, GNDVI, SAVI, AGB and GPP at the three sites, which were most likely attributed to experimental warming-induced warming and drying conditions. In contrast, clipping significantly decreased the NDVI, SAVI and AGB by 27.8%, 31.3% and 18.2% at site A, by 27.1%, 31.8% and 27.7% at site B, and by 12.3%, 15.1% and 17.6% at site C, respectively. Clipping also significantly reduced the GNDVI and GPP by 11.1% and 28.2% at site A and by 18.9% and 33.7% at site B, respectively. Clipping marginally decreased the GNDVI by 8.7% (p = 0.060) and GPP (p = 0.082) by 14.4% at site C. Therefore, clipping had stronger effects on vegetation growth than did warming in the three alpine meadow sites on the Tibetan Plateau.
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19
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Li F, Peng Y, Natali SM, Chen K, Han T, Yang G, Ding J, Zhang D, Wang G, Wang J, Yu J, Liu F, Yang Y. Warming effects on permafrost ecosystem carbon fluxes associated with plant nutrients. Ecology 2017; 98:2851-2859. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yunfeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Susan M. Natali
- Woods Hole Research Center; 149 Woods Hole Road Falmouth Massachusetts 02540 USA
| | - Kelong Chen
- College of Life and Geography Sciences; Qinghai Normal University; Xining 810008 China
| | - Tianfeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Guibiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jinzhi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Dianye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Guanqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jianchun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Futing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yuanhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
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20
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Lu Q, Zhao D, Wu S. Simulated responses of permafrost distribution to climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28630484 PMCID: PMC5476598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming causes changes in permafrost distribution, which affects the surface energy balance, hydrologic cycle and carbon flux in cold regions. In this study, the Surface Frost Number model was applied to examine permafrost distribution on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) under the four RCPs (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5). The Kappa statistic was used to evaluate model results by comparing simulations of baseline permafrost distribution (1981–2010) with the existing frozen soil maps. The comparison shows that the Surface Frost Number model is suitable for simulating the general characteristics of permafrost distribution on the QTP. Simulated results suggest that areas of permafrost degradation would be the smallest in the near-term (2011‒2040) with the rates of 17.17%, 18.07%, 12.95% and 15.66% under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5, respectively. The rate of permafrost degradation would be faster in the mid-term (2041‒2070), especially under the RCP8.5 scenario (about 41.42%). Areas of permafrost degradation would be the largest in the long-term (2071‒2099) relative to baseline conditions, with a modelled 64.31% decrease in permafrost distribution using the RCP8.5 scenario. Our results would help the decision‒making for engineering construction program on the QTP, and support local units in their efforts to adapt climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shaohong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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21
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Environmental Humidity Regulates Effects of Experimental Warming on Vegetation Index and Biomass Production in an Alpine Meadow of the Northern Tibet. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165643. [PMID: 27798690 PMCID: PMC5087907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncertainty about responses of vegetation index, aboveground biomass (AGB) and gross primary production (GPP) limits our ability to predict how climatic warming will influence plant growth in alpine regions. A field warming experiment was conducted in an alpine meadow at a low (4313 m), mid- (4513 m) and high elevation (4693 m) in the Northern Tibet since May 2010. Growing season vapor pressure deficit (VPD), soil temperature (Ts) and air temperature (Ta) decreased with increasing elevation, while growing season precipitation, soil moisture (SM), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), AGB and GPP increased with increasing elevation. The growing season Ta, Ts and VPD in 2015 was greater than that in 2014, while the growing season precipitation, SM, NDVI, SAVI, AGB and GPP in 2015 was lower than that in 2014, respectively. Compared to the mean air temperature and precipitation during the growing season in 1963–2015, it was a warmer and wetter year in 2014 and a warmer and drier year in 2015. Experimental warming increased growing season Ts, Ta,VPD, but decreased growing season SM in 2014–2015 at all the three elevations. Experimental warming only reduced growing season NDVI, SAVI, AGB and GPP at the low elevation in 2015. Growing season NDVI, SAVI, AGB and GPP increased with increasing SM and precipitation, but decreased with increasing VPD, indicating vegetation index and biomass production increased with environmental humidity. The VPD explained more variation of growing season NDVI, SAVI, AGB and GPP compared to Ts, Ta and SM at all the three elevations. Therefore, environmental humidity regulated the effect of experimental warming on vegetation index and biomass production in alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau.
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22
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Jansen-Willems AB, Lanigan GJ, Grünhage L, Müller C. Carbon cycling in temperate grassland under elevated temperature. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7856-7868. [PMID: 30128135 PMCID: PMC6093167 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in mean soil surface temperature has been observed over the last century, and it is predicted to further increase in the future. The effect of increased temperature on ecosystem carbon fluxes in a permanent temperate grassland was studied in a long‐term (6 years) field experiment, using multiple temperature increments induced by IR lamps. Ecosystem respiration (R‐eco) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were measured and modeled by a modified Lloyd and Taylor model including a soil moisture component for R‐eco (average R2 of 0.78) and inclusion of a photosynthetic component based on temperature and radiation for NEE (R2 = 0.65). Modeled NEE values ranged between 2.3 and 5.3 kg CO2 m−2 year−1, depending on treatment. An increase of 2 or 3°C led to increased carbon losses, lowering the carbon storage potential by around 4 tonnes of C ha−1 year−1. The majority of significant NEE differences were found during night‐time compared to daytime. This suggests that during daytime the increased respiration could be offset by an increase in photosynthetic uptake. This was also supported by differences in δ13C and δ18O, indicating prolonged increased photosynthetic activity associated with the higher temperature treatments. However, this increase in photosynthesis was insufficient to counteract the 24 h increase in respiration, explaining the higher CO2 emissions due to elevated temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Jansen-Willems
- Teagasc Johnstown Castle Wexford, Co. Wexford Ireland.,Department of Experimental Plant Ecology (IFZ) JLU Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 35390 Giessen Germany
| | | | - Ludger Grünhage
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology (IFZ) JLU Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 35390 Giessen Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology (IFZ) JLU Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 35390 Giessen Germany.,School of Biology and Environmental Science University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
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23
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Ganjurjav H, Gao Q, Zhang W, Liang Y, Li Y, Cao X, Wan Y, Li Y, Danjiu L. Effects of Warming on CO2 Fluxes in an Alpine Meadow Ecosystem on the Central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132044. [PMID: 26147223 PMCID: PMC4492951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze CO2 fluxes under conditions of climate change in an alpine meadow on the central Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, we simulated the effect of warming using open top chambers (OTCs) from 2012 to 2014. The OTCs increased soil temperature by 1.62°C (P < 0.05), but decreased soil moisture (1.38%, P < 0.05) during the experiments. The response of ecosystem CO2 fluxes to warming was variable, and dependent on the year. Under conditions of warming, mean gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) during the growing season increased significantly in 2012 and 2014 (P < 0.05); however, ecosystem respiration (ER) increased substantially only in 2012 (P < 0.05). The net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) increased marginally in 2012 (P = 0.056), did not change in 2013(P > 0.05), and increased significantly in 2014 (P = 0.034) under conditions of warming. The GEP was more sensitive to climate variations than was the ER, resulting in a large increase in net carbon uptake under warming in the alpine meadow. Under warming, the 3-year averages of GEP, ER, and NEE increased by 19.6%, 15.1%, and 21.1%, respectively. The seasonal dynamic patterns of GEP and NEE, but not ER, were significantly impacted by warming. Aboveground biomass, particularly the graminoid biomass increased significantly under conditions of warming. Soil moisture, soil temperature, and aboveground biomass were the main factors that affected the variation of the ecosystem CO2 fluxes. The effect of warming on inter- and intra-annual patterns of ecosystem CO2 fluxes and the mechanism of different sensitivities in GEP and ER to warming, require further researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasbagan Ganjurjav
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment & Climate Change, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qingzhu Gao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment & Climate Change, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Weina Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment & Climate Change, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment & Climate Change, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Li
- Clinic Pharmacy of Qinghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Xujuan Cao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment & Climate Change, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfan Wan
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment & Climate Change, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment & Climate Change, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Luobu Danjiu
- Nagqu Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau, Tibet Autonomous Region, Nagqu, China
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