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Borade SA, Naharwal S, Bhambri H, Mandal SK, Bajaj K, Chitkara D, Sakhuja R. Synthesis of modified bile acids via palladium-catalyzed C(sp 3)-H (hetero)arylation. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6719-6729. [PMID: 37555287 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00916e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
A Pd(II)-catalyzed strategy for the diastereo- and regioselective (hetero)arylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds in bile acids is accomplished with aryl and heteroaryl iodides under solvent-free conditions using the 8-aminoquinoline auxiliary as a directing group. This methodology demonstrated excellent functional group tolerance with respect to aryl/heteroaryl iodides on O-protected N-(quinolin-8-yl)cholyl/deoxycholyl amides to afford β-C(sp3)-H (hetero)arylated products in good-to-excellent yields. Moreover, the 8-aminoquinoline (AQ) auxiliary can easily be removed to obtain modified bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Arjun Borade
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Sushma Naharwal
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Himanshi Bhambri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manuali P. O., Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sanjay K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manuali P. O., Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Kiran Bajaj
- Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Rajeev Sakhuja
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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Yang R, Du C, Cao T, Wang G, Jiang X, Gao J, Lin T, Sun C, Ding R, Tian W, Chen H. Synthesis and Anti-Hepatoma Activities of U12 Derivatives Arresting G0/G1 Phase and Inducing Apoptosis by PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010107. [PMID: 35056164 PMCID: PMC8781819 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a first-line clinical drug for the treatment of liver diseases. U12, a derivative of UDCA, showed effective anti-hepatoma activities in previous works. However, the low polarity and large doses limited the druglikeness of U12. In this study, the structural modification and optimization of U12 were further investigated and twelve U12 derivatives were synthesized by substitution, esterification and amidation reactions. The evaluation of the cytotoxicity of synthetic derivatives against hepatoma cell lines (HepG2) indicated that U12-I, U12a-d and U12h showed more effective cytotoxic effects on the growth of HepG2 cells than U12, and the preliminary structure–activity relationship was discussed. Among them, U12a exhibited the most potent anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity. Mechanism studies indicated that U12a inhibited HepG2 cell proliferation by arresting the G0/G1 phase, and suppressed the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Further studies showed that U12a induced HepG2 cells apoptosis through activating the caspase signaling pathway. Furthermore, U12a evidently inhibits the growth of HepG2-derived tumor xenografts in vivo without observable adverse effects. Thus, U12a might be considered as a promising candidate for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Ferrín G, Guerrero M, Amado V, Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, De la Mata M. Activation of mTOR Signaling Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041266. [PMID: 32070029 PMCID: PMC7072933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver cancer and occurs mainly in patients with liver cirrhosis. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is involved in many hallmarks of cancer including cell growth, metabolism re-programming, proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. The mTOR pathway is upregulated in HCC tissue samples as compared with the surrounding liver cirrhotic tissue. In addition, the activation of mTOR is more intense in the tumor edge, thus reinforcing its role in HCC proliferation and spreading. The inhibition of the mTOR pathway by currently available pharmacological compounds (i.e., sirolimus or everolimus) is able to hamper tumor progression both in vitro and in animal models. The use of mTOR inhibitors alone or in combination with other therapies is a very attractive approach, which has been extensively investigated in humans. However, results are contradictory and there is no solid evidence suggesting a true benefit in clinical practice. As a result, neither sirolimus nor everolimus are currently approved to treat HCC or to prevent tumor recurrence after curative surgery. In the present comprehensive review, we analyzed the most recent scientific evidence while providing some insights to understand the gap between experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ferrín
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (G.F.); (M.G.); (V.A.); (M.D.l.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marta Guerrero
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (G.F.); (M.G.); (V.A.); (M.D.l.M.)
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantaton, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Víctor Amado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (G.F.); (M.G.); (V.A.); (M.D.l.M.)
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantaton, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Perálvarez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (G.F.); (M.G.); (V.A.); (M.D.l.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantaton, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-617854692
| | - Manuel De la Mata
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (G.F.); (M.G.); (V.A.); (M.D.l.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantaton, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Zhang C, Wang B, Wang X, Sheng X, Cui Y. Sevoflurane inhibits the progression of ovarian cancer through down-regulating stanniocalcin 1 (STC1). Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:339. [PMID: 31889892 PMCID: PMC6916020 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-1062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of female death worldwide, with a poor prognosis of advanced patients. Sevoflurane, a volatile anesthetic commonly used in clinical operations, has been reported to have anti-cancer activity against some tumors. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of sevoflurane on the progression of ovarian cancer and its potential mechanism. Methods The effects of sevoflurane on ovarian cancer cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle, and apoptosis were determined by functional experiments in vitro. Gelatin zymography assay was performed to examine MMP9 activity. In vivo, sevoflurane was injected into mice of transplantation tumor with SKOV3 cells or with pcDNA-STC1 treated SKOV3 cells. Results We found that sevoflurane inhibited the viability of SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and colony formation assay revealed that sevoflurane inhibited ovarian cancer cell colony-formation abilities. Additionally, sevoflurane could induce cell cycle arrest and promote cell apoptosis in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells. Moreover, sevoflurane reduced the migration and invasion abilities of SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells, as well as the MMP-9 activity. Furthermore, sevoflurane down-regulated the expression of stanniocalcin 1 (STC1), and up-regulation of STC1 could reverse the inhibitory effects of sevoflurane on cell proliferation and invasion. In vivo, sevoflurane significantly inhibited the tumor growth, which was be reversed by STC1 overexpression. Conclusion These data reveal an anti-cancer activity of sevoflurane on the growth and invasion of ovarian cancer, which may be through down-regulating STC1. Sevoflurane may serve as a potential anti-cancer agent in ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfeng Zhang
- 1Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250117 China.,2Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 China
| | - Baosheng Wang
- 2Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 China
| | - Xiuqin Wang
- 2Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 China
| | - Xiugui Sheng
- 2Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 China.,National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, 518116 China
| | - Yongchun Cui
- 2Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 China
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Goossens JF, Bailly C. Ursodeoxycholic acid and cancer: From chemoprevention to chemotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 203:107396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yamada S, Takashina Y, Watanabe M, Nagamine R, Saito Y, Kamada N, Saito H. Bile acid metabolism regulated by the gut microbiota promotes non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 29515780 PMCID: PMC5839411 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays a significant role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, understanding of the precise mechanism of this process remains incomplete. A new class steatohepatitis-inducing high-fat diet (HFD), namely STHD-01, can promote the development of HCC without the administration of chemical carcinogens. Using this diet, we comprehensively analyzed changes in the gut microbiota and its metabolic functions during the development of HCC in NASH. Mice fed the STHD-01 developed NASH within 9 weeks. NASH further progressed into HCC by 41 weeks. Treatment with antibiotics significantly attenuated liver pathology and suppressed tumor development, indicating the critical role of the gut microbiota in tumor development in this model. Accumulation of cholesterol and bile acids in the liver and feces increased after feeding the mice with STHD-01. Treatment with antibiotics did not reverse these phenotypes. In contrast, accumulation of secondary bile acids was dramatically reduced after the treatment with antibiotics, suggesting the critical role of the gut microbiota in the conversion of primary bile acids to secondary bile acids. Secondary bile acids such as deoxycholic acid activated the mTOR, pathway in hepatocytes. Activation of mTOR was observed in the liver of mice fed STHD-01, and the activation was reduced when mice were treated with antibiotics. Collectively, bile acid metabolism by the gut microbiota promotes HCC development in STHD-01-induced NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Yamada
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yoko Takashina
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan
| | - Ryogo Nagamine
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Saito
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hidetsugu Saito
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Faustino C, Serafim C, Rijo P, Reis CP. Bile acids and bile acid derivatives: use in drug delivery systems and as therapeutic agents. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1133-48. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1178233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Célia Faustino
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Serafim
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Rijo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Research Center for Biosciences and Healht Technologies (CBIOS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinto Reis
- Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Research Center for Biosciences and Healht Technologies (CBIOS), Lisbon, Portugal
- Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering Institute (IBEB), Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Polyphyllin VII Induces an Autophagic Cell Death by Activation of the JNK Pathway and Inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in HepG2 Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147405. [PMID: 26808193 PMCID: PMC4726701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphyllin VII (PP7), a pennogenyl saponin isolated from Rhizoma Paridis, exhibited strong anticancer activities in various cancer types. Previous studies found that PP7 induced apoptotic cell death in human hepatoblastoma cancer (HepG2) cells. In the present study, we investigated whether PP7 could induce autophagy and its role in PP7-induced cell death, and elucidated its mechanisms. PP7 induced a robust autophagy in HepG2 cells as demonstrated by the conversion of LC3B-I to LC3B-II, degradation of P62, formation of punctate LC3-positive structures, and autophagic vacuoles tested by western blot analysis or InCell 2000 confocal microscope. Inhibition of autophagy by treating cells with autophagy inhibitor (chloroquine) abolished the cell death caused by PP7, indicating that PP7 induced an autophagic cell death in HepG2 cells. C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was activated after treatment with PP7 and pretreatment with SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, reversed PP7-induced autophagy and cell death, suggesting that JNK plays a critical role in autophagy caused by PP7. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that PP7 increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and Bcl-2, and inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT and mTOR, suggesting their roles in the PP7-induced autophagy. This is the first report that PP7 induces an autophagic cell death in HepG2 cells via inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and activation of JNK pathway, which induces phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and dissociation of Beclin-1 from Beclin-1/Bcl-2 complex, leading to induction of autophagy.
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Hwang SR, Kim IJ, Park JW. Formulations of deoxycholic for therapy: a patent review (2011 – 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1423-40. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1102888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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