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Neves-da-Rocha J, Santos-Saboya MJ, Lopes MER, Rossi A, Martinez-Rossi NM. Insights and Perspectives on the Role of Proteostasis and Heat Shock Proteins in Fungal Infections. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1878. [PMID: 37630438 PMCID: PMC10456932 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that infect humans, animals, and plants. To successfully colonize their hosts, pathogenic fungi must continuously adapt to the host's unique environment, e.g., changes in temperature, pH, and nutrient availability. Appropriate protein folding, assembly, and degradation are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and survival under stressful conditions. Therefore, the regulation of proteostasis is crucial for fungal pathogenesis. The heat shock response (HSR) is one of the most important cellular mechanisms for maintaining proteostasis. It is activated by various stresses and regulates the activity of heat shock proteins (HSPs). As molecular chaperones, HSPs participate in the proteostatic network to control cellular protein levels by affecting their conformation, location, and degradation. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has highlighted the crucial yet understudied role of stress response circuits in fungal infections. This review explores the role of protein homeostasis and HSPs in fungal pathogenicity, including their contributions to virulence and host-pathogen interactions, as well as the concerted effects between HSPs and the main proteostasis circuits in the cell. Furthermore, we discuss perspectives in the field and the potential for targeting the components of these circuits to develop novel antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Neves-da-Rocha
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (M.J.S.-S.); (M.E.R.L.); (A.R.)
| | | | | | | | - Nilce M. Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (M.J.S.-S.); (M.E.R.L.); (A.R.)
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2
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Discovery, Topo I inhibitory activity and mechanism evaluation of two novel cytisine-type alkaloid dimers from the seeds of Sophora alopecuroides L. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 61:116723. [PMID: 35396127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alopecurosines A and B (CMs 1 and 2, respectively) are two novel cytisine-type alkaloid dimers first isolated from the aerial parts of Sophora alopecuroides L. CMs 1 and 2 are new dimeric alkaloids whose piperidine matrine ring is cleaved and connected via the N'-1 bond. Their chemical structures have been confirmed by IR, UV, HR-ESI-MS, and NMR. Preliminary screening shows that they have topoisomerase I (Topo I)-based anti-tumor activity. Their Topo I inhibitory activities and mechanism have been evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis assay and a molecular docking study. The results show that the inhibition rate of CM 1 is 82.26% at 1 mM concentration and that it exhibits significantly Topo I inhibitory activity. Further research has illustrated that CMs 1 and 2 exert inhibitory activity by stabilising the Topo I-DNA cleavage complex, implying that they have the potential to be developed as novel Topo I inhibitors.
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3
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Sowa ST, Galera-Prat A, Wazir S, Alanen HI, Maksimainen MM, Lehtiö L. A molecular toolbox for ADP-ribosyl binding proteins. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100121. [PMID: 34786571 PMCID: PMC8580838 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteins interacting with ADP-ribosyl groups are often involved in disease-related pathways or viral infections, making them attractive drug targets. We present a robust and accessible assay applicable to both hydrolyzing or non-hydrolyzing binders of mono- and poly-ADP-ribosyl groups. This technology relies on a C-terminal tag based on a Gi protein alpha subunit peptide (GAP), which allows for site-specific introduction of cysteine-linked mono- and poly-ADP-ribosyl groups or analogs. By fusing the GAP-tag and ADP-ribosyl binders to fluorescent proteins, we generate robust FRET partners and confirm the interaction with 22 known ADP-ribosyl binders. The applicability for high-throughput screening of inhibitors is demonstrated with the SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 macrodomain, for which we identify suramin as a moderate-affinity yet non-specific inhibitor. High-affinity ADP-ribosyl binders fused to nanoluciferase complement this technology, enabling simple blot-based detection of ADP-ribosylated proteins. All these tools can be produced in Escherichia coli and will help in ADP-ribosylation research and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven T. Sowa
- Faculty for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Albert Galera-Prat
- Faculty for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Sarah Wazir
- Faculty for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Heli I. Alanen
- Faculty for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mirko M. Maksimainen
- Faculty for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Faculty for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
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4
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Hsp100 Molecular Chaperone ClpB and Its Role in Virulence of Bacterial Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105319. [PMID: 34070174 PMCID: PMC8158500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the molecular chaperone ClpB that belongs to the Hsp100/Clp subfamily of the AAA+ ATPases and its biological function in selected bacterial pathogens, causing a variety of human infectious diseases, including zoonoses. It has been established that ClpB disaggregates and reactivates aggregated cellular proteins. It has been postulated that ClpB’s protein disaggregation activity supports the survival of pathogenic bacteria under host-induced stresses (e.g., high temperature and oxidative stress), which allows them to rapidly adapt to the human host and establish infection. Interestingly, ClpB may also perform other functions in pathogenic bacteria, which are required for their virulence. Since ClpB is not found in human cells, this chaperone emerges as an attractive target for novel antimicrobial therapies in combating bacterial infections.
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5
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Mutuku CN, Bateta R, Rono MK, Njunge JM, Awuoche EO, Ndung'u K, Mang'era CM, Akoth MO, Adung'a VO, Ondigo BN, Mireji PO. Physiological and proteomic profiles of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense parasite isolated from suramin responsive and non-responsive HAT patients in Busoga, Uganda. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 15:57-67. [PMID: 33588295 PMCID: PMC7895675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a disease of major economic importance in Sub-Saharan Africa. The HAT is caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (Tbr) parasite in eastern and southern Africa, with suramin as drug of choice for treatment of early stage of the disease. Suramin treatment failures has been observed among HAT patients in Tbr foci in Uganda. In this study, we assessed Tbr parasite strains isolated from HAT patients responsive (Tbr EATRO-232) and non-responsive (Tbr EATRO-734) to suramin treatment in Busoga, Uganda for 1) putative role of suramin resistance in the treatment failure 2) correlation of suramin resistance with Tbr pathogenicity and 3) proteomic pathways underpinning the potential suramin resistance phenotype in vivo. We first assessed suramin response in each isolate by infecting male Swiss white mice followed by treatment using a series of suramin doses. We then assessed relative pathogenicity of the two Tbr isolates by assessing changes pathogenicity indices (prepatent period, survival and mortality). We finally isolated proteins from mice infected by the isolates, and assessed their proteomic profiles using mass spectrometry. We established putative resistance to 2.5 mg/kg suramin in the parasite Tbr EATRO-734. We established that Tbr EATRO-734 proliferated slower and has significantly enriched pathways associated with detoxification and metabolism of energy and drugs relative to Tbr EATRO-232. The Tbr EATRO-734 also has more abundantly expressed mitochondrion proteins and enzymes than Tbr EATRO-232. The suramin treatment failure may be linked to the relatively higher resistance to suramin in Tbr EATRO-734 than Tbr EATRO-232, among other host and parasite specific factors. However, the Tbr EATRO-734 appears to be less pathogenic than Tbr EATRO-232, as evidenced by its lower rate of parasitaemia. The Tbr EATRO-734 putatively surmount suramin challenges through induction of energy metabolism pathways. These cellular and molecular processes may be involved in suramin resistance in Tbr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine N Mutuku
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Bateta
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya.
| | - Martin K Rono
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 230-80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James M Njunge
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 230-80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Erick O Awuoche
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Science, Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru, Kenya
| | - Kariuki Ndung'u
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Clarence M Mang'era
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Modesta O Akoth
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Vincent O Adung'a
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Bartholomew N Ondigo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Paul O Mireji
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 230-80108 Kilifi, Kenya.
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6
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TCP1γ Subunit Is Indispensable for Growth and Infectivity of Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00669-20. [PMID: 32457112 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00669-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
T-complex protein-1 (TCP1) is a ubiquitous group II chaperonin and is known to fold various proteins, such as actin and tubulin. In Leishmania donovani, the γ subunit of TCP1 (LdTCP1γ) has been cloned and characterized. It forms a high-molecular-weight homo-oligomeric complex that performs ATP-dependent protein folding. In the present study, we evaluated the essentiality of the LdTCP1γ gene. Gene replacement studies indicated that LdTCP1γ is essential for parasite survival. The LdTCP1γ single-allele-replacement mutants exhibited slowed growth and decreased infectivity in mouse macrophages compared to the growth and infectivity of the wild-type parasites. Modulation of LdTCP1γ expression in promastigotes also modulated cell cycle progression. Suramin, an antitrypanosomal drug, not only inhibited the luciferase refolding activity of the recombinant LdTCP1γ (rLdTCP1γ) homo-oligomeric complex but also exhibited potential antileishmanial efficacy both in vitro and in vivo The interaction of suramin and LdTCP1γ was further validated by isothermal titration calorimetry. The study suggests LdTCP1γ as a potential drug target and also provides a framework for the development of a new class of drugs.
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Durie CL, Lin J, Scull NW, Mack KL, Jackrel ME, Sweeny EA, Castellano LM, Shorter J, Lucius AL. Hsp104 and Potentiated Variants Can Operate as Distinct Nonprocessive Translocases. Biophys J 2019; 116:1856-1872. [PMID: 31027887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein (Hsp) 104 is a hexameric ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities motor protein that enables cells to survive extreme stress. Hsp104 couples the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to solubilize proteins trapped in aggregated structures. The mechanism by which Hsp104 disaggregates proteins is not completely understood but may require Hsp104 to partially or completely translocate polypeptides across its central channel. Here, we apply transient state, single turnover kinetics to investigate the ATP-dependent translocation of soluble polypeptides by Hsp104 and Hsp104A503S, a potentiated variant developed to resolve misfolded conformers implicated in neurodegenerative disease. We establish that Hsp104 and Hsp104A503S can operate as nonprocessive translocases for soluble substrates, indicating a "partial threading" model of translocation. Remarkably, Hsp104A503S exhibits altered coupling of ATP binding to translocation and decelerated dissociation from polypeptide substrate compared to Hsp104. This altered coupling and prolonged substrate interaction likely increases entropic pulling forces, thereby enabling more effective aggregate dissolution by Hsp104A503S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa L Durie
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Chemistry Department, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - JiaBei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nathaniel W Scull
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Chemistry Department, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Korrie L Mack
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meredith E Jackrel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth A Sweeny
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura M Castellano
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aaron L Lucius
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Chemistry Department, Birmingham, Alabama.
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8
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Wang P, Li J, Sha B. Preliminary X-Ray Crystallographic Studies of the N-Terminal Domains of Hsp104 from Yeast Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774517070331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Shorter J. Engineering therapeutic protein disaggregases. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 27:1556-60. [PMID: 27255695 PMCID: PMC4865313 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-10-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic agents are urgently required to cure several common and fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by protein misfolding and aggregation, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Protein disaggregases that reverse protein misfolding and restore proteins to native structure, function, and localization could mitigate neurodegeneration by simultaneously reversing 1) any toxic gain of function of the misfolded form and 2) any loss of function due to misfolding. Potentiated variants of Hsp104, a hexameric AAA+ ATPase and protein disaggregase from yeast, have been engineered to robustly disaggregate misfolded proteins connected with ALS (e.g., TDP-43 and FUS) and PD (e.g., α-synuclein). However, Hsp104 has no metazoan homologue. Metazoa possess protein disaggregase systems distinct from Hsp104, including Hsp110, Hsp70, and Hsp40, as well as HtrA1, which might be harnessed to reverse deleterious protein misfolding. Nevertheless, vicissitudes of aging, environment, or genetics conspire to negate these disaggregase systems in neurodegenerative disease. Thus, engineering potentiated human protein disaggregases or isolating small-molecule enhancers of their activity could yield transformative therapeutics for ALS, PD, and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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10
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Gates SN, Yokom AL, Lin J, Jackrel ME, Rizo AN, Kendsersky NM, Buell CE, Sweeny EA, Mack KL, Chuang E, Torrente MP, Su M, Shorter J, Southworth DR. Ratchet-like polypeptide translocation mechanism of the AAA+ disaggregase Hsp104. Science 2017; 357:273-279. [PMID: 28619716 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hsp100 polypeptide translocases are conserved members of the AAA+ family (adenosine triphosphatases associated with diverse cellular activities) that maintain proteostasis by unfolding aberrant and toxic proteins for refolding or proteolytic degradation. The Hsp104 disaggregase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae solubilizes stress-induced amorphous aggregates and amyloids. The structural basis for substrate recognition and translocation is unknown. Using a model substrate (casein), we report cryo-electron microscopy structures at near-atomic resolution of Hsp104 in different translocation states. Substrate interactions are mediated by conserved, pore-loop tyrosines that contact an 80-angstrom-long unfolded polypeptide along the axial channel. Two protomers undergo a ratchet-like conformational change that advances pore loop-substrate interactions by two amino acids. These changes are coupled to activation of specific nucleotide hydrolysis sites and, when transmitted around the hexamer, reveal a processive rotary translocation mechanism and substrate-responsive flexibility during Hsp104-catalyzed disaggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Gates
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Adam L Yokom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - JiaBei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Meredith E Jackrel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexandrea N Rizo
- Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nathan M Kendsersky
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Courtney E Buell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Sweeny
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Korrie L Mack
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mariana P Torrente
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Chemistry Department of Brooklyn College and Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Min Su
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel R Southworth
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. .,Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Structure(s), function(s), and inhibition of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of noroviruses. Virus Res 2016; 234:21-33. [PMID: 28041960 PMCID: PMC7114559 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge on the norovirus RdRp. Multiple X-ray structures of norovirus RdRp show important conformational changes. Norovirus RdRp recognizes specific promotor sequences to initiate RNA synthesis. Anti-HCV nucleoside analogs such as 2CM-C also inhibit Norovirus RdRp. Suramin and its analogs act as allosteric non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors.
Noroviruses belong to the Caliciviridae family of single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses. The genus Norovirus includes seven genogroups (designated GI-GVII), of which GI, GII and GIV infect humans. Human noroviruses are responsible for widespread outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis and represent one of the most common causes of foodborne illness. No vaccine or antiviral treatment options are available for norovirus infection. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of noroviruses is a key enzyme responsible for transcription and replication of the viral genome. Here, we review the progress made in understanding the structures and functions of norovirus RdRp and its use as a target for small molecule inhibitors. Crystal structures of the RdRp at different stages of substrate interaction have been determined, which shed light on its multi-step catalytic cycle. The in vitro assays and in vivo animal models that have been developed to identify and characterize inhibitors of norovirus RdRp are also summarized, followed by an update on the current antiviral research targeting different regions of norovirus RdRp. In the future, structure-based drug design and rational optimization of known nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors of norovirus RdRp may pave the way towards the next generation of direct-acting antivirals.
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12
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Mack KL, Shorter J. Engineering and Evolution of Molecular Chaperones and Protein Disaggregases with Enhanced Activity. Front Mol Biosci 2016; 3:8. [PMID: 27014702 PMCID: PMC4791398 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2016.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have evolved a sophisticated proteostasis network to ensure that proteins acquire and retain their native structure and function. Critical components of this network include molecular chaperones and protein disaggregases, which function to prevent and reverse deleterious protein misfolding. Nevertheless, proteostasis networks have limits, which when exceeded can have fatal consequences as in various neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A promising strategy is to engineer proteostasis networks to counter challenges presented by specific diseases or specific proteins. Here, we review efforts to enhance the activity of individual molecular chaperones or protein disaggregases via engineering and directed evolution. Remarkably, enhanced global activity or altered substrate specificity of various molecular chaperones, including GroEL, Hsp70, ClpX, and Spy, can be achieved by minor changes in primary sequence and often a single missense mutation. Likewise, small changes in the primary sequence of Hsp104 yield potentiated protein disaggregases that reverse the aggregation and buffer toxicity of various neurodegenerative disease proteins, including α-synuclein, TDP-43, and FUS. Collectively, these advances have revealed key mechanistic and functional insights into chaperone and disaggregase biology. They also suggest that enhanced chaperones and disaggregases could have important applications in treating human disease as well as in the purification of valuable proteins in the pharmaceutical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korrie L Mack
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Lee C, Wigren E, Lünsdorf H, Römling U. Protein homeostasis-more than resisting a hot bath. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 30:147-154. [PMID: 26974352 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of protein homeostasis is essential for survival of all organisms. In bacteria, the protein quality control system has a broad physiological impact beyond heat shock resistance, being involved in virulence, antibiotic resistance, as well as protection against environmental stresses. Its contribution to rejuvenation and growth arrest suggests interference with protein quality control to be a novel antimicrobial strategy. Remarkably, a protein quality control module originating from environmental strains has been found to be horizontally transferred to predominant clonal groups of bacteria providing exquisite thermotolerance to recently emerged global pathogens suggesting that novel features related to protein homeostasis contribute to the transition to new environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhan Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
| | - Edvard Wigren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Heinrich Lünsdorf
- The Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
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14
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Torrente MP, Chuang E, Noll MM, Jackrel ME, Go MS, Shorter J. Mechanistic Insights into Hsp104 Potentiation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5101-15. [PMID: 26747608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.707976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentiated variants of Hsp104, a protein disaggregase from yeast, can dissolve protein aggregates connected to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying Hsp104 potentiation remain incompletely defined. Here, we establish that 2-3 subunits of the Hsp104 hexamer must bear an A503V potentiating mutation to elicit enhanced disaggregase activity in the absence of Hsp70. We also define the ATPase and substrate-binding modalities needed for potentiated Hsp104(A503V) activity in vitro and in vivo. Hsp104(A503V) disaggregase activity is strongly inhibited by the Y257A mutation that disrupts substrate binding to the nucleotide-binding domain 1 (NBD1) pore loop and is abolished by the Y662A mutation that disrupts substrate binding to the NBD2 pore loop. Intriguingly, Hsp104(A503V) disaggregase activity responds to mixtures of ATP and adenosine 5'-(γ-thio)-triphosphate (a slowly hydrolyzable ATP analogue) differently from Hsp104. Indeed, an altered pattern of ATP hydrolysis and altered allosteric signaling between NBD1 and NBD2 are likely critical for potentiation. Hsp104(A503V) variants bearing inactivating Walker A or Walker B mutations in both NBDs are inoperative. Unexpectedly, however, Hsp104(A503V) retains potentiated activity upon introduction of sensor-1 mutations that reduce ATP hydrolysis at NBD1 (T317A) or NBD2 (N728A). Hsp104(T317A/A503V) and Hsp104(A503V/N728A) rescue TDP-43 (TAR DNA-binding protein 43), FUS (fused in sarcoma), and α-synuclein toxicity in yeast. Thus, Hsp104(A503V) displays a more robust activity that is unperturbed by sensor-1 mutations that greatly reduce Hsp104 activity in vivo. Indeed, ATPase activity at NBD1 or NBD2 is sufficient for Hsp104 potentiation. Our findings will empower design of ameliorated therapeutic disaggregases for various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Chuang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Megan M Noll
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
| | | | - Michelle S Go
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
| | - James Shorter
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Chaperone-assisted protein aggregate reactivation: Different solutions for the same problem. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 580:121-34. [PMID: 26159839 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The oligomeric AAA+ chaperones Hsp104 in yeast and ClpB in bacteria are responsible for the reactivation of aggregated proteins, an activity essential for cell survival during severe stress. The protein disaggregase activity of these members of the Hsp100 family is linked to the activity of chaperones from the Hsp70 and Hsp40 families. The precise mechanism by which these proteins untangle protein aggregates remains unclear. Strikingly, Hsp100 proteins are not present in metazoans. This does not mean that animal cells do not have a disaggregase activity, but that this activity is performed by the Hsp70 system and a representative of the Hsp110 family instead of a Hsp100 protein. This review describes the actual view of Hsp100-mediated aggregate reactivation, including the ATP-induced conformational changes associated with their disaggregase activity, the dynamics of the oligomeric assembly that is regulated by its ATPase cycle and the DnaK system, and the tight allosteric coupling between the ATPase domains within the hexameric ring complexes. The lack of homologs of these disaggregases in metazoans has suggested that they might be used as potential targets to develop antimicrobials. The current knowledge of the human disaggregase machinery and the role of Hsp110 are also discussed.
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