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Joseph JP, Gugulothu SB, Nandi D, Chatterjee K. Mechanical Properties Affect Primary T Cell Activation in 3D Bioprinted Hydrogels. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1085-1093. [PMID: 37466277 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a critical role in the adaptive immune response of the body, especially against intracellular pathogens and cancer. In vitro, T cell activation studies typically employ planar (two-dimensional, 2D) culture systems that do not mimic native cell-to-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, which influence activation. The goal of this work was to study T cell responses in a cell line (EL4) and primary mouse T cells in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted matrices of varied stiffness. Cell-laden hydrogels were 3D bioprinted from gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) using a digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D bioprinter operated with visible light (405 nm). Mechanical characterization revealed that the hydrogels had pathophysiologically relevant stiffnesses for a lymph node-mimetic tissue construct. EL4, a mouse T cell lymphoma line, or primary mouse T cells were 3D bioprinted and activated using a combination of 10 ng/mL of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and 0.1 μM of ionomycin. Cellular responses revealed differences between 2D and 3D cultures and that the biomechanical properties of the 3D bioprinted hydrogel influence T cell activation. Cellular responses of the 2D and 3D cultures in a soft matrix (19.83 ± 2.36 kPa) were comparable; however, they differed in a stiff matrix (52.95 ± 1.36 kPa). The fraction of viable EL4 cells was 1.3-fold higher in the soft matrix than in the stiff matrix. Furthermore, primary mouse T cells activated with PMA and ionomycin showed 1.35-fold higher viable cells in the soft matrix than in the stiff matrix. T cells bioprinted in a soft matrix and a stiff matrix released 7.4-fold and 5.9-fold higher amounts of interleukin-2 (IL-2) than 2D cultured cells, respectively. Overall, the study demonstrates the changes in the response of T cells in 3D bioprinted scaffolds toward engineering an ex vivo lymphoid tissue-mimetic system that can faithfully recapitulate T cell activation and unravel pathophysiological characteristics of T cells in infectious biology, autoimmunity, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel P Joseph
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru - 560012, India
| | | | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru - 560012, India
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru - 560012, India
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru - 560012, India
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Cao M, Ma L, Yan C, Wang H, Ran M, Chen Y, Wang X, Liang X, Chai L, Li X. Mouse Ocilrp2/Clec2i negatively regulates LPS-mediated IL-6 production by blocking Dap12-Syk interaction in macrophage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984520. [PMID: 36300111 PMCID: PMC9589251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type lectin Ocilrp2/Clec2i is widely expressed in dendritic cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells and activated T cells. Previous studies have shown that Ocilrp2 is an important regulator in the activation of T cells and NK cells. However, the role of Ocilrp2 in the inflammatory responses by activated macrophages is currently unknown. This study investigated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced macrophages from primary peritoneal macrophages silenced by specific siRNA target Ocilrp2. Ocilrp2 was significantly downregulated in macrophages via NF-κB and pathways upon LPS stimuli or VSV infection. Silencing Ocilrp2 resulted in the increased expression of IL-6 in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages and mice. Moreover, IL-6 expression was reduced in LPS-induced Ocilrp2 over-expressing iBMDM cells. Furthermore, we found that Ocilrp2-related Syk activation is responsible for expressing inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Silencing Ocilrp2 significantly promotes the binding of Syk to Dap12. Altogether, we identified the Ocilrp2 as a critical role in the TLR4 signaling pathway and inflammatory macrophages’ immune regulation, and added mechanistic insights into the crosstalk between TLR and Syk signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingya Cao
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chenyang Yan
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Han Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengzhe Ran
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaonan Liang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lihui Chai
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Lihui Chai, ; Xia Li,
| | - Xia Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Lihui Chai, ; Xia Li,
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