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Lattanzi R, Miele R. Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1648. [PMID: 34829877 PMCID: PMC8615546 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prokineticins are a new class of chemokine-like peptides involved in a wide range of biological and pathological activities. In particular, prokineticin 2 (PK2), prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) play a central role in modulating neuroinflammatory processes. PK2 and PKRs, which are physiologically expressed at very low levels, are strongly upregulated during inflammation and regulate neuronal-glial interaction. PKR2 is mainly overexpressed in neurons, whereas PKR1 and PK2 are mainly overexpressed in astrocytes. Once PK2 is released in inflamed tissue, it is involved in both innate and adaptive responses: it triggers macrophage recruitment, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, it modulates the function of T cells through the activation of PKR1 and directs them towards a pro-inflammatory Th1 phenotype. Since the prokineticin system appears to be upregulated following a series of pathological insults leading to neuroinflammation, we will focus here on the involvement of PK2 and PKRs in those pathologies that have a strong underlying inflammatory component, such as: inflammatory and neuropathic pain, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, obesity, diabetes, and gastrointestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Lattanzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Miele
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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Green PG, Alvarez P, Levine JD. Sexual dimorphic role of the glucocorticoid receptor in chronic muscle pain produced by early-life stress. Mol Pain 2021; 17:17448069211011313. [PMID: 33882732 PMCID: PMC8072835 DOI: 10.1177/17448069211011313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia and other chronic musculoskeletal pain syndromes are associated with stressful early life events, which can produce a persistent dysregulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) stress axis function, associated with elevated plasm levels of corticosterone in adults. To determine the contribution of the HPA axis to persistent muscle hyperalgesia in adult rats that had experienced neonatal limited bedding (NLB), a form of early-life stress, we evaluated the role of glucocorticoid receptors on muscle nociceptors in adult NLB rats. In adult male and female NLB rats, mechanical nociceptive threshold in skeletal muscle was significantly lower than in adult control (neonatal standard bedding) rats. Furthermore, adult males and females that received exogenous corticosterone (via dams’ milk) during postnatal days 2–9, displayed a similar lowered mechanical nociceptive threshold. To test the hypothesis that persistent glucocorticoid receptor signaling in the adult contributes to muscle hyperalgesia in NLB rats, nociceptor expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was attenuated by spinal intrathecal administration of an oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) antisense to GR mRNA. In adult NLB rats, GR antisense markedly attenuated muscle hyperalgesia in males, but not in females. These findings indicate that increased corticosterone levels during a critical developmental period (postnatal days 2–9) produced by NLB stress induces chronic mechanical hyperalgesia in male and female rats that persists in adulthood, and that this chronic muscle hyperalgesia is mediated, at least in part, by persistent stimulation of glucocorticoid receptors on sensory neurons, in the adult male, but not female rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Green
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Preventative and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Alvarez
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jon D Levine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Arzani M, Jahromi SR, Ghorbani Z, Vahabizad F, Martelletti P, Ghaemi A, Sacco S, Togha M. Gut-brain Axis and migraine headache: a comprehensive review. J Headache Pain 2020; 21:15. [PMID: 32054443 PMCID: PMC7020496 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-1078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The terminology "gut-brain axis "points out a bidirectional relationship between the GI system and the central nervous system (CNS). To date, several researches have shown that migraine is associated with some gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and celiac disease (CD). The present review article aims to discuss the direct and indirect evidence suggesting relationships between migraine and the gut-brain axis. However, the mechanisms explaining how the gut and the brain may interact in patients with migraine are not entirely clear. Studies suggest that this interaction seems to be influenced by multiple factors such as inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α), gut microbiota profile, neuropeptides and serotonin pathway, stress hormones and nutritional substances. Neuropeptides including CGRP, SP, VIP, NPY are thought to have antimicrobial impact on a variety of the gut bacterial strains and thus speculated to be involved in the bidirectional relationship between the gut and the brain. According to the current knowledge, migraine headache in patients harboring HP might be improved following the bacteria eradication. Migraineurs with long headache history and high headache frequency have a higher chance of being diagnosed with IBS. IBS and migraine share some similarities and can alter gut microflora composition and thereby may affect the gut-brain axis and inflammatory status. Migraine has been also associated with CD and the condition should be searched particularly in patients with migraine with occipital and parieto-occipital calcification at brain neuroimaging. In those patients, gluten-free diet can also be effective in reducing migraine frequency. It has also been proposed that migraine may be improved by dietary approaches with beneficial effects on gut microbiota and gut-brain axis including appropriate consumption of fiber per day, adhering to a low glycemic index diet, supplementation with vitamin D, omega-3 and probiotics as well as weight loss dietary plans for overweight and obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Arzani
- Headache Department, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soodeh Razeghi Jahromi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ghorbani
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Vahabizad
- Headache Department, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Headache Department, Neurology Ward, Sina University Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paolo Martelletti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simona Sacco
- Neuroscience section - Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mansoureh Togha
- Headache Department, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Headache Department, Neurology Ward, Sina University Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zinni M, Zuena AR, Marconi V, Petrella C, Fusco I, Giuli C, Canu N, Severini C, Broccardo M, Theodorou V, Lattanzi R, Casolini P. Maternal exposure to low levels of corticosterone during lactation protects adult rat progeny against TNBS-induced colitis: A study on GR-mediated anti-inflammatory effect and prokineticin system. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173484. [PMID: 28267767 PMCID: PMC5340375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The early phase of life represents a critical period for the development of an organism. Interestingly, early life experiences are able to influence the development of the gastrointestinal tract and the reactivity to colonic inflammatory stress. We recently demonstrated that adult male rats exposed to low doses of corticosterone during lactation (CORT-nursed rats) are protected against experimental colitis induced by the intracolonic infusion of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). Based on these interesting results, we wanted to better investigate which cellular actors could be involved in the protection of CORT-nursed rats from TNBS-induced experimental colitis. Therefore, in the present work, we focused our attention on different factors implicated in GR-mediated anti-inflammatory effect. To address this issue, colonic tissues, collected from control and CORT-nursed healthy animals and from control and CORT-nursed colitic rats, were processed and the following inflammatory factors were evaluated: the expression of (i) glucocorticoid receptors (GR), (ii) glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), (iii) phospho-p65NF-κB, (iv) the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, (v) the prokineticins PK2 and PK2L and (vi) their receptors PKR1 and PKR2. We found that adult CORT-nursed rats, in comparison to controls, showed increased expression of colonic GR and reduced expression of pro-inflammatory molecules (IL-1β, TNF-α, PK2 and PK2L) in response to inflammatory colitis. The observed changes were associated with an increase in GILZ colonic expression and with a reduction in phospo-p65NF-κB colonic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Zinni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Zuena
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Marconi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Petrella
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Fusco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Giuli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Canu
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Severini
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Broccardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vassilia Theodorou
- INRA, EI-Purpan, UMR 1331 TOXALIM Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Team, Toulouse, France
| | - Roberta Lattanzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Casolini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Brummelte S, Galea LAM. Postpartum depression: Etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care. Horm Behav 2016; 77:153-66. [PMID: 26319224 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Parental Care". Pregnancy and postpartum are associated with dramatic alterations in steroid and peptide hormones which alter the mothers' hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HPG) axes. Dysregulations in these endocrine axes are related to mood disorders and as such it should not come as a major surprise that pregnancy and the postpartum period can have profound effects on maternal mood. Indeed, pregnancy and postpartum are associated with an increased risk for developing depressive symptoms in women. Postpartum depression affects approximately 10-15% of women and impairs mother-infant interactions that in turn are important for child development. Maternal attachment, sensitivity and parenting style are essential for a healthy maturation of an infant's social, cognitive and behavioral skills and depressed mothers often display less attachment, sensitivity and more harsh or disrupted parenting behaviors, which may contribute to reports of adverse child outcomes in children of depressed mothers. Here we review, in honor of the "father of motherhood", Jay Rosenblatt, the literature on postnatal depression in the mother and its effect on mother-infant interactions. We will cover clinical and pre-clinical findings highlighting putative neurobiological mechanisms underlying postpartum depression and how they relate to maternal behaviors and infant outcome. We also review animal models that investigate the neurobiology of maternal mood and disrupted maternal care. In particular, we discuss the implications of endogenous and exogenous manipulations of glucocorticoids on maternal care and mood. Lastly we discuss interventions during gestation and postpartum that may improve maternal symptoms and behavior and thus may alter developmental outcome of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Dept. of Psychology, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Borsoi A, Quinteiro-Filho WM, Calefi AS, Piantino Ferreira AJ, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Florio JC, Palermo-Neto J. Effects of cold stress andSalmonellaHeidelberg infection on bacterial load and immunity of chickens. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:490-7. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1086976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Zelena D. The janus face of stress on reproduction: from health to disease. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:458129. [PMID: 25945091 PMCID: PMC4405284 DOI: 10.1155/2015/458129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenthood is a fundamental feature of all known life. However, infertility has been recognized as a public health issue worldwide. But even when the offspring are conceived, in utero problems can lead to immediate (abortion), early (birth), and late (adulthood) consequences. One of the most studied factors is stress. However, stress response is, per se, of adaptive nature allowing the organism to cope with challenges. Stressors lead to deterioration if one is faced with too long lasting, too many, and seemingly unsolvable situations. In stress adaptation the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and the resulting glucocorticoid elevation are one of the most important mechanisms. At cellular level stress can be defined as an unbalance between production of free radicals and antioxidant defenses. Oxidative stress is widely accepted as an important pathogenic mechanism in different diseases including infertility. On the other hand, the goal of free radical production is to protect the cells from infectious entities. This review aims to summarize the negative and positive influence of stress on reproduction as a process leading to healthy progeny. Special emphasis was given to the balance at the level of the organism and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Zelena
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
- *Dóra Zelena:
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