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Cox DTC, Gaston KJ. Cathemerality: a key temporal niche. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:329-347. [PMID: 37839797 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Given the marked variation in abiotic and biotic conditions between day and night, many species specialise their physical activity to being diurnal or nocturnal, and it was long thought that these strategies were commonly fairly fixed and invariant. The term 'cathemeral', was coined in 1987, when Tattersall noted activity in a Madagascan primate during the hours of both daylight and darkness. Initially thought to be rare, cathemerality is now known to be a quite widespread form of time partitioning amongst arthropods, fish, birds, and mammals. Herein we provide a synthesis of present understanding of cathemeral behaviour, arguing that it should routinely be included alongside diurnal and nocturnal strategies in schemes that distinguish and categorise species across taxa according to temporal niche. This synthesis is particularly timely because (i) the study of animal activity patterns is being revolutionised by new and improved technologies; (ii) it is becoming apparent that cathemerality covers a diverse range of obligate to facultative forms, each with their own common sets of functional traits, geographic ranges and evolutionary history; (iii) daytime and nighttime activity likely plays an important but currently neglected role in temporal niche partitioning and ecosystem functioning; and (iv) cathemerality may have an important role in the ability of species to adapt to human-mediated pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T C Cox
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
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2
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Ito K, Higginson AD, Ruxton GD, Papastamatiou YP. Incorporating thermodynamics in predator-prey games predicts the diel foraging patterns of poikilothermic predators. J Anim Ecol 2021; 91:527-539. [PMID: 34652820 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Models of foraging behaviour typically assume that prey do not adapt to temporal variation in predation risk, such as by avoiding foraging at certain times of the day. When this behavioural plasticity is considered-such as in predator-prey games-the role of abiotic factors is usually ignored. An abiotic factor that exerts strong influence on the physiology and behaviour of many animals is ambient temperature, although it is often ignored from game models as it is implicitly assumed that both predators and prey are homothermic. However, poikilotherms' performance may be reduced in cold conditions due to reduced muscle function, limiting the prey-capture ability of predators and the predator-avoidance and foraging abilities of prey. Here, we use a game-theoretic predator-prey model in which diel temperature changes influence foraging gains and costs to predict the evolutionarily stable diel activity of predators. Our model predicts the range of patterns observed in nature, including nocturnal, diurnal, crepuscular and a previously unexplained post-sunset crepuscular pattern observed in some sharks. In general, smaller predators are predicted to be more diurnal than larger ones. The safety of prey when not foraging is critical, explaining why predators in coral reef systems (with safe refuges) may often have different foraging patterns to pelagic predators. We make a range of testable predictions that will enable the further evaluation of this theoretical framework for understanding diel foraging patterns in poikilotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ito
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Andrew D Higginson
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Graeme D Ruxton
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Yannis P Papastamatiou
- Institute of the Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
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3
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Palacios MDM, McCormick MI. Positive indirect effects of top‐predators on the behaviour and survival of juvenile fishes. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Mar Palacios
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ. Townsville Queensland Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin Univ. Victoria Australia
| | - Mark I. McCormick
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ. Townsville Queensland Australia
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Dynamics of predator-prey habitat use and behavioral interactions over diel periods at sub-tropical reefs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211886. [PMID: 30726295 PMCID: PMC6364942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of fish communities at tropical and sub-tropical rocky reefs are influenced in many cases by predation activity and predator-prey interactions. These processes usually follow specific diel patterns in reef areas with higher rates of these interactions occurring during the crepuscular periods. However, other factors such as habitat complexity and species-specific behavior may alter these patterns, increasing variability in species interactions. A better understanding of the dynamics of these patterns and processes would allow us to manage and monitor fish communities in these productive and vulnerable areas more efficiently. We investigated behavioral changes of predators and prey fish in sub-tropical “live-bottom” (sandstone) reefs at Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary (GRNMS), located 20 nautical miles off the coast of Georgia, USA, using fisheries acoustic methods in association with visual census and direct observation using SCUBA. Changes in co-location and habitat preferences of predators and prey over time throughout the diel cycle were investigated using species distribution models (MAXENT) based on habitat predictors and by means of spatial statistics. The results indicate that predator and prey distribution patterns changed considerably throughout the day. Prey and predator species exhibited complex spatial dynamics and behavior over diel periods, with prey modifying patterns of habitat use and spatial distribution, likely as a response of their interactions with predators. Crepuscular periods were confirmed to be the most active phases in terms of predator-prey interactions and consequently the most variable. The combination of tools and approaches used in this study provided valuable sources of information that support the inferences of predation risk-driven habitat selection of prey in this sub-tropical reef system.
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Foster RG. There is no mystery to sleep. Psych J 2018; 7:206-208. [DOI: 10.1002/pchj.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell G. Foster
- Sleep & Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences OMPI, Sir William Dunn School; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
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6
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Palacios MM, Malerba ME, McCormick MI. Multiple predator effects on juvenile prey survival. Oecologia 2018; 188:417-427. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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McCormick MI, Barry RP, Allan BJM. Algae associated with coral degradation affects risk assessment in coral reef fishes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16937. [PMID: 29208978 PMCID: PMC5717098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat degradation alters the chemical landscape through which information about community dynamics is transmitted. Olfactory information is crucial for risk assessment in aquatic organisms as predators release odours when they capture prey that lead to an alarm response in conspecific prey. Recent studies show some coral reef fishes are unable to use alarm odours when surrounded by dead-degraded coral. Our study examines the spatial and temporal dynamics of this alarm odour-nullifying effect, and which substratum types may be responsible. Field experiments showed that settlement-stage damselfish were not able to detect alarm odours within 2 m downcurrent of degraded coral, and that the antipredator response was re-established 20-40 min after transferral to live coral. Laboratory experiments indicate that the chemicals from common components of the degraded habitats, the cyanobacteria, Okeania sp., and diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia sp.prevented an alarm odour response. The same nullifying effect was found for the common red algae, Galaxauria robusta, suggesting that the problem is of a broader nature than previously realised. Those fish species best able to compensate for a lack of olfactory risk information at key times will be those potentially most resilient to the effects of coral degradation that operate through this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark I McCormick
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
| | - Randall P Barry
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Bridie J M Allan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
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Chatzievangelou D, Doya C, Thomsen L, Purser A, Aguzzi J. High-Frequency Patterns in the Abundance of Benthic Species near a Cold-Seep - An Internet Operated Vehicle Application. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163808. [PMID: 27732626 PMCID: PMC5061432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Three benthic megafaunal species (i.e. sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria; pacific hagfish Eptatretus stoutii and a group of juvenile crabs) were tested for diel behavioral patterns at the methane hydrates site of Barkley Canyon (890 m depth), off Vancouver Island (BC, Canada). Fluctuations of animal counts in linear video-transects conducted with the Internet Operated Deep-Sea Crawler “Wally” in June, July and December of 2013, were used as proxy of population activity rhythms. Count time series and environmental parameters were analyzed under the hypothesis that the environmental conditioning of activity rhythms depends on the life habits of particular species (i.e. movement type and trophic level). Non-linear least squares modeling of biological time series revealed significant diel periods for sablefish in summer and for hagfish and crabs in December. Combined cross-correlation and redundancy (RDA) analyses showed strong relationships among environmental fluctuations and detected megafauna. In particular, sablefish presence during summer months was related to flow magnitude, while the activity of pacific hagfish and juvenile crabs in December correlated with change in chemical parameters (i.e. chlorophyll and oxygen concentrations, respectively). Waveform analyses of animal counts and environmental variables confirmed the phase delay during the 24 h cycle. The timing of detection of sablefish occurred under low flow velocities, a possible behavioral adaptation to the general hypoxic conditions. The proposed effect of chlorophyll concentrations on hagfish counts highlights the potential role of phytodetritus as an alternative food source for this opportunistic feeder. The juvenile crabs seemed to display a cryptic behavior, possibly to avoid predation, though this was suppressed when oxygen levels were at a minimum. Our results highlight the potential advantages such mobile observation platforms offer in multiparametric deep-sea monitoring in terms of both spatial and temporal resolution and add to the vastly understudied field of diel rhythms of deep-sea megafauna.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Doya
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Autun Purser
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Jacopo Aguzzi
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Mallet D, Vigliola L, Wantiez L, Pelletier D. Diurnal temporal patterns of the diversity and the abundance of reef fishes in a branching coral patch in New Caledonia. AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Mallet
- IFREMER; Unité de Recherche Lagons, Ecosystèmes et Aquaculture Durable en Nouvelle Calédonie (LEAD-NC); Noumea New Caledonia
- EA 4243 LIVE; Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie; Noumea New Caledonia
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD); UMR ENTROPIE/Laboratoire Excellence LABEX Corail; Noumea New Caledonia
| | - Laurent Wantiez
- EA 4243 LIVE; Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie; Noumea New Caledonia
| | - Dominique Pelletier
- IFREMER; Unité de Recherche Lagons, Ecosystèmes et Aquaculture Durable en Nouvelle Calédonie (LEAD-NC); Noumea New Caledonia
- Laboratoire Excellence LABEX Corail; Perpignan France
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Sun D, Cheney KL, Werminghausen J, Meekan MG, McCormick MI, Cribb TH, Grutter AS. Presence of cleaner wrasse increases the recruitment of damselfishes to coral reefs. Biol Lett 2015; 11:rsbl.2015.0456. [PMID: 26289440 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualisms affect the biodiversity, distribution and abundance of biological communities. However, ecological processes that drive mutualism-related shifts in population structure are often unclear and must be examined to elucidate how complex, multi-species mutualistic networks are formed and structured. In this study, we investigated how the presence of key marine mutualistic partners can drive the organisation of local communities on coral reefs. The cleaner wrasse, Labroides dimidiatus, removes ectoparasites and reduces stress hormones for multiple reef fish species, and their presence on coral reefs increases fish abundance and diversity. Such changes in population structure could be driven by increased recruitment of larval fish at settlement, or by post-settlement processes such as modified levels of migration or predation. We conducted a controlled field experiment to examine the effect of cleaners on recruitment processes of a common group of reef fishes, and showed that small patch reefs (61-285 m(2)) with cleaner wrasse had higher abundances of damselfish recruits than reefs from which cleaner wrasse had been removed over a 12-year period. However, the presence of cleaner wrasse did not affect species diversity of damselfish recruits. Our study provides evidence of the ecological processes that underpin changes in local population structure in the presence of a key mutualistic partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen L Cheney
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johanna Werminghausen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark G Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, UWA Oceans Institute (M096), Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark I McCormick
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas H Cribb
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexandra S Grutter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Drivers of Daily Routines in an Ectothermic Marine Predator: Hunt Warm, Rest Warmer? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127807. [PMID: 26061229 PMCID: PMC4489509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal daily routines represent a compromise between maximizing foraging success and optimizing physiological performance, while minimizing the risk of predation. For ectothermic predators, ambient temperature may also influence daily routines through its effects on physiological performance. Temperatures can fluctuate significantly over the diel cycle and ectotherms may synchronize behaviour to match thermal regimes in order to optimize fitness. We used bio-logging to quantify activity and body temperature of blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) at a tropical atoll. Behavioural observations were used to concurrently measure bite rates in herbivorous reef fishes, as an index of activity for potential diurnal prey. Sharks showed early evening peaks in activity, particularly during ebbing high tides, while body temperatures peaked several hours prior to the period of maximal activity. Herbivores also displayed peaks in activity several hours earlier than the peaks in shark activity. Sharks appeared to be least active while their body temperatures were highest and most active while temperatures were cooling, although we hypothesize that due to thermal inertia they were still warmer than their smaller prey during this period. Sharks may be most active during early evening periods as they have a sensory advantage under low light conditions and/or a thermal advantage over cooler prey. Sharks swam into shallow water during daytime low tide periods potentially to warm up and increase rates of digestion before the nocturnal activity period, which may be a strategy to maximize ingestion rates. “Hunt warm, rest warmer” may help explain the early evening activity seen in other ectothermic predators.
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