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Nanofiber Carriers of Therapeutic Load: Current Trends. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158581. [PMID: 35955712 PMCID: PMC9368923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast advancement in nanotechnology has prompted the improvement of numerous methods for the creation of various nanoscale composites of which nanofibers have gotten extensive consideration. Nanofibers are polymeric/composite fibers which have a nanoscale diameter. They vary in porous structure and have an extensive area. Material choice is of crucial importance for the assembly of nanofibers and their function as efficient drug and biomedicine carriers. A broad scope of active pharmaceutical ingredients can be incorporated within the nanofibers or bound to their surface. The ability to deliver small molecular drugs such as antibiotics or anticancer medications, proteins, peptides, cells, DNA and RNAs has led to the biomedical application in disease therapy and tissue engineering. Although nanofibers have shown incredible potential for drug and biomedicine applications, there are still difficulties which should be resolved before they can be utilized in clinical practice. This review intends to give an outline of the recent advances in nanofibers, contemplating the preparation methods, the therapeutic loading and release and the various therapeutic applications.
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Sazzad F, Kuzemczak M, Loh E, Wu W, Kofidis T. Targeted Myocardial Restoration with Injectable Hydrogels-In Search of The Holy Grail in Regenerating Damaged Heart Tissue. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060595. [PMID: 34073912 PMCID: PMC8225139 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3-dimensional, robust, and sustained myocardial restoration by means of tissue engineering remains an experimental approach. Prolific protocols have been developed and tested in small and large animals, but, as clinical cardiac surgeons, we have not arrived at the privilege of utilizing any of them in our clinical practice. The question arises as to why this is. The heart is a unique organ, anatomically and functionally. It is not an easy target to replicate with current techniques, or even to support in its viability and function. Currently, available therapies fail to reverse the loss of functional cardiac tissue, the fundamental pathology remains unaddressed, and heart transplantation is an ultima ratio treatment option. Owing to the equivocal results of cell-based therapies, several strategies have been pursued to overcome the limitations of the current treatment options. Preclinical data, as well as first-in-human studies, conducted to-date have provided important insights into the understanding of injection-based approaches for myocardial restoration. In light of the available data, injectable biomaterials suitable for transcatheter delivery appear to have the highest translational potential. This article presents a current state-of-the-literature review in the field of hydrogel-based myocardial restoration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizus Sazzad
- Myocardial Experimental Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; (F.S.); (E.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Michał Kuzemczak
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Medical Rescue, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Engracia Loh
- Myocardial Experimental Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; (F.S.); (E.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Wellington Wu
- Myocardial Experimental Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; (F.S.); (E.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Theo Kofidis
- Myocardial Experimental Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; (F.S.); (E.L.); (W.W.)
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6772-6505
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Prajnamitra RP, Chen HC, Lin CJ, Chen LL, Hsieh PCH. Nanotechnology Approaches in Tackling Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24102017. [PMID: 31137787 PMCID: PMC6572019 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24102017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases have continued to remain a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Poor proliferation capability of adult cardiomyocytes disables the heart from regenerating new myocardium after a myocardial ischaemia event and therefore weakens the heart in the long term, which may result in heart failure and death. Delivery of cardioprotective therapeutics soon after the event can help to protect the heart from further cell death and improve cardiac function, but delivery methods and potential side effects of these therapeutics may be an issue. Advances in nanotechnology, particularly nanoparticles for drug delivery, have enabled researchers to obtain better drug targeting capability, thus increasing the therapeutic outcome. Detailed study of nanoparticles in vivo is useful as it can provide insight for future treatments. Nanogel can help to create a more favourable environment, not only for a sustained delivery of therapeutics, but also for a better navigation of the therapeutics to the targeted sites. Finally, if the damage to the myocardium is too severe for drug treatment, nanopatch can help to improve cardiac function and healing by becoming a platform for pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes to grow for the purpose of cell-based regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Putra Prajnamitra
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Section 2 Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Chih Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Section 2 Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Ju Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Section 2 Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Lun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Section 2 Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Patrick Ching-Ho Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Section 2 Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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Ciuffreda MC, Malpasso G, Chokoza C, Bezuidenhout D, Goetsch KP, Mura M, Pisano F, Davies NH, Gnecchi M. Synthetic extracellular matrix mimic hydrogel improves efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for ischemic cardiomyopathy. Acta Biomater 2018; 70:71-83. [PMID: 29341932 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) repair infarcted hearts mainly through paracrine mechanisms. Low cell engraftment limits the release of soluble paracrine factors (SF) over time and, consequently, MSC efficacy. We tested whether a synthetic extracellular matrix mimic, a hydrogel containing heparin (H-HG), could ameliorate MSC engraftment and binding/release of SF, thus improving MSC therapy efficacy. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro, rat bone-marrow MSC (rBM-MSC) were seeded and grown into H-HG. Under normoxia, the hydrogel did not affect cell survival (rBM-MSC survival >90% at each time point tested); vice versa, under hypoxia the biomaterial resulted to be protective for the cells (p < .001 vs rBM-MSC alone). H-HG or control PEG hydrogels (HG) were incubated with VEGF or bFGF for binding/release quantification. Data showed significantly higher amount of VEGF and bFGF bound by H-HG compared with HG (p < .05) and a constant release over time. In vivo, myocardial infarction (MI) was induced in female Sprague Dawley rats by permanent coronary ligation. One week later, saline, rBM-MSC, H-HG or rBM-MSC/H-HG were injected in the infarct zone. The co-injection of rBM-MSC/H-HG into infarcted hearts significantly increased cardiac function. Importantly, we observed a significant gain in MSC engraftment, reduction of ventricular remodeling and stimulation of neo-vasculogenesis. We also documented higher amounts of several pro-angiogenic factors in hearts treated with rBM-MSC/H-HG. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that H-HG increases MSC engraftment, efficiently fine tunes the paracrine MSC actions and improves cardiac function in infarcted rat hearts. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Transplantation of MSC is a promising treatment for ischemic heart disease, but low cell engraftment has so far limited its efficacy. The enzymatically degradable H-HG that we developed is able to increase MSC retention/engraftment and, at the same time, to fine-tune the paracrine effects mediated by the cells. Most importantly, the co-transplantation of MSC and H-HG in a rat model of ischemic cardiomyopathy improved heart function through a significant reduction in ventricular remodeling/scarring and amelioration in neo-vasculogenesis/endogenous cardiac regeneration. These beneficial effects are comparable to those obtained by others using a much greater number of cells, strengthening the efficacy of the biomaterial used in increasing the therapeutic effects of MSC. Given its efficacy and safety, documented by the absence of immunoreaction, our strategy appears readily translatable to clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Ciuffreda
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infectious Diseases - Coronary Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Malpasso
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infectious Diseases - Coronary Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Cindy Chokoza
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cape Town, Department of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Deon Bezuidenhout
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cape Town, Department of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kyle P Goetsch
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cape Town, Department of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Manuela Mura
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infectious Diseases - Coronary Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Pisano
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infectious Diseases - Coronary Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Neil H Davies
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cape Town, Department of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Massimiliano Gnecchi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infectious Diseases - Coronary Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Italy; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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