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López de Mingo I, Rivera González MX, Maestú Unturbe C. The Cellular Response Is Determined by a Combination of Different ELF-EMF Exposure Parameters: A Scope Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5074. [PMID: 38791113 PMCID: PMC11121623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the establishment of regulations for exposure to extremely low-frequency (0-300) Hz electromagnetic fields, scientific opinion has prioritised the hypothesis that the most important parameter determining cellular behaviour has been intensity, ignoring the other exposure parameters (frequency, time, mode, waveform). This has been reflected in the methodologies of the in vitro articles published and the reviews in which they are included. A scope review was carried out, grouping a total of 79 articles that met the proposed inclusion criteria and studying the effects of the different experiments on viability, proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress and the cell cycle. These results have been divided and classified by frequency, intensity, exposure time and exposure mode (continuous/intermittent). The results obtained for each of the processes according to the exposure parameter used are shown graphically to highlight the importance of a good methodology in experimental development and the search for mechanisms of action that explain the experimental results, considering not only the criterion of intensity. The consequence of this is a more than necessary revision of current exposure protection regulations for the general population based on the reductionist criterion of intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel López de Mingo
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28223 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.d.M.); (M.-X.R.G.)
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación (ETSIT), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco-Xavier Rivera González
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28223 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.d.M.); (M.-X.R.G.)
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Informáticos (ETSIINF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ceferino Maestú Unturbe
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28223 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.d.M.); (M.-X.R.G.)
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación (ETSIT), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red—Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Kraokaew P, Manohong P, Prasertsuksri P, Jattujan P, Niamnont N, Tamtin M, Sobhon P, Meemon K. Ethyl Acetate Extract of Marine Algae, Halymenia durvillei, Provides Photoprotection against UV-Exposure in L929 and HaCaT Cells. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:707. [PMID: 36421985 PMCID: PMC9696495 DOI: 10.3390/md20110707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Halymenia durvillei is a red alga distributed along the coasts of Southeast Asian countries including Thailand. Previous studies have shown that an ethyl acetate fraction of H. durvillei (HDEA), containing major compounds including n-hexadecanoic acid, 2-butyl-5-hexyloctahydro-1H-indene, 3-(hydroxyacetyl) indole and indole-3-carboxylic acid, possesses high antioxidant and anti-lung cancer activities. The present study demonstrated that HDEA could protect mouse skin fibroblasts (L929) and human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) against photoaging due to ultraviolet A and B (UVA and UVB) by reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP1 and MMP3), as well as increasing Nrf2 nuclear translocation, upregulations of mRNA transcripts of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), heme oxygenase (HMOX) and glutathione S-transferase pi1 (GSTP1), and procollagen synthesis. The results indicate that HDEA has the potential to protect skin cells from UV irradiation through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway, which leads to decreasing intracellular ROS and MMP production, along with the restoration of skin collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichnaree Kraokaew
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Preeyanuch Manohong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bang Mod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | | | - Prapaporn Jattujan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nakhon Niamnont
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bang Mod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Montakan Tamtin
- Kung Krabean Bay Royal Development Center, Department of Fisheries, Khlong Khut Sub-District, Tha Mai, Chantaburi 22000, Thailand
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Krai Meemon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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A 50 Hz magnetic field affects hemodynamics, ECG and vascular endothelial function in healthy adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255242. [PMID: 34351946 PMCID: PMC8341886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of exposure to 50/60 Hz magnetic fields (MFs) has been conducted in the treatment of muscle pain and fatigue mainly in Japan. However, whether MFs could increase blood flow leading to muscle fatigue recovery has not been sufficiently tested. We investigated the acute effects of a 50 Hz sinusoidal MF at Bmax 180 mT on hemodynamics, electrocardiogram, and vascular endothelial function in healthy young men. Three types of regional exposures to a 50 Hz MF, i.e., forearm, upper arm, or neck exposure to MF were performed. Participants who received three types of real MF exposures had significantly increased ulnar arterial blood flow velocity compared to the sham exposures. Furthermore, after muscle loading exercise, MF exposure recovered hemoglobin oxygenation index values faster and higher than sham exposure from the loading condition. Moreover, participants who received real MF exposure in the neck region had significantly increased parasympathetic high-frequency activity relative to the sham exposure. The MF exposure in the upper arm region significantly increased the brachial artery flow-mediated dilation compared to the sham exposure. Computer simulations of induced in situ electric fields indicated that the order-of-magnitude estimates of the peak values were 100-500 mV/m, depending on the exposure conditions. This study provides the first evidence that a 50 Hz MF can activate parasympathetic activity and thereby lead to increase vasodilation and blood flow via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Trial registration: UMIN Clinical Trial Registry (CTR) UMIN000038834. The authors confirm that all ongoing and related trials for this drug/intervention are registered.
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Szymanski L, Cios A, Lewicki S, Szymanski P, Stankiewicz W. Fas/FasL pathway and cytokines in keratinocytes in atopic dermatitis - Manipulation by the electromagnetic field. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205103. [PMID: 30286163 PMCID: PMC6171903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most frequent skin diseases. Changes of the keratinocytes functionality play a major role in the development of AD. For example, activation of the Fas (CD95)/FasL (CD178) pathway in AD does not lead to extensive apoptosis in skin. Binding of the Fas receptor to its protein ligand-FasL, which are present on the (AD)-modified keratinocytes, should result in the sequential induction of cell death, but there is no evidence of extensive apoptosis of these cells. This suggests that non-apoptotic mechanism of Fas/FasL pathway is commonly encountered, although not examined in the case of AD, phenomenon. An electromagnetic field, which was used to influence cultured cells in this study, can modulate proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and metabolism in various cells. OBJECTIVE Here, we evaluate the possibility to manipulate the immune activation of AD keratinocytes and their response to the electromagnetic field, which was not tested before. METHODS Keratinocytes isolated from the skin of healthy subjects (n = 20) and patients with atopic dermatitis (n = 20) as well as HaCaT and PCS-200-010 cell were exposed to the 900 MHz electromagnetic field for 60 minutes. Cytometric analysis of viability, Fas/FasL, p-ERK, p-p38 and p-JNK expression and Luminex analysis of cytokine concentration were performed in two-time points: 4 and 24 hours after the exposition. RESULTS This research has shown upregulated Fas, FasL, p-ERK, p-p38, and p-JNK expression along with increased cytokine secretion (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-31 and TNFα) by keratinocytes derived from the skin of patients with the AD when compared with healthy control. Exposure of keratinocyte cultures obtained from AD patients to EMF resulted in a decrease of 1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, I L-13, IL-17, IL-31 and TNFα levels. Keratinocytes derived from the skin of AD patients are characterized by elevated Fas and FasL expression when compared to healthy control. CONCLUSION Apoptotic and nonapoptotic activation of the Fas/FasL-dependent signaling pathway may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AD, by adjusting the local cytokine and chemokine environment at the site of inflammation. Moreover, the electromagnetic field exhibits strong immunomodulatory effects on AD-modified keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Szymanski
- Department of Microwave Safety, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Cios
- Department of Microwave Safety, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Lewicki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Szymanski
- Department of Microwave Safety, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wanda Stankiewicz
- Department of Microwave Safety, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
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Sun C, Wei X, Yimaer A, Xu Z, Chen G. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated deficiency does not result in genetic susceptibility to 50 Hz magnetic fields exposure in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Bioelectromagnetics 2018; 39:476-484. [PMID: 30091795 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) has been classified as a possible carcinogen to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [2002]. However, debate on the genotoxic effects of ELF-MF has continued due to lack of sufficient experimental evidence. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) plays a central role in DNA damage repair; its deficiency can result in cellular sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. To evaluate the genotoxicity of ELF-MF, we investigated the effects of 50 Hz MF on DNA damage in ATM-proficient (Atm+/+ ) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and ATM-deficient (Atm-/- ) MEFs, a radiosensitive cell line. Results showed no significant difference in average number of γH2AX foci per cell (9.37 ± 0.44 vs. 9.08 ± 0.28, P = 0.58) or percentage of γH2AX foci positive cells (49.22 ± 1.86% vs. 49.74 ± 1.44%, P = 0.83) between sham and exposure groups when Atm+/+ MEFs were exposed to 50 Hz MF at 2.0 mT for 15 min. Extending exposure duration to 1 or 24 h did not significantly change γH2AX foci formation in Atm+/+ MEFs. Similarly, the exposure did not significantly affect γH2AX foci formation in Atm-/- MEFs. Furthermore, 50 Hz MF exposure also did not significantly influence DNA fragmentation, cell viability, or cell cycle progression in either cell types. In conclusion, exposure to 50 Hz MF did not induce significant DNA damage in either Atm+/+ or Atm-/- MEFs under the reported experimental conditions. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:476-484, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Sun
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hygiene, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wei
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aziguli Yimaer
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengping Xu
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Environmental Health, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangdi Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Environmental Health, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
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Patruno A, Ferrone A, Costantini E, Franceschelli S, Pesce M, Speranza L, Amerio P, D'Angelo C, Felaco M, Grilli A, Reale M. Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields accelerates wound healing modulating MMP-9 and inflammatory cytokines. Cell Prolif 2018; 51:e12432. [PMID: 29357406 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In our previous reports, we have demonstrated that extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) exposure enhances the proliferation of keratinocyte. The present study aimed to clarify effects of ELF-EMF on wound healing and molecular mechanisms involved, using a scratch in vitro model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The wounded monolayer cultures of human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT), at different ELF-EMF and Sham exposure times were monitored under an inverted microscope. The production and expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-18 and IL-18BP were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time PCR. The activity and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2/9 was evaluated by zymography and Western blot analysis, respectively. Signal transduction proteins expression (Akt and ERK) was measured by Western blot. RESULTS The results of wound healing in vitro assay revealed a significant reduction of cell-free area time-dependent in ELF-EMF-exposed cells compared to Sham condition. Gene expression and release of cytokines analysed were significantly increased in ELF-EMF-exposed cells. Our results further showed that ELF-EMF exposure induced the activity and expressions of MMP-9. Molecular data showed that effects of ELF-EMF might be mediated via Akt and ERK signal pathway, as demonstrated using their specific inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight ability of ELF-EMF to modulate inflammation mediators and keratinocyte proliferation/migration, playing an important role in wound repair. The ELF-EMF accelerates wound healing modulating expression of the MMP-9 via Akt/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Patruno
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - A Ferrone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - E Costantini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - S Franceschelli
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - M Pesce
- Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - L Speranza
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - P Amerio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - C D'Angelo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - M Felaco
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - A Grilli
- Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - M Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
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Ryu AR, Lee MY. Chlorin e6-mediated photodynamic therapy promotes collagen production and suppresses MMPs expression via modulating AP-1 signaling in P. acnes-stimulated HaCaT cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 20:71-77. [PMID: 28807774 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved therapeutic for cancers and non-neoplastic diseases, based on the use of a photosensitizer activated by light. The feasibility of PDT depends on several factors, such as PDT dose, photosensitizer efficacy, type of light source, and target tissue irradiated. METHODS In this study, the second generation photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) and halogen light were used to investigate their PDT effect on the collagen production and MMPs expression of heat killed P. acnes-stimulated HaCaT cells. The mRNA levels of COL1A1, c-Jun, and c-Fos were detected by RT-PCR. The protein levels of MMPs, ERK and JNK were detected by western blot. The transactivation of AP-1 was detected by luciferase assay. RESULTS Ce6-based PDT markedly upregulated the mRNA level of COL1A1 and type I procollagen level; and at the same time downregulated the expression of MMPs in P. acnes-infected HaCaT cells. Moreover, Ce6-mediated PDT, in a dose dependent manner, inhibited P. acnes-induced phosphorylation of JNK and ERK, as wells as the phosphorylation of their downstream targets c-Jun and c-Fos. P. acnes-induced mRNA expression of c-Jun and c-Fos were also suppressed by Ce6-mediated PDT. The transactivation of AP-1 induced by P. acnes infection was also downregulated. CONCLUSION These results indicated that Ce6-mediated PDT with halogen light enhanced collagen production, but inhibited the expression of MMPs in P. acnes-infected HaCaT cells, by regulating AP-1 signals. This investigation provided the first molecular basis for the increase in collagen production by Ce6-mediated PDT, suggesting its potential use for scar amelioration and skin rejuvenation in acne treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Reum Ryu
- Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea.
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Luukkonen J, Höytö A, Sokka M, Liimatainen A, Syväoja J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J. Modification of p21 level and cell cycle distribution by 50 Hz magnetic fields in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 93:240-248. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1235298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Luukkonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne Höytö
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miiko Sokka
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anu Liimatainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juhani Syväoja
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Juutilainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jonne Naarala
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta, Kuopio, Finland
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Pasi F, Sanna S, Paolini A, Alquati M, Lascialfari A, Corti ME, Liberto RD, Cialdai F, Monici M, Nano R. Effects of extremely low-frequency magnetotherapy on proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts. Electromagn Biol Med 2016; 35:343-52. [PMID: 27254779 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2016.1138123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) applied in magnetotherapy have frequency lower than 100 Hz and magnetic field intensity ranging from 0.1 to 20 mT. For many years, the use of magnetotherapy in clinics has been increasing because of its beneficial effects in many processes, e.g., skin diseases, inflammation and bone disorders. However, the understanding of the microscopic mechanisms governing such processes is still lacking and the results of the studies on the effects of ELF-EMFs are controversial because effects derive from different conditions and from intrinsic responsiveness of different cell types.In the present study, we studied the biological effects of 1.5 h exposure of human dermal fibroblasts to EMFs with frequencies of 5 and 50 Hz and intensity between 0.25 and 1.6 mT. Our data showed that the magnetic treatment did not produce changes in cell viability, but gave evidence of a sizeable decrease in proliferation at 24 h after treatment. In addition, immunofluorescence experiments displayed an increase in tubulin expression that could foreshadow changes in cell motility or morphology. The decrease in proliferation with unchanged viability and increase in tubulin expression could be consistent with the triggering of a transdifferentiation process after the exposure to ELF-EMFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pasi
- a Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "L. Spallanzani" , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy.,b Department of Radiation Oncology , IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation , Pavia , Italy
| | - Samuele Sanna
- c Department of Physics , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Alessandro Paolini
- a Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "L. Spallanzani" , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy.,d Department of Medical Physics , IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation , Pavia , Italy
| | - Marco Alquati
- c Department of Physics , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Alessandro Lascialfari
- c Department of Physics , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy.,e Department of Physics , University of Milano , Milano , Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Di Liberto
- d Department of Medical Physics , IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation , Pavia , Italy
| | - Francesca Cialdai
- f ASA Research Division, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Monica Monici
- f ASA Research Division, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Rosanna Nano
- a Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "L. Spallanzani" , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
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Destefanis M, Viano M, Leo C, Gervino G, Ponzetto A, Silvagno F. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields affect proliferation and mitochondrial activity of human cancer cell lines. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:964-72. [PMID: 26762464 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To date, the effects of electromagnetic fields on cell metabolism have been overlooked. The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) over mitochondrial metabolism and the consequent impact on cancer cell growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of ELF-EMF on cancer growth were investigated in several human cancer cell lines by crystal violet assay. The modulation of mitochondrial activity was assessed by cytofluorimetric evaluation of membrane potential and by real-time quantification of mitochondrial transcription. Moreover the expression of several mitochondrial proteins and their levels in the organelle were evaluated. RESULTS The long-term exposure to ELF-EMF reduced the proliferation of several cancer cell lines and the effect was associated to an increased mitochondrial activity without evident changes in ATP levels. The results of our experiments excluded a transcriptional modulation of mitochondrial respiratory complexes, rather suggesting that ELF-EMF increased the energy demand. The altered mitochondrial metabolism led to changes in mitochondrial protein profile. In fact we found a downregulated expression of mitochondrial phospho-ERK, p53 and cytochrome c. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that ELF-EMF can negatively modulate cancer cell growth increasing respiratory activity of cells and altering mitochondrial protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Viano
- a Department of Oncology , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Christian Leo
- b Department of Medical Sciences , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | | | - Antonio Ponzetto
- b Department of Medical Sciences , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
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