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Ibrahim YE, Al-Saleh MA, Widyawan A, El Komy MH, Al Dhafer HM, Brown JK. Identification and Distribution of the ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'-Asian Citrus Psyllid Pathosystem in Saudi Arabia. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1083-1092. [PMID: 37953230 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-23-1460-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Citrus greening disease was first reported in Saudi Arabia during the 1970s when characteristic foliar and fruit symptoms were observed in commercial citrus groves. However, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) was not detected in symptomatic trees until 1981 to 1984 when CLas-like cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy in leaves collected from symptomatic citrus groves in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Despite the anticipated establishment of the CLas-Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) pathosystem, CLas presence has not been verified in suspect trees nor have ACP infestations been documented. Given the recent expansion of citrus production in Saudi Arabia, a systematic country-wide survey was carried out to determine the potential CLas distribution in the 13 citrus-growing regions of the country. Citrus trees were surveyed for the presence of CLas-psyllid vector(s) and characteristic disease symptoms in commercial and urban citrus trees. Adult psyllids collected from infested citrus trees were identified as ACP based on morphological characteristics. Real-time quantitative PCR amplification (qPCR) of the CLas β-subunit of the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) gene from citrus leaf and fruit samples and/or ACP adults revealed that trees were positive for CLas detection in 10 of the 13 survey regions; however, CLas was undetectable in ACP adults. Phylogenetic and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses of a PCR-amplified, cloned fragment of the CLas 16S rRNA gene (∼1.1 kbp) indicated Saudi Arabian isolates were most closely related to Florida, U.S.A., isolates. Analysis of climate variables indicated that the distribution of the ACP-CLas pathosystem observed in Saudi Arabia was consistent with published predictions of terrains most likely to support establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser E Ibrahim
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Bacterial Diseases Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Al-Saleh
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arya Widyawan
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud H El Komy
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hathal M Al Dhafer
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A
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2
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Zheng Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Liu Y, Liang J, Wang C, Fang F, Deng X, Zheng Z. Pathogenicity and Transcriptomic Analyses of Two " Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" Strains Harboring Different Types of Phages. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0075423. [PMID: 37071011 PMCID: PMC10269750 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00754-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
"Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" is one of the putative causal agents of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), a highly destructive disease threatening the global citrus industry. Several types of phages had been identified in "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" strains and found to affect the biology of "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus." However, little is known about the influence of phages in "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" pathogenicity. In this study, two "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" strains, PYN and PGD, harboring different types of phages were collected and used for pathogenicity analysis in periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). Strain PYN carries a type 1 phage (P-YN-1), and PGD harbors a type 2 phage (P-GD-2). Compared to strain PYN, strain PGD exhibited a faster reproduction rate and higher virulence in periwinkle: leaf symptoms appeared earlier, and there was a stronger inhibition in the growth of new flush. Estimation of phage copy numbers by type-specific PCR indicated that there are multiple copies of phage P-YN-1 in strain PYN, while strain PGD carries only a single copy of phage P-GD-2. Genome-wide gene expression profiling revealed the lytic activity of P-YN-1 phage, as evidenced by the unique expression of genes involved in lytic cycle, which may limit the propagation of strain PYN and lead to a delayed infection in periwinkle. However, the activation of genes involved in lysogenic conversion of phage P-GD-1 indicated it could reside within the "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" genome as a prophage form in strain PGD. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the significant differences in expression of virulence factor genes, including genes associated with pathogenic effectors, transcriptional factors, the Znu transport system, and the heme biosynthesis pathway, could be another major determinant of virulence variation between two "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" strains. This study expanded our knowledge of "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" pathogenicity and provided new insights into the differences in pathogenicity between "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" strains. IMPORTANCE Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), also called citrus greening disease, is a highly destructive disease threatening citrus production worldwide. "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" is one of the most common putative causal agents of HLB. Phages of "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" have recently been identified and found to affect "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" biology. Here, we found that "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" strains harboring different types of phages (type 1 or type 2) showed different levels of pathogenicity and multiplication patterns in the periwinkle plant (Catharanthus roseus). Transcriptome analysis revealed the possible lytic activity of type 1 phage in a "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" strain, which could limit the propagation of "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" and lead to the delayed infection in periwinkle. The heterogeneity in the transcriptome profiles, particularly the significant differences in expression of virulence factors genes, could be another major determinant of difference in virulence observed between the two "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" strains. These findings improved our understanding of "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus"-phage interaction and provided insight into "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqin Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingxue Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoxin Liu
- Horticulture Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiayin Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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3
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Hu Y, Meng Y, Yao L, Wang E, Tang T, Wang Y, Dai L, Zhao M, Zhang HE, Fan X, Luo L, Xiang W, Zhang Z. Citrus Huanglongbing correlated with incidence of Diaphorina citri carrying Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and citrus phyllosphere microbiome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:964193. [PMID: 36466264 PMCID: PMC9716883 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.964193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In China, citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) disease is caused by the Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus bacterium, which is carried by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. It was hypothesized that the epidemic of the HLB may related with the rate of bacterium presence in the insect vector and bacterium content in plant tissues, as well as the phyllosphere microbe communities changes. This study systematically analyzed the presence or absence of Ca. L. asiaticus in citrus tree leaves and in the insect vector D. citri over a 6-year period using real-time PCR. In addition, changes in the number of bacteria carried by D. citri over 12 months were quantified, as well as the relationship between the proportion of D. citri carrying Ca. L. asiaticus and the proportion of plants infected with Ca. L. asiaticus were analyzed. Results showed that the proportion of D. citri carrying bacteria was stable and relatively low from January to September. The bacteria in citrus leaves relatively low in spring and summer, then peaked in December. The proportion of D. citri carrying bacteria gradually declined from 2014 to 2019. The proportion of D. citri carrying Ca. L. asiaticus showed a significant positive correlation with the proportion of diseased citrus. The phyllosphere bacterial and fungal communities on the healthy citrus leaf were significantly different with the disease leaf in April and December. Pathogenic invasions change the citrus phyllosphere microbial community structure. It could be summarized that citrus Huanglongbing correlated with incidence of Diaphorina citri carrying Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and citrus phyllosphere microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Tree Breeding, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youqing Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial General Station of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Pesticide Management, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangjin Yao
- Department of Tree Breeding, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Enguo Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang Linhai Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Taizhou, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangying Dai
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingping Zhao
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Jianghua Yao Autonomous County, Yongzhou, China
| | - Hong-en Zhang
- School of Mathematical, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fan
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Luyun Luo
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Hunan Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, China
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Rapid visual Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus detection (citrus greening disease) using simple alkaline heat DNA lysis followed by loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled hydroxynaphthol blue (AL-LAMP-HNB) for potential local use. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276740. [PMID: 36282857 PMCID: PMC9595546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of citrus greening or Huanglongbing disease bacteria occurs in many areas. We sampled and identified an ongoing ~year 2020 orange tree endemic in northern Thailand as Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. We thereby developed a plant greening disease (C. Liberibacter asiaticus) detection assay using simple alkaline heat DNA lysis and loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled hydroxynaphthol blue (AL-LAMP-HNB), and evaluated the developed assay for its feasibility as point-of-care detection on 65 plant leaf samples with 100–1×104 copies of C. Liberibacter asiaticus or mocked injection compared with commercial DNA lysis kit and PCR-GE. Our assay is sensitive to 5–8.9 copies of omp (equaling 0.0056–0.01 fg) compatible with PCR-GE limit of detection. This ultra sensitive limit of detection could allow the disease detection before clinical apparent state of disease when C. Liberibacter asiaticus infection number is few, i.e. fewer than 100 copies of C. Liberibacter asiaticus. The assay is also specific with 6 degenerate primers targeting every strain of C. Liberibacter asiaticus omp from GenBank database, rapid (40 min total assay time), inexpensive (~2–3 USD/reaction), does not require sophisticated instrumentation, and has comparable assay accuracy (93.85–100% accuracy, 100% specificity, and 89.74–100% sensitivity) to bacterial DNA extraction by a commercial kit followed by PCR and gel electrophoresis (92.31% accuracy, 100% specificity, and 87.18% sensitivity) based on the real sample tests. Hence, the technique could be used in local or laboratory resource-restricted settings. The test result could be read by naked eyes through the color change from violet (negative) to sky blue (positive) for a C. Liberibacter asiaticus-infected specimen. Furthermore, this assay uses safe chemical reagents and, thus, is safe for the users.
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Das AK, Chichghare SA, Sharma SK, Kumar JPT, Singh S, Baranwal VK, Kumar A, Nerkar S. Genetic diversity and population structure of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' associated with citrus Huanglongbing in India based on the prophage types. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:95. [PMID: 33963452 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as 'citrus greening', is an extremely destructive disease of citrus worldwide. HLB is associated with three species of the fastidious proteobacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas), Ca. L. africanus and Ca. L. americanus with CaLas being the most widely distributed around the world and the only species detected and described so far in India, one of the major global citrus fruit producers. Prophages are highly dynamic components in the bacterial genome and play an important role in intraspecies variations. Three types of prophages, Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 have been identified and described in CaLas so far. In the present study, 441 CaLas isolates sampled across 18 Indian states were used for prophage typing. Based on detection of three prophage types by PCR, all the eight probable combinations of CaLas prophages were identified, including single Type 1 (26.5%), single Type 2 (18.8%), single Type 3 (1.4%), Type 1 + Type 2 (20.4%), Type 1 + Type 3 (12.5%), Type 2 + Type 3 (4.8%), Type 1 + Type 2 + Type 3 (11.3%) and None type (4.3%). Prophage types were confirmed by PCR amplicon sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. By discovery of all 3 prophages and based on genetic identity and genetic distance, CaLas populations from eighteen citrus growing states were separated into two major Prophage Typing Groups (PTGs): PTG1 and PTG2. The PTG1 comprised of CaLas from North-West India and PTG2 from rest of the country (North-East, Central and South India), and both major groups were further divided into two (PTG1-A, PTG1-B) and three (PTG2-A, PTG2-B and PTG2-C) subgroups respectively. The findings of CaLas population patterns provide evidence for independent origins of HLB-associated CaLas. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) array was also detected in CaLas isolates. This is the first report evaluating the genetic variation of a large population of CaLas bacterium in India using the PCR markers from the prophage regions which would certainly assist the ongoing HLB management efforts in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis K Das
- Plant Pathology Lab, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Amravati Road, Nagpur, 440033, India.
| | - Subham A Chichghare
- Plant Pathology Lab, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Amravati Road, Nagpur, 440033, India
| | - Susheel K Sharma
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, 795004, India
| | - J Prasanth Tej Kumar
- Plant Pathology Lab, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Amravati Road, Nagpur, 440033, India
| | - Salvinder Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, India
| | - Virendra K Baranwal
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Plant Pathology Lab, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Amravati Road, Nagpur, 440033, India
| | - Sagar Nerkar
- Plant Pathology Lab, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Amravati Road, Nagpur, 440033, India
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Zuñiga C, Peacock B, Liang B, McCollum G, Irigoyen SC, Tec-Campos D, Marotz C, Weng NC, Zepeda A, Vidalakis G, Mandadi KK, Borneman J, Zengler K. Linking metabolic phenotypes to pathogenic traits among "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" and its hosts. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2020; 6:24. [PMID: 32753656 PMCID: PMC7403731 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-020-00142-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) has been associated with Huanglongbing, a lethal vector-borne disease affecting citrus crops worldwide. While comparative genomics has provided preliminary insights into the metabolic capabilities of this uncultured microorganism, a comprehensive functional characterization is currently lacking. Here, we reconstructed and manually curated genome-scale metabolic models for the six CLas strains A4, FL17, gxpsy, Ishi-1, psy62, and YCPsy, in addition to a model of the closest related culturable microorganism, L. crescens BT-1. Predictions about nutrient requirements and changes in growth phenotypes of CLas were confirmed using in vitro hairy root-based assays, while the L. crescens BT-1 model was validated using cultivation assays. Host-dependent metabolic phenotypes were revealed using expression data obtained from CLas-infected citrus trees and from the CLas-harboring psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. These results identified conserved and unique metabolic traits, as well as strain-specific interactions between CLas and its hosts, laying the foundation for the development of model-driven Huanglongbing management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristal Zuñiga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA
| | - Beth Peacock
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Greg McCollum
- USDA, ARS, US Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 S. Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Sonia C Irigoyen
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University System, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Diego Tec-Campos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Mérida, 97203, Yucatán, México
| | - Clarisse Marotz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA
| | - Nien-Chen Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA
| | - Alejandro Zepeda
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Mérida, 97203, Yucatán, México
| | - Georgios Vidalakis
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Kranthi K Mandadi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University System, Weslaco, TX, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - James Borneman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Karsten Zengler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0412, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0403, USA.
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Li T, Thaochan N, Huang J, Chen J, Deng X, Zheng Z. Genome Sequence Resource of ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' from Thailand. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:624-626. [PMID: 31910113 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-19-1520-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las) is an unculturable α-proteobacterium associated with citrus huanglongbing (HLB), a devastating disease currently threatening the citrus industry worldwide. Here, we present the genome sequence of Las strain TaiYZ2 from an HLB-affected pomelo tree in Hat Yai district, Songkhla Province, Thailand. The TaiYZ2 genome is composed of 1,230,623 bp with G+C content of 36.4%. This is the first Las genome sequence from Thailand, which will enrich current Las genome resource and facilitate HLB research and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Narit Thaochan
- Pest Management Biotechnology and Plant Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jiaquan Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Parlier, California, U.S.A
| | - Jianchi Chen
- San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Parlier, California, U.S.A
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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SureSelect targeted enrichment, a new cost effective method for the whole genome sequencing of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18962. [PMID: 31831765 PMCID: PMC6908597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a worldwide deadly citrus disease caused by the phloem-limited bacteria 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) vectored by Asian citrus psyllids. In order to effectively manage this disease, it is crucial to understand the relationship among the bacterial isolates from different geographical locations. Whole genome sequencing approaches will provide more precise molecular characterization of the diversity among populations. Due to the lack of in vitro culture, obtaining the whole genome sequence of CLas is still a challenge, especially for medium to low titer samples. Hundreds of millions of sequencing reads are needed to get good coverage of CLas from an HLB positive citrus sample. In order to overcome this limitation, we present here a new method, Agilent SureSelect XT HS target enrichment, which can specifically enrich CLas from a metagenomic sample while greatly reducing cost and increasing whole genome coverage of the pathogen. In this study, the CLas genome was successfully sequenced with 99.3% genome coverage and over 72X sequencing coverage from low titer tissue samples (equivalent to 28.52 Cq using Li 16 S qPCR). More importantly, this method also effectively captures regions of diversity in the CLas genome, which provides precise molecular characterization of different strains.
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9
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Choi CW, Hyun JW, Hwang RY, Powell CA. Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification assay for Detection of Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus, a Causal Agent of Citrus Huanglongbing. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 34:499-505. [PMID: 30588223 PMCID: PMC6305174 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.ft.10.2018.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB, Citrus greening disease) is one of the most devastating diseases that threaten citrus production worldwide. Although HLB presents systemically, low titer and uneven distribution of these bacteria within infected plants can make reliable detection difficult. It was known loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method has the advantages of being highly specific, rapid, efficient, and laborsaving for detection of plant pathogens. We developed a new LAMP method targeting gene contained tandem repeat for more rapid and sensitive detection of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), putative causal agent of the citrus huanglongbing. This new LAMP method was 10 folds more sensitive than conventional PCR in detecting the HLB pathogen and similar to that of real-time PCR in visual detection assay by adding SYBR Green I to mixture and 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Positive reactions were achieved in reaction temperature 57, 60 and 62°C but not 65°C. Although this LAMP method was not more sensitive than real-time PCR, it does not require a thermocycler for amplification or agarose gel electrophoresis for resolution. Thus, we expect that this LAMP method shows strong promise as a reliable, rapid, and cost-effective method of detecting the CLas in citrus and can be applied for rapid diagnosis is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Woo Choi
- Citrus Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, R.D.A. Jeju 63607,
Korea
| | - Jae Wook Hyun
- Citrus Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, R.D.A. Jeju 63607,
Korea
| | - Rok Yeon Hwang
- Citrus Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, R.D.A. Jeju 63607,
Korea
| | - Charles A Powell
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Indian River Research and Education Center, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945,
USA
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10
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Hussain M, Akutse KS, Lin Y, Chen S, Huang W, Zhang J, Idrees A, Qiu D, Wang L. Susceptibilities of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus-infected and noninfected Diaphorina citri to entomopathogenic fungi and their detoxification enzyme activities under different temperatures. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00607. [PMID: 29577643 PMCID: PMC6291790 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Some entomopathogenic fungi species, Isaria fumosorosea, and Hirsutella citriformis were found to be efficient against the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). However, the susceptibility to these fungi increases when the psyllid infected with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), which is transmitted by D. citri and causes citrus greening disease. In this study, we examined the Las-infected and Las-uninfected D. citri susceptibility to entomopathogenic fungi at different temperature regimes (5-40°C). When D. citri adults exposed to cold temperature (5°C), they showed less susceptibility to entomopathogenic fungi as compared with control (27°C). Irrespective of infection with Las, a significantly positive correlation was observed between temperature and percentage mortality caused by different isolates of I. fumosorosea, 3A Ifr, 5F Ifr, PS Ifr, and H. citriformis isolates, HC3D and 2H. In contrast, a significantly negative correlation was found between temperature and percentage mortality for 3A Ifr for both Las-infected and Las-uninfected psyllids. Detoxification enzymes, Glutathione S-transferase levels in D. citri showed a negative correlation, whereas cytochrome P450 and general esterase levels were not correlated with changes in temperature. These findings revealed that detoxification enzymes and general esterase levels are not correlated with altered susceptibility to entomopathogenic fungi at the different temperature regimes. Conclusively, temperature fluctuations tested appear to be a significant factor impacting the management strategies of D. citri using entomopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubasher Hussain
- Plant Protection CollegeFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
- College of HorticultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFuzhouChina
| | - Komivi Senyo Akutse
- Plant Protection CollegeFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFuzhouChina
- International Centre of Insect Ecology and PhysiologyNairobiKenya
| | - Yongwen Lin
- Plant Protection CollegeFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFuzhouChina
| | - Shiman Chen
- Plant Protection CollegeFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFuzhouChina
| | - Wei Huang
- Plant Protection CollegeFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFuzhouChina
| | - Jinguan Zhang
- Plant Protection CollegeFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFuzhouChina
| | - Atif Idrees
- Plant Protection CollegeFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Institute of Beneficial InsectsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Dongliang Qiu
- College of HorticultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Liande Wang
- Plant Protection CollegeFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFuzhouChina
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11
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Sudhan D, Puttamuk T, Vuttipongchaikij S, Chuawong P. Cloning, overexpression, and purification of a gene of unknown function of prophage loci from ‘ Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,’ the destructive bacterial pathogen of huanglongbing disease in citrus plants. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 150:72-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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12
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Doud MM, Wang Y, Hoffman MT, Latza CL, Luo W, Armstrong CM, Gottwald TR, Dai L, Luo F, Duan Y. Solar thermotherapy reduces the titer of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and enhances canopy growth by altering gene expression profiles in HLB-affected citrus plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2017; 4:17054. [PMID: 28955443 PMCID: PMC5615044 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), a systemic and destructive disease of citrus, is associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las) in the United States. Our earlier work has shown that Las bacteria were significantly reduced or eliminated when potted HLB-affected citrus were continuously exposed to high temperatures of 40 to 42 °C for a minimum of 48 h. To determine the feasibility and effectiveness of solar thermotherapy in the field, portable plastic enclosures were placed over commercial and residential citrus, exposing trees to high temperatures through solarization. Within 3-6 weeks after treatment, most trees responded with vigorous new growth. Las titer in new growth was greatly reduced for 18-36 months after treatment. Unlike with potted trees, exposure to high heat did not eradicate the Las population under field conditions. This may be attributed to reduced temperatures at night in the field compared to continuous high temperature exposure that can be maintained in growth chambers, and the failure to achieve therapeutic temperatures in the root zone. Despite the presence of Las in heat-treated commercial citrus, many trees produced abundant flush and grew vigorously for 2 to 3 years after treatment. Transcriptome analysis comparing healthy trees to HLB-affected citrus both before and after heat treatment demonstrated that post-treatment transcriptional expression patterns more closely resembled the expression patterns of healthy controls for most differentially expressed genes and that genes involved with plant-bacterium interactions are upregulated after heat treatment. Overall, these results indicate that solar thermotherapy can be an effective component of an integrated control strategy for citrus HLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Doud
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Yungsheng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0974, USA
| | - Michelle T Hoffman
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Christina L Latza
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Weiqi Luo
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
- Center for Integrated Pest Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Cheryl M Armstrong
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Tim R Gottwald
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Liangying Dai
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Feng Luo
- School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0974, USA
| | - Yongping Duan
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
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13
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Wang N, Pierson EA, Setubal JC, Xu J, Levy JG, Zhang Y, Li J, Rangel LT, Martins J. The Candidatus Liberibacter-Host Interface: Insights into Pathogenesis Mechanisms and Disease Control. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28637377 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
"Candidatus Liberibacter" species are associated with economically devastating diseases of citrus, potato, and many other crops. The importance of these diseases as well as the proliferation of new diseases on a wider host range is likely to increase as the insects vectoring the "Ca. Liberibacter" species expand their territories worldwide. Here, we review the progress on understanding pathogenesis mechanisms of "Ca. Liberibacter" species and the control approaches for diseases they cause. We discuss the Liberibacter virulence traits, including secretion systems, putative effectors, and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), as well as other important traits likely to contribute to disease development, e.g., flagella, prophages, and salicylic acid hydroxylase. The pathogenesis mechanisms of Liberibacters are discussed. Liberibacters secrete Sec-dependent effectors (SDEs) or other virulence factors into the phloem elements or companion cells to interfere with host targets (e.g., proteins or genes), which cause cell death, necrosis, or other phenotypes of phloem elements or companion cells, leading to localized cell responses and systemic malfunction of phloem. Receptors on the remaining organelles in the phloem, such as plastid, vacuole, mitochondrion, or endoplasmic reticulum, interact with secreted SDEs and/or other virulence factors secreted or located on the Liberibacter outer membrane to trigger cell responses. Some of the host genes or proteins targeted by SDEs or other virulence factors of Liberibacters serve as susceptibility genes that facilitate compatibility (e.g., promoting pathogen growth or suppressing immune responses) or disease development. In addition, Liberibacters trigger plant immunity response via pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, such as lipopolysaccharides), which leads to premature cell death, callose deposition, or phloem protein accumulation, causing a localized response and/or systemic effect on phloem transportation. Physical presence of Liberibacters and their metabolic activities may disturb the function of phloem, via disrupting osmotic gradients, or the integrity of phloem conductivity. We also review disease management strategies, including promising new technologies. Citrus production in the presence of Huanglongbing is possible if the most promising management approaches are integrated. HLB management is discussed in the context of local, area-wide, and regional Huanglongbing/Asian Citrus Psyllid epidemiological zones. For zebra chip disease control, aggressive psyllid management enables potato production, although insecticide resistance is becoming an issue. Meanwhile, new technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-derived genome editing provide an unprecedented opportunity to provide long-term solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850;
| | - Elizabeth A Pierson
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - João Carlos Setubal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850;
| | - Julien G Levy
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Yunzeng Zhang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850;
| | - Jinyun Li
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850;
| | - Luiz Thiberio Rangel
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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14
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Hajri A, Loiseau M, Cousseau-Suhard P, Renaudin I, Gentit P. Genetic Characterization of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' Haplotypes Associated with Apiaceous Crops in France. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:1383-1390. [PMID: 30678593 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-16-1686-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso) is an emerging phytopathogenic bacterium that causes significant crop losses worldwide. This bacterium has been identified in association with diseases of several solanaceous crops in the United States and New Zealand, and with carrot and celery crops in several European countries. Five Lso haplotypes (LsoA, LsoB, LsoC, LsoD, and LsoE) have now been described worldwide. In France, symptoms of Lso were observed on plants of the Apiaceae family in several regions. One hundred and ninety-two samples of apiaceous plants were collected from 2012 to 2016 in different geographical regions and were tested for the occurrence of Lso by real-time PCR assay. In addition to carrot and celery, Lso was detected in four other apiaceous crops: chervil, fennel, parsley, and parsnip. These new findings suggest that Lso has a wider natural host range within the Apiaceae family than expected. To identify the Lso haplotypes present in France, we sequenced and analyzed the 16S rRNA gene and the 50S ribosomal protein rpIJ-rpIL gene region from a representative bacterial collection of 44 Lso-positive samples. Our SNP analysis revealed the occurrence of two distinct bacterial lineages that correspond to haplotypes D and E. Then, we assessed the phylogenetic relationships between strains isolated from France and a worldwide collection of Lso isolates by using the rpIJ-rpIL gene region sequences. The neighbor-joining tree constructed delineated five clusters corresponding to the five Lso haplotypes, with LsoD and LsoE being closely related phylogenetically. Altogether, the data presented here constitute a first step toward a better understanding of the genetic diversity among Lso haplotypes in France, and provide new insights into the host range of this emerging bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hajri
- ANSES-Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux (LSV), 49044 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Marianne Loiseau
- ANSES-Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux (LSV), 49044 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | | | - Isabelle Renaudin
- ANSES-Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux (LSV), 49044 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Pascal Gentit
- ANSES-Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux (LSV), 49044 Angers Cedex 01, France
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15
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Dalio RJD, Magalhães DM, Rodrigues CM, Arena GD, Oliveira TS, Souza-Neto RR, Picchi SC, Martins PMM, Santos PJC, Maximo HJ, Pacheco IS, De Souza AA, Machado MA. PAMPs, PRRs, effectors and R-genes associated with citrus-pathogen interactions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:749-774. [PMID: 28065920 PMCID: PMC5571375 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent application of molecular-based technologies has considerably advanced our understanding of complex processes in plant-pathogen interactions and their key components such as PAMPs, PRRs, effectors and R-genes. To develop novel control strategies for disease prevention in citrus, it is essential to expand and consolidate our knowledge of the molecular interaction of citrus plants with their pathogens. SCOPE This review provides an overview of our understanding of citrus plant immunity, focusing on the molecular mechanisms involved in the interactions with viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and vectors related to the following diseases: tristeza, psorosis, citrus variegated chlorosis, citrus canker, huanglongbing, brown spot, post-bloom, anthracnose, gummosis and citrus root rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo J. D. Dalio
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Diogo M. Magalhães
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina M. Rodrigues
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriella D. Arena
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago S. Oliveira
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo R. Souza-Neto
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Simone C. Picchi
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Paula M. M. Martins
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo J. C. Santos
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Heros J. Maximo
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Inaiara S. Pacheco
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra A. De Souza
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Machado
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
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16
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da Graça JV, Douhan GW, Halbert SE, Keremane ML, Lee RF, Vidalakis G, Zhao H. Huanglongbing: An overview of a complex pathosystem ravaging the world's citrus. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:373-87. [PMID: 26466921 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) has become a major disease and limiting factor of production in citrus areas that have become infected. The destruction to the affected citrus industries has resulted in a tremendous increase to support research that in return has resulted in significant information on both applied and basic knowledge concerning this important disease to the global citrus industry. Recent research indicates the relationship between citrus and the causal agent of HLB is shaped by multiple elements, in which host defense responses may also play an important role. This review is intended to provide an overview of the importance of HLB to a wider audience of plant biologists. Recent advances on host-pathogen interactions, population genetics and vectoring of the causal agent are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V da Graça
- Texas A&M University-Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, Texas 78599, USA
| | - Greg W Douhan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Susan E Halbert
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, P.O. Box 147100, Gainesville, Florida 32614, USA
| | - Manjunath L Keremane
- USDA ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, Riverside, California 92507, USA
| | - Richard F Lee
- USDA ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, Riverside, California 92507, USA
| | - Georgios Vidalakis
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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