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Hao J, Wang H, Lu X, Li Z, Zhang X. TLR4 signalling: the key to controlling EV71 replication and inflammatory response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1393680. [PMID: 38938877 PMCID: PMC11208322 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1393680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) that frequently affects children, leading to severe infections in some cases. In general, when infection occurs, the body upregulates inflammatory responses to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms to protect the host from infection. However, EV71 may inhibit host's innate immunity to promote virus infection. At present, it is not fully understood how EV71 hijack the host cells for its own replication. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a natural immune receptor, historically associated with bacterial endotoxin-induced inflammatory responses. However, it is still unclear whether and how TLR4 is altered during EV71 infection. In this study, we observed a reduction in both TLR4 protein and gene transcript levels in RD, GES-1, and Vero cells following EV71 infection, as detected by RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence staining and western blot. Furthermore, we observed that the TLR4 downstream molecules of MYD88, p-NF-κB p65, p-TBK1 and related inflammatory cytokines were also reduced, suggesting that antiviral innate immune and inflammatory response were suppressed. To determine the impact of TLR4 changes on EV71 infection, we interfered EV71-infected RD cells with TLR4 agonist or inhibitor and the results showed that activation of TLR4 inhibited EV71 replication, while inhibition of TLR4 promote EV71 replication. Besides, EV71 replication was also promoted in TLR4 siRNA-transfected and EV71-infected RD cells. This suggests that down-regulation the expression of TLR4 by EV71 can inhibit host immune defense to promote EV71 self-replication. This novel mechanism may be a strategy for EV71 to evade host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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2
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TRAF3 activates STING-mediated suppression of EV-A71 and target of viral evasion. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:79. [PMID: 36823147 PMCID: PMC9950063 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents one of the main host responses to viral infection.1-3 STING (Stimulator of interferon genes), a crucial immune adapter functioning in host cells, mediates cGAS (Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase) sensing of exogenous and endogenous DNA fragments and generates innate immune responses.4 Whether STING activation was involved in infection and replication of enterovirus remains largely unknown. In the present study, we discovered that human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection triggered STING activation in a cGAS dependent manner. EV-A71 infection caused mitochondrial damage and the discharge of mitochondrial DNA into the cytosol of infected cells. However, during EV-A71 infection, cGAS-STING activation was attenuated. EV-A71 proteins were screened and the viral protease 2Apro had the greatest capacity to inhibit cGAS-STING activation. We identified TRAF3 as an important factor during STING activation and as a target of 2Apro. Supplement of TRAF3 rescued cGAS-STING activation suppression by 2Apro. TRAF3 supported STING activation mediated TBK1 phosphorylation. Moreover, we found that 2Apro protease activity was essential for inhibiting STING activation. Furthermore, EV-D68 and CV-A16 infection also triggered STING activation. The viral protease 2Apro from EV-D68 and CV-A16 also had the ability to inhibit STING activation. As STING activation prior to EV-A71 infection generated cellular resistance to EV-A71 replication, blocking EV-A71-mediated STING suppression represents a new anti-viral target.
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3
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Sun PP, Li D, Su M, Ren Q, Guo WP, Wang JL, Du LY, Xie GC. Cell membrane-bound toll-like receptor-1/2/4/6 monomers and -2 heterodimer inhibit enterovirus 71 replication by activating the antiviral innate response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1187035. [PMID: 37207203 PMCID: PMC10189127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1187035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Host immune activation is critical for enterovirus 71 (EV71) clearance and immunopathogenesis. However, the mechanism of innate immune activation, especially of cell membrane-bound toll-like receptors (TLRs), against EV71 remains unknown. We previously demonstrated that TLR2 and its heterodimer inhibit EV71 replication. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of TLR1/2/4/6 monomers and TLR2 heterodimer (TLR2/TLR1, TLR2/TLR6, and TLR2/TLR4) on EV71 replication and innate immune activation. We found that the overexpression of human- or mouse-derived TLR1/2/4/6 monomers and TLR2 heterodimer significantly inhibited EV71 replication and induced the production of interleukin (IL)-8 via activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Furthermore,human-mouse chimeric TLR2 heterodimer inhibited EV71 replication and activated innate immunity. Dominant-negative TIR-less (DN)-TLR1/2/4/6 did not exert any inhibitory effects, whereas DN-TLR2 heterodimer inhibited EV71 replication. Prokaryotic expression of purified recombinant EV71 capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) or overexpression of EV71 capsid proteins induced the production of IL-6 and IL-8 via activation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Notably, two types of EV71 capsid proteins served as pathogen-associated molecular patterns for TLR monomers (TLR2 and TLR4) and TLR2 heterodimer (TLR2/TLR1, TLR2/TLR6, and TLR2/TLR4) and activated innate immunity. Collectively, our results revealed that membrane TLRs inhibited EV71 replication via activation of the antiviral innate response, providing insights into the EV71 innate immune activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Meng Su
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Qing Ren
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Wen-Ping Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Jiang-Li Wang
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Chengde Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Luan-Ying Du
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Guang-Cheng Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
- *Correspondence: Guang-Cheng Xie,
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4
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Sartorius R, Trovato M, Manco R, D'Apice L, De Berardinis P. Exploiting viral sensing mediated by Toll-like receptors to design innovative vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:127. [PMID: 34711839 PMCID: PMC8553822 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins belonging to the family of pattern-recognition receptors. They function as sensors of invading pathogens through recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. After their engagement by microbial ligands, TLRs trigger downstream signaling pathways that culminate into transcriptional upregulation of genes involved in immune defense. Here we provide an updated overview on members of the TLR family and we focus on their role in antiviral response. Understanding of innate sensing and signaling of viruses triggered by these receptors would provide useful knowledge to prompt the development of vaccines able to elicit effective and long-lasting immune responses. We describe the mechanisms developed by viral pathogens to escape from immune surveillance mediated by TLRs and finally discuss how TLR/virus interplay might be exploited to guide the design of innovative vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Sartorius
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Trovato
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Manco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana D'Apice
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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5
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Xie X, Lv H, Liu C, Su X, Yu Z, Song S, Bian H, Tian M, Qin C, Qi J, Zhu Q. HBeAg mediates inflammatory functions of macrophages by TLR2 contributing to hepatic fibrosis. BMC Med 2021; 19:247. [PMID: 34649530 PMCID: PMC8518250 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We and others have confirmed activation of macrophages plays a critical role in liver injury and fibrogenesis during HBV infection. And we have also proved HBeAg can obviously induce the production of macrophage inflammatory cytokines compared with HBsAg and HBcAg. However, the receptor and functional domain of HBeAg in macrophage activation and its effects and mechanisms on hepatic fibrosis remain elusive. METHODS The potentially direct binding receptors of HBeAg were screened and verified by Co-IP assay. Meanwhile, the function domain and accessible peptides of HBeAg for macrophage activation were analyzed by prediction of surface accessible peptide, construction, and synthesis of truncated fragments. Furthermore, effects and mechanisms of the activation of hepatic stellate cells induced by HBeAg-treated macrophages were investigated by Transwell, CCK-8, Gel contraction assay, Phospho Explorer antibody microarray, and Luminex assay. Finally, the effect of HBeAg in hepatic inflammation and fibrosis was evaluated in both human and murine tissues by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, ELISA, and detection of liver enzymes. RESULTS Herein, we verified TLR-2 was the direct binding receptor of HBeAg. Meanwhile, C-terminal peptide (122-143 aa.) of core domain in HBeAg was critical for macrophage activation. But arginine-rich domain of HBcAg hided this function, although HBcAg and HBeAg shared the same core domain. Furthermore, HBeAg promoted the proliferation, motility, and contraction of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in a macrophage-dependent manner, but not alone. PI3K-AKT-mTOR and p38 MAPK signaling pathway were responsible for motility phenotype of HSCs, while the Smad-dependent TGF-β signaling pathway for proliferation and contraction of them. Additionally, multiple chemokines and cytokines, such as CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10, and TNF-α, might be key mediators of HSC activation. Consistently, HBeAg induced transient inflammation response and promoted early fibrogenesis via TLR-2 in mice. Finally, clinical investigations suggested that the level of HBeAg is associated with inflammation and fibrosis degrees in patients infected with HBV. CONCLUSIONS HBeAg activated macrophages via the TLR-2/NF-κB signal pathway and further exacerbated hepatic fibrosis by facilitating motility, proliferation, and contraction of HSCs with the help of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xie
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanran Lv
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Su
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyang Song
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Bian
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyong Qin
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianni Qi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China. .,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China. .,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China. .,The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Li D, Su M, Sun PP, Guo WP, Wang CY, Wang JL, Wang H, Zhang Q, Du LY, Xie GC. Global profiling of the alternative splicing landscape reveals transcriptomic diversity during the early phase of enterovirus 71 infection. Virology 2020; 548:213-225. [PMID: 32763492 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The alteration of host cell splicing is a major strategy favouring viral replication; however, the interaction between human tonsillar epithelial cells (HTECs) and enterovirus 71 (EV71) has not been fully elucidated. Here, a total of 201 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 3266 novel genes with coding potential were identified. A total of 3479 skipped exons (SEs), 515 alternative 3' splice sites (A3SSs), 391 alternative 5' splice sites (A5SSs), 531 mutually exclusive exons (MXEs) and 825 retained introns (RIs) were identified as significantly altered alternative splicing (AS) events. The enriched DEGs were mainly related to the cell cycle, spliceosome, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathways. Finally, the replication of EV71 was significantly inhibited by TLR2 heterodimers. Our findings suggest that AS events induced by EV71 increase the transcriptomic diversity of HTECs in response to EV71 infection. Additionally, TLR2 heterodimers have the potential to protect HTECs against EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Meng Su
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Ping-Ping Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Wen-Ping Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Chun-Yang Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Jiang-Li Wang
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Chengde Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Hong Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Luan-Ying Du
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Guang-Cheng Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China.
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7
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Du P, Liu R, Sun S, Dong H, Zhao R, Tang R, Dai J, Yin H, Luo J, Liu Z, Guo H. Biomineralization improves the thermostability of foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles and the protective immune response induced. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:22748-22761. [PMID: 31599276 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05549e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an ideal substitute for traditionally inactivated or attenuated viruses in vaccine production. However, given the properties of their native proteins, the thermal stability of VLPs is poor. In this study, calcium mineralization was used to fabricate foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) VLPs as immunogenic core-shell particles with improved thermal stability. The biomineralized VLPs were stably stored at 24 °C and 37 °C for 13 and 11 days, respectively. Animal experiments showed that the biomineralized VLPs induced specific protective immunogenic effects, even after storage at 37 °C for 7 days. The biomineralized VLPs also effectively activated dendritic cells (DCs) to express high levels of surface MHC-II, costimulatory molecules, and proinflammatory cytokines. The DCs activated by the mineralized VLPs rapidly localized to the secondary lymphoid tissues and promoted the activation of the native T-cell population. These results suggest that the biomineralization of VLPs is an effective approach to vaccine production insofar as the mineralized shell provides an adjuvant effect which improves the immunogenicity of the VLPs. Biomineralization can also confer superior heat resistance on VLPs, an advantage in vaccine production. The successful development of thermally stable, biomineralized VLPs will reduce our dependence on cold storage and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
| | - Ronghuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
| | - Hu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
| | - Ruibo Zhao
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
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Chen KR, Ling P. Interplays between Enterovirus A71 and the innate immune system. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:95. [PMID: 31787104 PMCID: PMC6886175 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a growing threat to public health, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. EV-A71 infection is most prevalent in infants and children and causes a wide spectrum of clinical complications, including hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), pulmonary and neurological disorders. The pathogenesis of EV-A71 infection is poorly understood at present. It is likely that viral factors and host immunity, and their interplay, affect the pathogenesis and outcome of EV-A71 infection. The mammalian innate immune system forms the first layer of defense against viral infections and triggers activation of adaptive immunity leading to full protection. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the interaction between EV-A71 and the innate immune system. We discuss the role of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and inflammasomes, in the detection of EV-A71 infection and induction of antiviral immunity. As a counteraction, EV-A71 viral proteins target multiple innate immune pathways to facilitate viral replication in host cells. These novel insights at the virus-host interphase may support the future development of vaccines and therapeutics against EV-A71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ru Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung Univeristy, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin Ling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung Univeristy, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung Universiy, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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9
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Zhuang J, Holay M, Park JH, Fang RH, Zhang J, Zhang L. Nanoparticle Delivery of Immunostimulatory Agents for Cancer Immunotherapy. Theranostics 2019; 9:7826-7848. [PMID: 31695803 PMCID: PMC6831474 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulatory agents, including adjuvants, cytokines, and monoclonal antibodies, hold great potential for the treatment of cancer. However, their direct administration often results in suboptimal pharmacokinetics, vulnerability to biodegradation, and compromised targeting. More recently, encapsulation into biocompatible nanoparticulate carriers has become an emerging strategy for improving the delivery of these immunotherapeutic agents. Such approaches can address many of the challenges facing current treatment modalities by endowing additional protection and significantly elevating the bioavailability of the encapsulated payloads. To further improve the delivery efficiency and subsequent immune responses associated with current nanoscale approaches, biomimetic modifications and materials have been employed to create delivery platforms with enhanced functionalities. By leveraging nature-inspired design principles, these biomimetic nanodelivery vehicles have the potential to alter the current clinical landscape of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhuang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maya Holay
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joon Ho Park
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H. Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Cello Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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10
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Toll-Like Receptor 3 Is Involved in Detection of Enterovirus A71 Infection and Targeted by Viral 2A Protease. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120689. [PMID: 30563052 PMCID: PMC6315976 DOI: 10.3390/v10120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) has emerged as a major pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease, as well as neurological disorders. The host immune response affects the outcomes of EV-A71 infection, leading to either resolution or disease progression. However, the mechanisms of how the mammalian innate immune system detects EV-A71 infection to elicit antiviral immunity remain elusive. Here, we report that the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a key viral RNA sensor for sensing EV-A71 infection to trigger antiviral immunity. Expression of TLR3 in HEK293 cells enabled the cells to sense EV-A71 infection, leading to type I, IFN-mediated antiviral immunity. Viral double-stranded RNA derived from EV-A71 infection was a key ligand for TLR3 detection. Silencing of TLR3 in mouse and human primary immune cells impaired the activation of IFN-β upon EV-A71 infection, thus reinforcing the importance of the TLR3 pathway in defending against EV-A71 infection. Our results further demonstrated that TLR3 was a target of EV-A71 infection. EV-A71 protease 2A was implicated in the downregulation of TLR3. Together, our results not only demonstrate the importance of the TLR3 pathway in response to EV-A71 infection, but also reveal the involvement of EV-A71 protease 2A in subverting TLR3-mediated antiviral defenses.
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11
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Antiviral and Inflammatory Cellular Signaling Associated with Enterovirus 71 Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040155. [PMID: 29597291 PMCID: PMC5923449 DOI: 10.3390/v10040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection has become a major threat to global public health, especially in infants and young children. Epidemiological studies have indicated that EV71 infection is responsible for severe and even fatal cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Accumulated evidence indicates that EV71 infection triggers a plethora of interactive signaling pathways, resulting in host immune evasion and inflammatory response. This review mainly covers the effects of EV71 infection on major antiviral and inflammatory cellular signal pathways. EV71 can activate cellular signaling networks including multiple cell surface and intracellular receptors, intracellular kinases, calcium flux, and transcription factors that regulate antiviral innate immunity and inflammatory response. Cellular signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of host innate immune and inflammatory pathogenesis. Elucidation of antiviral and inflammatory cellular signaling pathways initiated by EV71 will not only help uncover the potential mechanisms of EV71 infection-induced pathogenesis, but will also provide clues for the design of therapeutic strategies against EV71 infection.
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12
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Zhang Y, Han H, Sun L, Qiu H, Lin H, Yu L, Zhu W, Qi J, Yang R, Pang Y, Wang X, Lu G, Yang Y. Antiviral activity of shikonin ester derivative PMM-034 against enterovirus 71 in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e6586. [PMID: 28832767 PMCID: PMC5561812 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), particularly in infants and children below 4 years of age. Shikonin is a bioactive compound with anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial activities derived from the roots of the Chinese medicinal herb Lithospermum erythrorhizon. This study aimed to examine the antiviral activity of PMM-034, a shikonin ester derivative, against EV71 in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Cytotoxicity of PMM-034 on RD cells was determined using WST-1 assay. Dose- and time-dependent effects of PMM-034 on EV71 replication in RD cells were determined using plaque reduction assay. mRNA expression levels of EV71/VP1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) were determined by real-time RT-PCR, and EV71/VP1 and phospho-p65 protein expressions were determined by western blot analysis. PMM-034 exhibited only weak cytotoxicity against RD cells. However, PMM-034 exhibited significant antiviral activity against EV71 in RD cells with 50% inhibitory concentration of 2.31 μg/mL. The VP1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced in cells treated with PMM-034. Furthermore, relative mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α significantly decreased in the cells treated with PMM-034, while the phospho-p65 protein expression was also significantly lower in the treated cells. These results indicated that PMM-034 suppressed the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in RD cells, exhibiting antiviral activity against EV71, as evidenced by the reduced VP1 mRNA and protein levels in PMM-034-treated cells. Thus, PMM-034 is a promising candidate for further development as an EV71 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Suzhou Industrial Park Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - H Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - L Sun
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - L Yu
- Suzhou Industrial Park Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - W Zhu
- Suzhou Industrial Park Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - J Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - R Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - X Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - G Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Liu WC, Lin YL, Spearman M, Cheng PY, Butler M, Wu SC. Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins with Different N-Glycan Patterns Activate Dendritic Cells In Vitro. J Virol 2016; 90:6085-6096. [PMID: 27099319 PMCID: PMC4907228 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00452-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) N-glycans play important regulatory roles in the control of virus virulence, antigenicity, receptor-binding specificity, and viral escape from the immune response. Considered essential for controlling innate and adaptive immune responses against influenza virus infections, dendritic cells (DCs) trigger proinflammatory and adaptive immune responses in hosts. In this study, we engineered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines expressing recombinant HA from pandemic H1, H5, and H7 influenza viruses. rH1HA, rH5HA, and rH7HA were obtained as wild-type proteins or in the presence of kifunensine (KIF) or further with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase-treated KIF (KIF+E) to generate single-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) N-glycans consisting of (i) terminally sialylated complex-type N-glycans, (ii) high-mannose-type N-glycans, and (iii) single-GlcNAc-type N-glycans. Our results show that high-mannose-type and single-GlcNAc-type N-glycans, but not complex-type N-glycans, are capable of inducing more active hIL12 p40, hIL12 p70, and hIL-10 production in human DCs. Significantly higher HLA-DR, CD40, CD83, and CD86 expression levels, as well reduced endocytotic capacity in human DCs, were noted in the high-mannose-type rH1HA and single-GlcNAc-type rH1HA groups than in the complex-type N-glycan rH1HA group. Our data indicate that native avian rHA proteins (H5N1 and H7N9) are more immunostimulatory than human rHA protein (pH1N1). The high-mannose-type or single-GlcNAc-type N-glycans of both avian and human HA types are more stimulatory than the complex-type N-glycans. HA-stimulated DC activation was accomplished partially through a mannose receptor(s). These results provide more understanding of the contribution of glycosylation of viral proteins to the immune responses and may have implications for vaccine development. IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses trigger seasonal epidemics or pandemics with mild-to-severe consequences for human and poultry populations. DCs are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells, which play a crucial role in the link between innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we obtained stable-expression CHO cells to produce rH1HA, rH5HA, and rH7HA proteins containing distinct N-glycan patterns. These rHA proteins, each with a distinct N-glycan pattern, were used to investigate interactions with mouse and human DCs. Our data indicate that native avian rHA proteins (H5N1 and H7N9) are more immunostimulatory than human rHA protein (pH1N1). High-mannose-type and single-GlcNAc-type N-glycans were more effective than complex-type N-glycans in triggering mouse and human DC activation and maturation. We believe these results provide some useful information for influenza vaccine development regarding how influenza virus HA proteins with different types of N-glycans activate DCs.
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MESH Headings
- Alkaloids/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- B7-2 Antigen/genetics
- Birds
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/physiology
- HLA-DR Antigens/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40/genetics
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Pandemics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chun Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Lin
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Maureen Spearman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Pei-Yun Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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14
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Shao J, Gao F, Lin HJ, Mao QY, Chen P, Wu X, Yao X, Kong W, Liang ZL. Short-Fragment DNA Residue from Vaccine Purification Processes Promotes Immune Response to the New Inactivated EV71 Vaccine by Upregulating TLR9 mRNA. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153867. [PMID: 27082865 PMCID: PMC4833324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce potential oncogenic long genomic DNA in vaccines, nuclease treatment has been applied in the purification processes. However, this action increased the residue of short-fragment DNA and its effect on vaccine potency was still elusive. In this study, we found residual sf-DNA in an inactivated EV71 vaccine could enhance humoral immune response in mice. Ag stimulation in vitro and vaccine injection in vivo revealed that TLR9 transcription level was elevated, indicating that sf-DNA could activate TLR9. These new findings will help us to understand the molecular mechanism induced by vero-cell culture-derived vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fan Gao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Juan Lin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qun-Ying Mao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Pan Chen
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xing Wu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (WK); (ZLL)
| | - Zheng-Lun Liang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (WK); (ZLL)
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15
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Shirbaghaee Z, Bolhassani A. Different applications of virus-like particles in biology and medicine: Vaccination and delivery systems. Biopolymers 2016; 105:113-32. [PMID: 26509554 PMCID: PMC7161881 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) mimic the whole construct of virus particles devoid of viral genome as used in subunit vaccine design. VLPs can elicit efficient protective immunity as direct immunogens compared to soluble antigens co-administered with adjuvants in several booster injections. Up to now, several prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems such as insect, yeast, plant, and E. coli were used to express recombinant proteins, especially for VLP production. Recent studies are also generating VLPs in plants using different transient expression vectors for edible vaccines. VLPs and viral particles have been applied for different functions such as gene therapy, vaccination, nanotechnology, and diagnostics. Herein, we describe VLP production in different systems as well as its applications in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Shirbaghaee
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDSPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDSPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
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16
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Lin SY, Chiu HY, Chiang BL, Hu YC. Development of EV71 virus-like particle purification processes. Vaccine 2015; 33:5966-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Wang X, Ku Z, Dai W, Chen T, Ye X, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Jin X, Huang Z. A bivalent virus-like particle based vaccine induces a balanced antibody response against both enterovirus 71 and norovirus in mice. Vaccine 2015; 33:5779-5785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Ren XX, Li C, Xiong SD, Huang Z, Wang JH, Wang HB. Antibodies to P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 block dendritic cell-mediated enterovirus 71 transmission and prevent virus-induced cells death. Virulence 2015; 6:802-8. [PMID: 26399965 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1094605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) has been proved to serve as the functional receptor for enterovirus 71 (EV71). We found the abundant expression of PSGL-1 on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). However, we have previously demonstrated that MDDCs did not support efficient replication of EV71. Dendritic cells (DCs) have been described to be subverted by various viruses including EV71 for viral dissemination, we thus explore the potential contribution of PSGL-1 on DC-mediated EV71 transmission. We found that the cell-surface-expressing PSGL-1 on MDDCs mediated EV71 binding, and intriguingly, these loaded-viruses on MDDCs could be transferred to encountered target cells; Prior-treatment with PSGL-1 antibodies or interference with PSGL-1 expression diminished MDDC-mediated EV71 transfer and rescued virus-induced cell death. Our data uncover a novel role of PSGL-1 in DC-mediated EV71 spread, and provide an insight into blocking primary EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Ren
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity; Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology; Institute Pasteur of Shanghai; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Shanghai , China
| | - Chuan Li
- b Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology; Institute Pasteur of Shanghai; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Shanghai , China
| | - Si-Dong Xiong
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity; Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China
| | - Zhong Huang
- b Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology; Institute Pasteur of Shanghai; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Shanghai , China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- b Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology; Institute Pasteur of Shanghai; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Shanghai , China
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- b Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology; Institute Pasteur of Shanghai; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Shanghai , China
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19
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Lin SY, Yeh CT, Li WH, Yu CP, Lin WC, Yang JY, Wu HL, Hu YC. Enhanced enterovirus 71 virus-like particle yield from a new baculovirus design. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2005-15. [PMID: 25997678 PMCID: PMC7161748 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is responsible for the outbreaks of hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease in the Asia‐Pacific region. To produce the virus‐like particle (VLP) vaccine, we previously constructed recombinant baculoviruses to co‐express EV71 P1 polypeptide and 3CD protease using the Bac‐to‐Bac® vector system. The recombinant baculoviruses resulted in P1 cleavage by 3CD and subsequent VLP assembly in infected insect cells, but caused either low VLP yield or excessive VLP degradation. To tackle the problems, here we explored various expression cassette designs and flashBAC GOLD™ vector system which was deficient in v‐cath and chiA genes. We found that the recombinant baculovirus constructed using the flashBAC GOLD™ system was insufficient to improve the EV71 VLP yield. Nonetheless, BacF‐P1‐C3CD, a recombinant baculovirus constructed using the flashBAC GOLDTM system to express P1 under the polh promoter and 3CD under the CMV promoter, dramatically improved the VLP yield while alleviating the VLP degradation. Infection of High FiveTM cells with BacF‐P1‐C3CD enhanced the total and extracellular VLP yield to ≈268 and ≈171 mg/L, respectively, which enabled the release of abundant VLP into the supernatant and simplified the downstream purification. Intramuscular immunization of mice with 5 μg purified VLP induced cross‐protective humoral responses and conferred protection against lethal virus challenge. Given the significantly improved extracellular VLP yield (≈171 mg/L) and the potent immunogenicity conferred by 5 μg VLP, one liter High FiveTM culture produced ≈12,000 doses of purified vaccine, thus rendering the EV71 VLP vaccine economically viable and able to compete with inactivated virus vaccines. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2005–2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yeh Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tsui Yeh
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hua Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Yu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Lin
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yuan Yang
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Ling Wu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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