1
|
Mining marine metagenomes revealed a quorum-quenching lactonase with improved biochemical properties that inhibits the food spoilage bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0168021. [PMID: 34910563 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01680-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine environment presents great potential as a source of microorganisms that possess novel enzymes with unique activities and biochemical properties. Examples of such are the quorum-quenching (QQ) enzymes that hydrolyze bacterial quorum-sensing (QS) signaling molecules, such as N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs). QS is a form of cell-to-cell communication that enables bacteria to synchronize gene expression in correlation with population density. Searching marine metagenomes for sequences homologous to an AHL lactonase from the phosphotriesterase-like lactonase (PLL) family, we identified new putative AHL lactonases (sharing 30-40% amino acid identity to a thermostable PLL member). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these putative AHL lactonases comprise a new clade of marine enzymes in the PLL family. Following recombinant expression and purification, we verified the AHL lactonase activity for one of these proteins, named marine originated Lactonase Related Protein (moLRP). This enzyme presented greater activity and stability at a broad range of temperatures and pH, and tolerance to high salinity levels (up to 5M NaCl), as well as higher durability in bacterial culture, compared to another PLL member. The addition of purified moLRP to cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens inhibited its extracellular protease activity, expression of the protease encoding gene, biofilm formation, and the sedimentation process in milk-based medium. These findings suggest that moLRP is adapted to the marine environment, and can potentially serve as an effective QQ enzyme, inhibiting the QS process in gram-negative bacteria involved in food spoilage. Importance Our results emphasize the potential of sequence and structure-based identification of new quorum-quenching (QQ) enzymes from environmental metagenomes, such as from the ocean, with improved stability or activity. The findings also suggest that purified QQ enzymes can present new strategies against food spoilage, in addition to their recognized involvement in inhibiting bacterial pathogen virulence factors. Future studies on the delivery and safety of enzymatic QQ strategy against bacterial food spoilage should be performed.
Collapse
|
2
|
De Luca V, Mandrich L. Enzyme Promiscuous Activity: How to Define it and its Evolutionary Aspects. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:400-410. [PMID: 31868141 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666191223141205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are among the most studied biological molecules because better understanding enzymes structure and activity will shed more light on their biological processes and regulation; from a biotechnological point of view there are many examples of enzymes used with the aim to obtain new products and/or to make industrial processes less invasive towards the environment. Enzymes are known for their high specificity in the recognition of a substrate but considering the particular features of an increasing number of enzymes this is not completely true, in fact, many enzymes are active on different substrates: this ability is called enzyme promiscuity. Usually, promiscuous activities have significantly lower kinetic parameters than to that of primary activity, but they have a crucial role in gene evolution. It is accepted that gene duplication followed by sequence divergence is considered a key evolutionary mechanism to generate new enzyme functions. In this way, promiscuous activities are the starting point to increase a secondary activity in the main activity and then get a new enzyme. The primary activity can be lost or reduced to a promiscuous activity. In this review we describe the differences between substrate and enzyme promiscuity, and its rule in gene evolution. From a practical point of view the knowledge of promiscuity can facilitate the in vitro progress of proteins engineering, both for biomedical and industrial applications. In particular, we report cases regarding esterases, phosphotriesterases and cytochrome P450.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina De Luca
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Mandrich
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thakur M, Medintz IL, Walper SA. Enzymatic Bioremediation of Organophosphate Compounds-Progress and Remaining Challenges. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:289. [PMID: 31781549 PMCID: PMC6856225 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate compounds are ubiquitously employed as agricultural pesticides and maintained as chemical warfare agents by several nations. These compounds are highly toxic, show environmental persistence and accumulation, and contribute to numerous cases of poisoning and death each year. While their use as weapons of mass destruction is rare, these never fully disappear into obscurity as they continue to be tools of fear and control by governments and terrorist organizations. Beyond weaponization, their wide-scale dissemination as agricultural products has led to environmental accumulation and intoxication of soil and water across the globe. Therefore, there is a dire need for rapid and safe agents for environmental bioremediation, personal decontamination, and as therapeutic detoxicants. Organophosphate hydrolyzing enzymes are emerging as appealing targets to satisfy decontamination needs owing to their ability to hydrolyze both pesticides and nerve agents using biologically-derived materials safe for both the environment and the individual. As the release of genetically modified organisms is not widely accepted practice, researchers are exploring alternative strategies of organophosphate bioremediation that focus on cell-free enzyme systems. In this review, we first discuss several of the more prevalent organophosphorus hydrolyzing enzymes along with research and engineering efforts that have led to an enhancement in their activity, substrate tolerance, and stability. In the later half we focus on advances achieved through research focusing on enhancing the catalytic activity and stability of phosphotriesterase, a model organophosphate hydrolase, using various approaches such as nanoparticle display, DNA scaffolding, and outer membrane vesicle encapsulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Thakur
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Sciences, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Scott A Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Sciences, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dashnyam P, Mudududdla R, Hsieh TJ, Lin TC, Lin HY, Chen PY, Hsu CY, Lin CH. β-Glucuronidases of opportunistic bacteria are the major contributors to xenobiotic-induced toxicity in the gut. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16372. [PMID: 30401818 PMCID: PMC6219552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut bacterial β-D-glucuronidases (GUSs) catalyze the removal of glucuronic acid from liver-produced β-D-glucuronides. These reactions can have deleterious consequences when they reverse xenobiotic metabolism. The human gut contains hundreds of GUSs of variable sequences and structures. To understand how any particular bacterial GUS(s) contributes to global GUS activity and affects human health, the individual substrate preference(s) must be known. Herein, we report that representative GUSs vary in their ability to produce various xenobiotics from their respective glucuronides. To attempt to explain the distinct substrate preference, we solved the structure of a bacterial GUS complexed with coumarin-3-β-D-glucuronide. Comparisons of this structure with other GUS structures identified differences in loop 3 (or the α2-helix loop) and loop 5 at the aglycone-binding site, where differences in their conformations, hydrophobicities and flexibilities appear to underlie the distinct substrate preference(s) of the GUSs. Additional sequence, structural and functional analysis indicated that several groups of functionally related gut bacterial GUSs exist. Our results pinpoint opportunistic gut bacterial GUSs as those that cause xenobiotic-induced toxicity. We propose a structure-activity relationship that should allow both the prediction of the functional roles of GUSs and the design of selective inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Punsaldulam Dashnyam
- 0000 0000 9360 4962grid.469086.5Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan ,0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fInstitute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan ,0000 0004 0532 3749grid.260542.7Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Ramesh Mudududdla
- 0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fInstitute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ju Hsieh
- 0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fInstitute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chien Lin
- 0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fInstitute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Ya Lin
- 0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fInstitute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Peng-Yuan Chen
- 0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fInstitute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Hsu
- 0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fInstitute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- 0000 0000 9360 4962grid.469086.5Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan ,0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fInstitute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan ,0000 0004 0532 3749grid.260542.7Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,0000 0004 0546 0241grid.19188.39Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Loop of Streptomyces Feruloyl Esterase Plays an Important Role in the Enzyme's Catalyzing the Release of Ferulic Acid from Biomass. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02300-17. [PMID: 29150515 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02300-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases (FAEs) are key enzymes required for the production of ferulic acid from agricultural biomass. Previously, we identified and characterized R18, an FAE from Streptomyces cinnamoneus NBRC 12852, which showed no sequence similarity to the known FAEs. To determine the region involved in its catalytic activity, we constructed chimeric enzymes using R18 and its homolog (TH2-18) from S. cinnamoneus strain TH-2. Although R18 and TH2-18 showed 74% identity in their primary sequences, the recombinant proteins of these two FAEs (recombinant R18 [rR18] and rTH2-18) showed very different specific activities toward ethyl ferulate. By comparing the catalytic activities of the chimeras, a domain comprised of residues 140 to 154 was found to be crucial for the catalytic activity of R18. Furthermore, we analyzed the crystal structure of rR18 at a resolution of 1.5 Å to elucidate the relationship between its activity and its structure. rR18 possessed a typical catalytic triad, consisting of Ser-191, Asp-214, and His-268, which was characteristic of the serine esterase family. By structural analysis, the above-described domain was found to be present in a loop-like structure (the R18 loop), which possessed a disulfide bond conserved in the genus Streptomyces Moreover, compared to rTH2-18 of its parental strain, the TH2-18 mutant, in which Pro and Gly residues were inserted into the domain responsible for forming the R18 loop, showed markedly high kcat values using artificial substrates. We also showed that the FAE activity of TH2-18 toward corn bran, a natural substrate, was improved by the insertion of the Gly and Pro residues.IMPORTANCEStreptomyces species are widely distributed bacteria that are predominantly present in soil and function as decomposers in natural environments. They produce various enzymes, such as carbohydrate hydrolases, esterases, and peptidases, which decompose agricultural biomass. In this study, based on the genetic information on two Streptomyces cinnamoneus strains, we identified novel feruloyl esterases (FAEs) capable of producing ferulic acid from biomass. These two FAEs shared high similarity in their amino acid sequences but did not resemblance any known FAEs. By comparing chimeric proteins and performing crystal structure analysis, we confirmed that a flexible loop was important for the catalytic activity of Streptomyces FAEs. Furthermore, we determined that the catalytic activity of one FAE was improved drastically by inserting only 2 amino acids into its loop-forming domain. Thus, differences in the amino acid sequence of the loop resulted in different catalytic activities. In conclusion, our findings provide a foundation for the development of novel enzymes for industrial use.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hoque MA, Zhang Y, Chen L, Yang G, Khatun MA, Chen H, Hao L, Feng Y. Stepwise Loop Insertion Strategy for Active Site Remodeling to Generate Novel Enzyme Functions. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1188-1193. [PMID: 28323400 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The remodeling of active sites to generate novel biocatalysts is an attractive and challenging task. We developed a stepwise loop insertion strategy (StLois), in which randomized residue pairs are inserted into active site loops. The phosphotriesterase-like lactonase from Geobacillus kaustophilus (GkaP-PLL) was used to investigate StLois's potential for changing enzyme function. By inserting six residues into active site loop 7, the best variant ML7-B6 demonstrated a 16-fold further increase in catalytic efficiency toward ethyl-paraoxon compared with its initial template, that is a 609-fold higher, >107 fold substrate specificity shift relative to that of wild-type lactonase. The remodeled variants displayed 760-fold greater organophosphate hydrolysis activity toward the organophosphates parathion, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos. Structure and docking computations support the source of notably inverted enzyme specificity. Considering the fundamental importance of active site loops, the strategy has potential for the rapid generation of novel enzyme functions by loop remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Anarul Hoque
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liuqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mst Afroza Khatun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Blaha-Nelson D, Krüger DM, Szeler K, Ben-David M, Kamerlin SCL. Active Site Hydrophobicity and the Convergent Evolution of Paraoxonase Activity in Structurally Divergent Enzymes: The Case of Serum Paraoxonase 1. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1155-1167. [PMID: 28026940 PMCID: PMC5269640 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Serum
paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a native lactonase capable of promiscuously
hydrolyzing a broad range of substrates, including organophosphates,
esters, and carbonates. Structurally, PON1 is a six-bladed β-propeller
with a flexible loop (residues 70–81) covering the active site.
This loop contains a functionally critical Tyr at position 71. We
have performed detailed experimental and computational analyses of
the role of selected Y71 variants in the active site stability and
catalytic activity in order to probe the role of Y71 in PON1’s
lactonase and organophosphatase activities. We demonstrate that the
impact of Y71 substitutions on PON1’s lactonase activity is
minimal, whereas the kcat for the paraoxonase
activity is negatively perturbed by up to 100-fold, suggesting greater
mutational robustness of the native activity. Additionally, while
these substitutions modulate PON1’s active site shape, volume,
and loop flexibility, their largest effect is in altering the solvent
accessibility of the active site by expanding the active site volume,
allowing additional water molecules to enter. This effect is markedly
more pronounced in the organophosphatase activity than the lactonase
activity. Finally, a detailed comparison of PON1 to other organophosphatases
demonstrates that either a similar “gating loop” or
a highly buried solvent-excluding active site is a common feature
of these enzymes. We therefore posit that modulating the active site
hydrophobicity is a key element in facilitating the evolution of organophosphatase
activity. This provides a concrete feature that can be utilized in
the rational design of next-generation organophosphate hydrolases
that are capable of selecting a specific reaction from a pool of viable
substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Blaha-Nelson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University , S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dennis M Krüger
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University , S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Klaudia Szeler
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University , S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Moshe Ben-David
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shina Caroline Lynn Kamerlin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University , S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ding Q, Kazlauskas RJ. Improving Pseudomonas fluorescens esterase for hydrolysis of lactones. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy01770g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although both acyclic esters and lactones contain ester functional groups, their shapes differ and most esterases are poor catalysts for hydrolysis of lactones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingbao Ding
- Department of Biochemistry
- Molecular Biology & Biophysics and the Biotechnology Institute
- University of Minnesota
- Saint Paul
- USA
| | - Romas J. Kazlauskas
- Department of Biochemistry
- Molecular Biology & Biophysics and the Biotechnology Institute
- University of Minnesota
- Saint Paul
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Parages ML, Gutiérrez-Barranquero JA, Reen FJ, Dobson ADW, O'Gara F. Integrated (Meta) Genomic and Synthetic Biology Approaches to Develop New Biocatalysts. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E62. [PMID: 27007381 PMCID: PMC4810074 DOI: 10.3390/md14030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the marine environment has been the subject of increasing attention from biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries as a valuable and promising source of novel bioactive compounds. Marine biodiscovery programmes have begun to reveal the extent of novel compounds encoded within the enormous bacterial richness and diversity of the marine ecosystem. A combination of unique physicochemical properties and spatial niche-specific substrates, in wide-ranging and extreme habitats, underscores the potential of the marine environment to deliver on functionally novel biocatalytic activities. With the growing need for green alternatives to industrial processes, and the unique transformations which nature is capable of performing, marine biocatalysts have the potential to markedly improve current industrial pipelines. Furthermore, biocatalysts are known to possess chiral selectivity and specificity, a key focus of pharmaceutical drug design. In this review, we discuss how the explosion in genomics based sequence analysis, allied with parallel developments in synthetic and molecular biology, have the potential to fast-track the discovery and subsequent improvement of a new generation of marine biocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María L Parages
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
| | - José A Gutiérrez-Barranquero
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
| | - F Jerry Reen
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alan D W Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Fergal O'Gara
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guan S, Zhao L, Jin H, Shan N, Han W, Wang S, Shan Y. Binding modes of phosphotriesterase-like lactonase complexed with δ-nonanoic lactone and paraoxon using molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:273-286. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1142899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Guan
- National Engineering Laboratory For AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Li Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory For AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hanyong Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory For AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ning Shan
- Editorial Department of Journal of Jilin University (Science Edition), Changchun, China
| | - Weiwei Han
- National Engineering Laboratory For AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory For AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|