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Shim G, Devenport D, Cohen DJ. Overriding native cell coordination enhances external programming of collective cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101352118. [PMID: 34272284 PMCID: PMC8307614 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101352118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As collective cell migration is essential in biological processes spanning development, healing, and cancer progression, methods to externally program cell migration are of great value. However, problems can arise if the external commands compete with strong, preexisting collective behaviors in the tissue or system. We investigate this problem by applying a potent external migratory cue-electrical stimulation and electrotaxis-to primary mouse skin monolayers where we can tune cell-cell adhesion strength to modulate endogenous collectivity. Monolayers with high cell-cell adhesion showed strong natural coordination and resisted electrotactic control, with this conflict actively damaging the leading edge of the tissue. However, reducing preexisting coordination in the tissue by specifically inhibiting E-cadherin-dependent cell-cell adhesion, either by disrupting the formation of cell-cell junctions with E-cadherin-specific antibodies or rapidly dismantling E-cadherin junctions with calcium chelators, significantly improved controllability. Finally, we applied this paradigm of weakening existing coordination to improve control and demonstrate accelerated wound closure in vitro. These results are in keeping with those from diverse, noncellular systems and confirm that endogenous collectivity should be considered as a key quantitative design variable when optimizing external control of collective migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gawoon Shim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - Daniel J Cohen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540;
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Lorini G, Moroni S. Rule‐free regulation: Exploring regulation ‘without rules’ and apart from ‘deontic categories’. JOURNAL FOR THE THEORY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jtsb.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Moroni
- Department of Architecture and Urban Studies Polytechnic University of Milan Milano Italy
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Echeverría-Huarte I, Zuriguel I, Hidalgo RC. Pedestrian evacuation simulation in the presence of an obstacle using self-propelled spherocylinders. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:012907. [PMID: 32795081 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.012907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We explore the role that the obstacle position plays in the evacuation time of agents when leaving a room. To this end, we simulate a system of nonsymmetric spherocylinders that have a prescribed desired velocity and angular orientation. In this way, we reproduce the nonmonotonous dependence of the pedestrian flow rate on the obstacle distance to the door. For short distances, the obstacle delays the evacuation because the exit size is effectively reduced; i.e., the distance between the obstacle and the wall is smaller than the door width. By increasing the obstacle distance to the door, clogging is reduced leading to an optimal obstacle position (maximum flow rate) in agreement with results reported in numerical simulations of pedestrian evacuations and granular flows. For further locations, however, a counterintuitive behavior occurs as the flow rate values fall again below the one corresponding to the case without obstacle. Analyzing the head-times distribution, we evidence that this new feature is not linked to the formation of clogs, but is caused by a reduction of the efficiency of the agent's instantaneous flow rate when the exit is not blocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Echeverría-Huarte
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, E-31080 Pamplona, Spain
| | - I Zuriguel
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, E-31080 Pamplona, Spain
| | - R C Hidalgo
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, E-31080 Pamplona, Spain
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Das R, Kumar M, Mishra S. Nonquenched rotators ease flocking and memorize it. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:012607. [PMID: 32069681 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.012607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a minimal model for a two-dimensional polar flock with nonquenched rotators and show that the rotators make the usual macroscopic long-range order of the flock more robust than the clean system. The rotators memorize the flock-information which helps in establishing the robustness. Moreover, the memory of the rotators assists in probing the moving flock. We also formulate a hydrodynamic framework for the microscopic model that makes our study comprehensive. Using linearized hydrodynamics, it is shown that the presence of such nonquenched heterogeneities increases the sound speeds of the flock. The enhanced sound speeds lead to faster convection of information and consequently the robust ordering in the system. We argue that similar nonquenched heterogeneities may be useful in monitoring and controlling large crowds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Das
- S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Manoranjan Kumar
- S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Shradha Mishra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
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Use of Dimensional Analysis in the X-, Y-, and Z-Axis to Predict Occurrence of Injury in Human Stampede. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2019; 14:248-255. [PMID: 31272522 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2019.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human stampedes (HS) may result in mass casualty incidents (MCI) that arise due to complex interactions between individuals, collective crowd, and space, which have yet to be described from a physics perspective. HS events were analyzed using basic physics principles to better understand the dynamic kinetic variables that give rise to HS. METHODS A literature review was performed of medical and nonmedical sourced databases, Library of Congress databases, and online sources for the term human stampedes resulting in 25,123 references. Filters were applied to exclude nonhuman events. Retrieved references were reviewed for a predefined list of physics terms. Data collection involved recording frequency of each phrase and physics principle to give the final proportions of each predefined principle used a single-entry method for each of the 105 event reports analyzed. Data analysis was performed using the R statistics packages "tidyverse", "psych", "lubridate", and "Hmisc" with descriptive statistics used to describe the frequency of each observed variable. RESULTS Of the 105 reports of HS resulting in injury or death reviewed, the following frequency of terms were found: density change in a limited capacity, 45%; XY-axis motion failure, 100%; loss of proxemics, 100%; deceleration with average velocity of zero, 90%; Z-axis displacement pathology (falls), 92%; associated structure with nozzle effect, 93%; and matched fluid dynamic of high pressure stagnation of mass gathering, 100%. CONCLUSIONS Description or reference to principles of physics was seen in differing frequency in 105 reports. These include XY-axis motion failure of deceleration that leads to loss of human to human proxemics, and high stagnation pressure resulting in the Z-axis displacement effect (falls) causing injury and death. Real-time video-analysis monitoring of high capacity events or those with known nozzle effects for loss of proxemics and Z-axis displacement pathology offers the opportunity to prevent mortality from human stampedes.
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Lin GW, Wong SK. Evacuation simulation with consideration of obstacle removal and using game theory. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:062303. [PMID: 30011582 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.062303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we integrate a cellular automaton model with game theory to simulate crowd evacuation from a room with consideration of obstacle removal. The room has one or more exits, one of which is blocked by obstacles. The obstacles at the exit can be removed by volunteers. We investigate the cooperative and defective behaviors of pedestrians during evacuation. The yielder game and volunteer's dilemma game are employed to resolve interpedestrian conflict. An anticipation floor field is proposed to guide the pedestrians to avoid obstacles that are being removed. We conducted experiments to determine how a variety of conditions affect overall crowd evacuation and volunteer evacuation times. The conditions were the start time of obstacle removal, number of obstacles, placement of obstacles, time spent in obstacle removal, strength of the anticipation floor field, and obstacle visibility distance. We demonstrate how reciprocity can be achieved among pedestrians and increases the efficiency of the entire evacuation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Wen Lin
- College of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sai-Keung Wong
- College of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Sánchez BB, Alcarria R, Sánchez-Picot Á, Sánchez-de-Rivera D. A Methodology for the Design of Application-Specific Cyber-Physical Social Sensing Co-Simulators. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17102177. [PMID: 28937610 PMCID: PMC5677207 DOI: 10.3390/s17102177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyber-Physical Social Sensing (CPSS) is a new trend in the context of pervasive sensing. In these new systems, various domains coexist in time, evolve together and influence each other. Thus, application-specific tools are necessary for specifying and validating designs and simulating systems. However, nowadays, different tools are employed to simulate each domain independently. Mainly, the cause of the lack of co-simulation instruments to simulate all domains together is the extreme difficulty of combining and synchronizing various tools. In order to reduce that difficulty, an adequate architecture for the final co-simulator must be selected. Therefore, in this paper the authors investigate and propose a methodology for the design of CPSS co-simulation tools. The paper describes the four steps that software architects should follow in order to design the most adequate co-simulator for a certain application, considering the final users’ needs and requirements and various additional factors such as the development team’s experience. Moreover, the first practical use case of the proposed methodology is provided. An experimental validation is also included in order to evaluate the performing of the proposed co-simulator and to determine the correctness of the proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Bordel Sánchez
- Department of Telematics Systems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense n° 30, 28040 Madrid (España), Spain.
| | - Ramón Alcarria
- Department of Topographic Engineering and Cartography, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Sur, 28031 Madrid (España), Spain.
| | - Álvaro Sánchez-Picot
- Department of Telematics Systems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense n° 30, 28040 Madrid (España), Spain.
| | - Diego Sánchez-de-Rivera
- Department of Telematics Systems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense n° 30, 28040 Madrid (España), Spain.
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Pastor JM, Garcimartín A, Gago PA, Peralta JP, Martín-Gómez C, Ferrer LM, Maza D, Parisi DR, Pugnaloni LA, Zuriguel I. Experimental proof of faster-is-slower in systems of frictional particles flowing through constrictions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015. [PMID: 26764754 DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/aaf4ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The "faster-is-slower" (FIS) effect was first predicted by computer simulations of the egress of pedestrians through a narrow exit [D. Helbing, I. J. Farkas, and T. Vicsek, Nature (London) 407, 487 (2000)]. FIS refers to the finding that, under certain conditions, an excess of the individuals' vigor in the attempt to exit causes a decrease in the flow rate. In general, this effect is identified by the appearance of a minimum when plotting the total evacuation time of a crowd as a function of the pedestrian desired velocity. Here, we experimentally show that the FIS effect indeed occurs in three different systems of discrete particles flowing through a constriction: (a) humans evacuating a room, (b) a herd of sheep entering a barn, and (c) grains flowing out a 2D hopper over a vibrated incline. This finding suggests that FIS is a universal phenomenon for active matter passing through a narrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Pastor
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, E-31080 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angel Garcimartín
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, E-31080 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paula A Gago
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad Regional La Plata, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Av. 60 Esq. 124 S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917 (1033), C. A. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P Peralta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad Regional La Plata, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Av. 60 Esq. 124 S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - César Martín-Gómez
- Departamento de Construcción, Instalaciones y Estructuras, Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura, Universidad de Navarra, E-31080 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis M Ferrer
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego Maza
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, E-31080 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel R Parisi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917 (1033), C. A. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires, 25 de Mayo 444, (1002) C. A. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis A Pugnaloni
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad Regional La Plata, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Av. 60 Esq. 124 S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917 (1033), C. A. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iker Zuriguel
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, E-31080 Pamplona, Spain
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