1
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Costa MFD, Rösler TW, Höglinger GU. Exploring the neuroprotective potential of Nrf2-pathway activators against annonacin toxicity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20123. [PMID: 39209951 PMCID: PMC11362529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the Nrf2 pathway, a master regulator of the antioxidant response and cellular metabolism, has been suggested as a promising therapeutic strategy in tauopathies, a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by intracellular proteinaceous inclusions of abnormally phosphorylated tau. Here, we explored the neuroprotective potential of different Nrf2-pathway activators in human immortalized dopaminergic neurons against annonacin-induced toxicity, a mitochondrial inhibitor associated with a PSP-like syndrome and capable of mimicking tauopathy-like features. Interestingly, we observed heterogenous and compound-dependent neuroprotective effects among the different Nrf2-pathway activators. With the exception of Fyn inhibitors, all the selected Nrf2-pathway activators improved cell viability and the oxidative status, and reduced the annonacin-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and neurite degeneration, particularly the p62-activators. However, improvement of the impaired mitochondrial function was only observed by the Bach-1 inhibitor. Surprisingly, we found evidence that ezetimibe, an approved drug for hypercholesterolemia, prevents the transcriptional upregulation of 4R-tau triggered by annonacin insult. Overall, our results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of the Nrf2-pathway activators against annonacin toxicity may rely on the specific mechanism of action, intrinsic to each compound, and possibly on the concomitant modulation of additional signaling pathways. Further research will be needed to fully understand how synergistic modulation of metabolic adaptation and cell survival can be exploit to develop new therapeutical strategies for tauopathies and eventually other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia F D Costa
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Thomas W Rösler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.
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2
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Jamerson LE, Bradshaw PC. The Roles of White Adipose Tissue and Liver NADPH in Dietary Restriction-Induced Longevity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:820. [PMID: 39061889 PMCID: PMC11273496 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) protocols frequently employ intermittent fasting. Following a period of fasting, meal consumption increases lipogenic gene expression, including that of NADPH-generating enzymes that fuel lipogenesis in white adipose tissue (WAT) through the induction of transcriptional regulators SREBP-1c and CHREBP. SREBP-1c knockout mice, unlike controls, did not show an extended lifespan on the DR diet. WAT cytoplasmic NADPH is generated by both malic enzyme 1 (ME1) and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), while liver cytoplasmic NADPH is primarily synthesized by folate cycle enzymes provided one-carbon units through serine catabolism. During the daily fasting period of the DR diet, fatty acids are released from WAT and are transported to peripheral tissues, where they are used for beta-oxidation and for phospholipid and lipid droplet synthesis, where monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) may activate Nrf1 and inhibit ferroptosis to promote longevity. Decreased WAT NADPH from PPP gene knockout stimulated the browning of WAT and protected from a high-fat diet, while high levels of NADPH-generating enzymes in WAT and macrophages are linked to obesity. But oscillations in WAT [NADPH]/[NADP+] from feeding and fasting cycles may play an important role in maintaining metabolic plasticity to drive longevity. Studies measuring the WAT malate/pyruvate as a proxy for the cytoplasmic [NADPH]/[NADP+], as well as studies using fluorescent biosensors expressed in the WAT of animal models to monitor the changes in cytoplasmic [NADPH]/[NADP+], are needed during ad libitum and DR diets to determine the changes that are associated with longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick C. Bradshaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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3
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Yuan A, Nixon RA. Posttranscriptional regulation of neurofilament proteins and tau in health and disease. Brain Res Bull 2023; 192:115-127. [PMID: 36441047 PMCID: PMC9907725 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurofilament and tau proteins are neuron-specific cytoskeletal proteins that are enriched in axons, regulated by many of the same protein kinases, interact physically, and are the principal constituents of neurofibrillary lesions in major adult-onset dementias. Both proteins share functions related to the modulation of stability and functions of the microtubule network in axons, axonal transport and scaffolding of organelles, long-term synaptic potentiation, and learning and memory. Expression of these proteins is regulated not only at the transcriptional level but also through posttranscriptional control of pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA stability, transport, localization, local translation and degradation. Current evidence suggests that posttranscriptional determinants of their levels are usually regulated by RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs primarily through 3'-untranslated regions of neurofilament and tau mRNAs. Dysregulations of neurofilament and tau expression caused by mutations or pathologies of RNA-binding proteins such as TDP43, FUS and microRNAs are increasingly recognized in association with varied neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of posttranscriptional control of neurofilament and tau by examining the posttranscriptional regulation of neurofilament and tau by RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs implicated in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Yuan
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Ralph A. Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,Correspondence to: Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA, (A. Yuan), (R.A. Nixon)
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4
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Alan E, Kerry Z, Sevin G. Molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease: From therapeutic targets to promising drugs. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 37:397-427. [PMID: 36576325 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment so widespread that it interferes with a person's ability to complete daily activities. AD is becoming increasingly common, and it is estimated that the number of patients will reach 152 million by 2050. Current treatment options for AD are symptomatic and have modest benefits. Therefore, considering the human, social, and economic burden of the disease, the development of drugs with the potential to alter disease progression has become a global priority. In this review, the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathology of AD were evaluated as therapeutic targets. The main aim of the review is to focus on new knowledge about mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuronal transmission in AD, as well as a range of cellular signaling mechanisms and associated treatments. Important molecular interactions leading to AD were described in amyloid cascade and in tau protein function, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, cAMP-regulatory element-binding protein (CREB), the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT-1), neuroinflammation (glial cells), and synaptic alterations. This review summarizes recent experimental and clinical research in AD pathology and analyzes the potential of therapeutic applications based on molecular disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Alan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Kerry
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulnur Sevin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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5
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Ye H, Han Y, Li P, Su Z, Huang Y. The Role of Post-Translational Modifications on the Structure and Function of Tau Protein. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1557-1571. [PMID: 35325356 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Involving addition of chemical groups or protein units to specific residues of the target protein, post-translational modifications (PTMs) alter the charge, hydrophobicity, and conformation of a protein, which in tune influences protein function, protein - protein interaction, and protein aggregation. While the occurrence of PTMs is dynamic and subject to regulations, conformational disorder of the target protein facilitates PTMs. The microtubule-associated protein tau is a typical intrinsically disordered protein that undergoes a variety of PTMs including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, methylation, and oxidation. Accumulated evidence shows that these PTMs play a critical role in regulating tau-microtubule interaction, tau localization, tau degradation and aggregation, and reinforces the correlation between tau PTMs and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease. Here, we review tau PTMs with an emphasis on their influence on tau structure. With available biophysical characterization results, we describe how PTMs induce conformational changes in tau monomer and regulate tau aggregation. Compared to functional analysis of tau PTMs, biophysical characterization of tau PTMs is lagging. While it is challenging, characterizing the specific effects of PTMs on tau conformation and interaction is indispensable to unravel the tau PTM code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.,Department of Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Yue Han
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.,Department of Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.,Department of Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Zhengding Su
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.,Department of Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Yongqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China. .,Department of Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.
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6
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das Chagas Lima NN, Faustino DC, Allahdadi KJ, de Aragão França LS, Pinto LC. Acetogenins from Annonaceae plants: potent antitumor and neurotoxic compounds. PHARMANUTRITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2022.100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Bowles KR, Pugh DA, Oja LM, Jadow BM, Farrell K, Whitney K, Sharma A, Cherry JD, Raj T, Pereira AC, Crary JF, Goate AM. Dysregulated coordination of MAPT exon 2 and exon 10 splicing underlies different tau pathologies in PSP and AD. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:225-243. [PMID: 34874463 PMCID: PMC8809109 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding regulation of MAPT splicing is important to the etiology of many nerurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), in which different tau isoforms accumulate in pathologic inclusions. MAPT, the gene encoding the tau protein, undergoes complex alternative pre-mRNA splicing to generate six isoforms. Tauopathies can be categorized by the presence of tau aggregates containing either 3 (3R) or 4 (4R) microtubule-binding domain repeats (determined by inclusion/exclusion of exon 10), but the role of the N-terminal domain of the protein, determined by inclusion/exclusion of exons 2 and 3 has been less well studied. Using a correlational screen in human brain tissue, we observed coordination of MAPT exons 2 and 10 splicing. Expressions of exon 2 splicing regulators and subsequently exon 2 inclusion are differentially disrupted in PSP and AD brain, resulting in the accumulation of 1N4R isoforms in PSP and 0N isoforms in AD temporal cortex. Furthermore, we identified different N-terminal isoforms of tau present in neurofibrillary tangles, dystrophic neurites and tufted astrocytes, indicating a role for differential N-terminal splicing in the development of disparate tau neuropathologies. We conclude that N-terminal splicing and combinatorial regulation with exon 10 inclusion/exclusion is likely to be important to our understanding of tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Bowles
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Derian A Pugh
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura-Maria Oja
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin M Jadow
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kurt Farrell
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristen Whitney
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abhijeet Sharma
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan D Cherry
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S. Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Towfique Raj
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana C Pereira
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John F Crary
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank and Research Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Höglinger GU. Does the Anti-Tau Strategy in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Need to Be Reconsidered? No. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2021; 8:1038-1040. [PMID: 34631939 PMCID: PMC8485628 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Günter U. Höglinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyHannover Medical SchoolHanoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHanoverGermany
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9
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Weidling IW, Wilkins HM, Koppel SJ, Hutfles L, Wang X, Kalani A, Menta BW, Ryan B, Perez-Ortiz J, Gamblin TC, Swerdlow RH. Mitochondrial DNA Manipulations Affect Tau Oligomerization. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:149-163. [PMID: 32804126 PMCID: PMC7962146 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction and tau aggregation occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and exposing cells or rodents to mitochondrial toxins alters their tau. OBJECTIVE To further explore how mitochondria influence tau, we measured tau oligomer levels in human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells with different mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) manipulations. METHODS Specifically, we analyzed cells undergoing ethidium bromide-induced acute mtDNA depletion, ρ0 cells with chronic mtDNA depletion, and cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines containing mtDNA from AD subjects. RESULTS We found cytochrome oxidase activity was particularly sensitive to acute mtDNA depletion, evidence of metabolic re-programming in the ρ0 cells, and a relatively reduced mtDNA content in cybrids generated through AD subject mitochondrial transfer. In each case tau oligomer levels increased, and acutely depleted and AD cybrid cells also showed a monomer to oligomer shift. CONCLUSION We conclude a cell's mtDNA affects tau oligomerization. Overlapping tau changes across three mtDNA-manipulated models establishes the reproducibility of the phenomenon, and its presence in AD cybrids supports its AD-relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Weidling
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center; the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Departments of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Heather M Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center; the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Departments of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Scott J Koppel
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center; the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Departments of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Lewis Hutfles
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center; the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Xiaowan Wang
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center; the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Departments of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Anuradha Kalani
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center; the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Departments of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Blaise W Menta
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center; the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Departments of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Benjamin Ryan
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center; the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Judit Perez-Ortiz
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center; the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Departments of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - T Chris Gamblin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center; the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Departments of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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10
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Perea JR, Bolós M, Avila J. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease in the Context of Tau Pathology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101439. [PMID: 33066368 PMCID: PMC7602223 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the cells that comprise the innate immune system in the brain. First described more than a century ago, these cells were initially assigned a secondary role in the central nervous system (CNS) with respect to the protagonists, neurons. However, the latest advances have revealed the complexity and importance of microglia in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia associated with aging. This pathology is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), which forms senile plaques in the neocortex, as well as by the aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, a process that leads to the development of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Over the past few years, efforts have been focused on studying the interaction between Aβ and microglia, together with the ability of the latter to decrease the levels of this peptide. Given that most clinical trials following this strategy have failed, current endeavors focus on deciphering the molecular mechanisms that trigger the tau-induced inflammatory response of microglia. In this review, we summarize the most recent studies on the physiological and pathological functions of tau protein and microglia. In addition, we analyze the impact of microglial AD-risk genes (APOE, TREM2, and CD33) in tau pathology, and we discuss the role of extracellular soluble tau in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ramón Perea
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 1 Nicolás Cabrera, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.P.); (M.B.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 5 Valderrebollo, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bolós
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 1 Nicolás Cabrera, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.P.); (M.B.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 5 Valderrebollo, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Avila
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 1 Nicolás Cabrera, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.P.); (M.B.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 5 Valderrebollo, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+34-196-4564
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11
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Valentino RR, Tamvaka N, Heckman MG, Johnson PW, Soto-Beasley AI, Walton RL, Koga S, Uitti RJ, Wszolek ZK, Dickson DW, Ross OA. Associations of mitochondrial genomic variation with corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and neuropathological tau measures. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:162. [PMID: 32943110 PMCID: PMC7495714 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial health is important in ageing and dysfunctional oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) accelerates ageing and influences neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) codes for vital OXPHOS subunits and mtDNA background has been associated with neurodegeneration; however, no study has characterised mtDNA variation in Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) or Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) risk or pathogenesis. In this case-control study, 910 (42.6% male) neurologically-healthy controls, 1042 (54.1% male) pathologically-confirmed PSP cases, and 171 (52.0% male) pathologically-confirmed CBD cases were assessed to determine how stable mtDNA polymorphisms, in the form of mtDNA haplogroups, were associated with risk of PSP, risk of CBD, age of PSP onset, PSP disease duration, and neuropathological tau pathology measures for neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), neuropil threads (NT), tufted astrocytes (TA), astrocytic plaques (AP), and oligodendroglial coiled bodies (CB). 764 PSP cases and 150 CBD cases had quantitative tau pathology scores. mtDNA was genotyped for 39 unique SNPs using Agena Bioscience iPlex technologies and mitochondrial haplogroups were defined to mitochondrial phylogeny. After adjustment for multiple testing, we observed an association with risk of CBD for mtDNA sub-haplogroup H4 (OR = 4.51, P = 0.001) and the HV/HV0a haplogroup was associated with a decreased severity of NT tau pathology in PSP cases (P = 0.0023). Our study reports that mitochondrial genomic background may be associated with risk of CBD and may be influencing tau pathology measures in PSP. Replication of these findings will be important.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikoleta Tamvaka
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- SURF Program Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Michael G Heckman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Patrick W Johnson
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | - Ronald L Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Shunsuke Koga
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Ryan J Uitti
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Neuroscience Track, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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12
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Weidling IW, Swerdlow RH. Mitochondria in Alzheimer's disease and their potential role in Alzheimer's proteostasis. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113321. [PMID: 32339611 PMCID: PMC7282957 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain disorder characterized by memory loss and the accumulation of two insoluble protein aggregates, tau neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid plaques. Widespread mitochondrial dysfunction also occurs and mitochondria from AD patients display changes in number, ultrastructure, and enzyme activities. Mitochondrial dysfunction in AD presumably links in some way to its other disease characteristics, either as a cause or consequence. This review characterizes AD-associated mitochondrial perturbations and considers their position in its pathologic hierarchy. It focuses on the crosstalk that occurs between mitochondria, nuclear gene expression, and cytosolic signaling pathways that serves to maintain cell homeostasis. To this point, recent evidence indicates mitochondria trigger retrograde responses that influence cell proteostasis in general and AD proteostasis specifically. Potentially pertinent retrograde responses include the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR), integrated stress response (ISR), autophagy/mitophagy, and proteasome function. A fuller perspective of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, and its relation to protein aggregation, could enhance our overall understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Weidling
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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13
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Loss of fragile X mental retardation protein precedes Lewy pathology in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:319-345. [PMID: 31768670 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder and is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the gradual appearance of α-synuclein (α-syn)-containing neuronal protein aggregates. Although the exact mechanism of α-syn-mediated cell death remains elusive, recent research suggests that α-syn-induced alterations in neuronal excitability contribute to cell death in PD. Because the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) controls the expression and function of numerous neuronal genes related to neuronal excitability and synaptic function, we here investigated the role of FMRP in α-syn-associated pathological changes in cell culture and mouse models of PD as well as in post-mortem human brain tissue from PD patients. We found FMRP to be decreased in cultured DA neurons and in the mouse brain in response to α-syn overexpression. FMRP was, furthermore, lost in the SNc of PD patients and in patients with early stages of incidental Lewy body disease (iLBD). Unlike fragile X syndrome (FXS), FMR1 expression in response to α-syn was regulated by a mechanism involving Protein Kinase C (PKC) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Reminiscent of FXS neurons, α-syn-overexpressing cells exhibited an increase in membrane N-type calcium channels, increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, eIF4E and S6, increased overall protein synthesis, and increased expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). FMRP affected neuronal function in a PD animal model, because FMRP-KO mice were resistant to the effect of α-syn on striatal dopamine release. In summary, our results thus reveal a new role of FMRP in PD and support the examination of FMRP-regulated genes in PD disease progression.
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14
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Rösler TW, Tayaranian Marvian A, Brendel M, Nykänen NP, Höllerhage M, Schwarz SC, Hopfner F, Koeglsperger T, Respondek G, Schweyer K, Levin J, Villemagne VL, Barthel H, Sabri O, Müller U, Meissner WG, Kovacs GG, Höglinger GU. Four-repeat tauopathies. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 180:101644. [PMID: 31238088 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein with versatile functions in the dynamic assembly of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Four-repeat (4R-) tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases defined by cytoplasmic inclusions predominantly composed of tau protein isoforms with four microtubule-binding domains. Progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, argyrophilic grain disease or glial globular tauopathy belong to the group of 4R-tauopathies. The present review provides an introduction in the current concept of 4R-tauopathies, including an overview of the neuropathological and clinical spectrum of these diseases. It describes the genetic and environmental etiological factors, as well as the contemporary knowledge about the pathophysiological mechanisms, including post-translational modifications, aggregation and fragmentation of tau, as well as the role of protein degradation mechanisms. Furthermore, current theories about disease propagation are discussed, involving different extracellular tau species and their cellular release and uptake mechanisms. Finally, molecular diagnostic tools for 4R-tauopathies, including tau-PET and fluid biomarkers, and investigational therapeutic strategies are presented. In summary, we report on 4R-tauopathies as overarching disease concept based on a shared pathophysiological concept, and highlight the challenges and opportunities on the way towards a causal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Rösler
- Dept. of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; Dept. of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Amir Tayaranian Marvian
- Dept. of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; Dept. of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Niko-Petteri Nykänen
- Dept. of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Höllerhage
- Dept. of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; Dept. of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sigrid C Schwarz
- Dept. of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Koeglsperger
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gesine Respondek
- Dept. of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; Dept. of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schweyer
- Dept. of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; Dept. of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Dept. of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Dept. of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Service de Neurologie, CHU Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Dept. of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- Dept. of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; Dept. of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, 81675 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany; Dept. of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Bruch J, Xu H, Rösler TW, De Andrade A, Kuhn PH, Lichtenthaler SF, Arzberger T, Winklhofer KF, Müller U, Höglinger GU. PERK activation mitigates tau pathology in vitro and in vivo. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:371-384. [PMID: 28148553 PMCID: PMC5331260 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA‐like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) is genetically associated with the tauopathy progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). To elucidate the functional mechanisms underlying this association, we explored PERK activity in brains of PSP patients and its function in three tauopathy models (cultured human neurons overexpressing 4‐repeat wild‐type tau or treated with the environmental neurotoxin annonacin, and P301S tau transgenic mice). In vitro, treatment with a pharmacological PERK activator CCT020312 or PERK overexpression reduced tau phosphorylation, tau conformational change and 4‐repeat tau isoforms, and increased cell viability. In vivo, the PERK activator significantly improved memory and locomotor function, reduced tau pathology, and prevented dendritic spine and motoneuron loss in P301S tau mice. Importantly, the PERK substrate EIF2A, mediating some detrimental effects of PERK signaling, was downregulated in PSP brains and tauopathy models, suggesting that the alternative PERK–NRF2 pathway accounts for these beneficial effects in the context of tauopathies. In summary, PERK activation may be a novel strategy to treat PSP and eventually other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Bruch
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas W Rösler
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Anderson De Andrade
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Peer-Hendrik Kuhn
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Arzberger
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany .,Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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16
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Park SA, Ahn SI, Gallo JM. Tau mis-splicing in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. BMB Rep 2017; 49:405-13. [PMID: 27222125 PMCID: PMC5070727 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.8.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau proteins, which stabilize the structure and regulate the dynamics of microtubules, also play important roles in axonal transport and signal transduction. Tau proteins are missorted, aggregated, and found as tau inclusions under many pathological conditions associated with neurodegenerative disorders, which are collectively known as tauopathies. In the adult human brain, tau protein can be expressed in six isoforms due to alternative splicing. The aberrant splicing of tau pre-mRNA has been consistently identified in a variety of tauopathies but is not restricted to these types of disorders as it is also present in patients with non-tau proteinopathies and RNAopathies. Tau mis-splicing results in isoform-specific impairments in normal physiological function and enhanced recruitment of excessive tau isoforms into the pathological process. A variety of factors are involved in the complex set of mechanisms underlying tau mis-splicing, but variation in the cis-element, methylation of the MAPT gene, genetic polymorphisms, the quantity and activity of spliceosomal proteins, and the patency of other RNA-binding proteins, are related to aberrant splicing. Currently, there is a lack of appropriate therapeutic strategies aimed at correcting the tau mis-splicing process in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between tau mis-splicing and neurodegenerative disorders will aid in the development of efficient therapeutic strategies for patients with a tauopathy or other, related neurodegenerative disorders. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(8): 405-413]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ah Park
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea
| | - Sang Il Ahn
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea
| | - Jean-Marc Gallo
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
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17
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Gaweda-Walerych K, Mohagheghi F, Zekanowski C, Buratti E. Parkinson's disease-related gene variants influence pre-mRNA splicing processes. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 47:127-138. [PMID: 27574110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the impact of Parkinson's disease (PD)-related genetic variants on splicing using dedicated minigene assays. Out of 14 putative splicing variants in 5 genes (PINK1, [PTEN induced kinase 1]; LRPPRC, [leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing protein]; TFAM, [mitochondrial transcription factor A]; PARK2, [parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase]; and HSPA9, [heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 9]), 4 LRPPRC variants, (IVS32-3C>T, IVS35+14C>T, IVS35+15C>T, and IVS9+30A>G) influenced, pre-messenger RNA splicing by modulating the inclusion of the respective exons. In addition, 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced splicing changes of endogenous LRPPRC messenger RNA, reproduced the effect of the LRPPRC IVS35+14C>T mutation. Using silencing and overexpression methods, we show that LRPPRC exon 33 splicing is negatively regulated by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 both in a minigene and endogenous context. Furthermore, exon 33 exclusion due to PD-associated mutation IVS32-3C>T or heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 overexpression and exon 35 exclusion due to IVS35+14C>T can be rescued by co-expression of modified U1 small nuclear RNAs, providing a potentially useful therapeutic strategy. Our results indicate for the first time that LRPPRC intronic variants can affect normal splicing of this gene and may influence disease risk in PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gaweda-Walerych
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy.
| | - F Mohagheghi
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - C Zekanowski
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Buratti
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
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18
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Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that has a role in stabilizing neuronal microtubules and thus in promoting axonal outgrowth. Structurally, tau is a natively unfolded protein, is highly soluble and shows little tendency for aggregation. However, tau aggregation is characteristic of several neurodegenerative diseases known as tauopathies. The mechanisms underlying tau pathology and tau-mediated neurodegeneration are debated, but considerable progress has been made in the field of tau research in recent years, including the identification of new physiological roles for tau in the brain. Here, we review the expression, post-translational modifications and functions of tau in physiology and in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Wang
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175 Bonn, Germany.,CAESAR Research Center, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eckhard Mandelkow
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175 Bonn, Germany.,CAESAR Research Center, 53175 Bonn, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Hamburg Outstation, c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Höllerhage M, Rösler TW, Berjas M, Luo R, Tran K, Richards KM, Sabaa-Srur AU, Maia JGS, Moraes MRD, Godoy HT, Höglinger GU, Smith RE. Neurotoxicity of Dietary Supplements from Annonaceae Species. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:543-50. [PMID: 26405269 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815602252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements containing plant materials of Annonaceae species (Annona muricata L., A. squamosa L., A. mucosa JACQ., A. squamosa × cherimola Mabb.) were extracted by hot, pressurized ethyl acetate and analyzed for their effect in vitro on Lund human mesencephalic neurons. Cell viability was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and cell death was determined by lactate dehydrogenase levels. Three supplements strongly decreased the cell viability at extract concentrations of 1 µg/mL, of which 1 decreased cell viability at 0.1 µg/µL. Also, strong neuronal toxicities of these supplements were found. Cell death was observed at concentrations of 10 µg/mL. The degree of toxicity was comparable to the ones found in Annonaceous fruit extracts. Two fruit pulps of Annonaceae (A. muricata and A. squamosa) showed a reduction in cell viability at lower concentrations. The fruit pulp extract of A. muricata revealed the strongest neurotoxic effect, with 67% cell death at a concentration of 1 µg/mL. A high reduction in cell viability coupled with pronounced cell death was found at 0.1 µg/mL for an Annonaceous seed extract. These results demonstrate that the intake of dietary supplements containing plant material from Annonaceae may be hazardous to health in terms of neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Höllerhage
- Department of Neurology, Technical University, Munich, Germany German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany Both the authors contributed equally to the article
| | - Thomas W Rösler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany Both the authors contributed equally to the article
| | - Magda Berjas
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Günter U Höglinger
- Department of Neurology, Technical University, Munich, Germany German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
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