A novel phthalimide derivative, TC11, has preclinical effects on high-risk myeloma cells and osteoclasts

Thiazole, Isatin and Phthalimide Derivatives Tested in vivo against Cancer Models: A Literature Review of the Last Six Years

BACKGROUND

Cancer is a disease characterized by the abnormal multiplication of cells and is the second leading cause of death in the world. The search for new effective and safe anticancer compounds is ongoing due to factors such as low selectivity, high toxicity, and multidrug resistance. Thus, heterocyclic compounds derived from isatin, thiazole and phthalimide that have achieved promising in vitro anticancer activity have been tested in vivo and in clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE

This review focused on the compilation of promising data from thiazole, isatin, and phthalimide derivatives, reported in the literature between 2015 and 2022, with in vivo anticancer activity and clinical trials.

METHODS

A bibliographic search was carried out in the PUBMED, MEDLINE, ELSEVIER, and CAPES PERIODIC databases, selecting relevant works for each pharmacophoric group with in vivo antitumor activity in the last 6 years.

RESULTS

In our study, 68 articles that fit the scope were selected and critically analyzed. These articles were organized considering the type of antitumor activity and their year of publication. Some compounds reported here demonstrated potent antitumor activity against several tumor types.

CONCLUSION

This review allowed us to highlight works that reported promising structures for the treatment of various cancer types and also demonstrated that the privileged structures thiazole, isatin and phthalimide are important in the design of new syntheses and molecular optimization of compounds with antitumor activity.

The Aqueous Extract of Eucommia Leaves Promotes Proliferation, Differentiation, and Mineralization of Osteoblast-Like MC3T3-E1 Cells

Eucommia leaves are dry leaves of Eucommia ulmoides which have long been considered as a functional health food for the treatment of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, fatty liver, and osteoporosis. With the recent development of Chinese medicine, Eucommia leaves are widely used for tonifying the kidneys and strengthening bone. However, the specific molecular mechanism of Eucommia leaves for strengthening bone remains largely unknown. Osteoblasts are the main functional cells of bone formation; thus, it is essential to study the effect of Eucommia leaves on osteoblasts to better understand their mechanism of action. In the present study, we prepared an aqueous extract of Eucommia leaves (ELAE) and determined its content by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effects of ELAE on MC3T3-E1 cells were investigated by CCK-8 assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Alizarin red S staining assays, combined with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and qRT-PCR validation. We demonstrated that ELAE had a significant promoting effect on the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells and significantly enhanced extracellular matrix synthesis and mineralization, which were achieved by regulating various functional genes and related signaling pathways. ELAE significantly increased the expression level of genes promoting cell proliferation, such as Rpl10a, Adnp, Pex1, Inpp4a, Frat2, and Pcdhga1, and reduced the expression level of genes inhibiting cell proliferation, such as Npm1, Eif3e, Cbx3, Psmc6, Fgf7, Fxr1, Ddx3x, Mbnl1, and Cdc27. In addition, ELAE increased the expression level of gene markers in osteoblasts, such as Col5a2, Ubap2l, Dkk3, Foxm1, Col16a1, Col12a1, Usp7, Col4a6, Runx2, Sox4, and Bmp4. Taken together, our results suggest that ELAE could promote osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization and prevent osteoblast apoptosis. These findings not only increase our understanding of ELAE on the regulation of bone development but also provide a possible strategy to further study the prevention and treatment of osteogenic related diseases by ELAE.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel S-benzyl- and S-alkylphthalimide- oxadiazole -benzenesulfonamide hybrids as inhibitors of dengue virus protease

Direct acting antiviral drugs (DAADs) are becoming therapeutics of choice for the treatment of viral infections. Successful development of anti HIV and HCV drugs by targeting the viral proteases has provided impetus for discovering newer DAADs. Dengue virus (DENV) protease, which is composed of two nonstructural proteins, NS2B and NS3pro, can be likewise exploited for discovering new anti-dengue therapeutics. In this study, we have linked together two pharmaceutically interesting motifs, namely 1,3,4-oxadiazole and benzenesulfonamide in two alternative series to develop novel S-benzylated and S-alkylphthalimidated hybrids. For the first series of hybrids, 4-aminobenzoic acid (1) was reacted with substituted benzenesulfonyl chlorides via its amino group, whereas the carboxylic acid side was elaborated to sulfonamido-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols (6a/b) in three steps. At this stage, the intermediates 6a/b were bifurcated to either S-alkylphthalimidated (8a-j) or S-benzylated (9a-c) hybrids by reacting with corresponding halides. For the alternative series of hybrids, the carboxylic acid group of probenecid (10) was similarly elaborated to sulfonamido-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols (13), and diverged to S-alkylphthalimidated (14a-f) and S-benzylated hybrids (15a-e). Bioactivity assays demonstrated that 8g and 8h are the most potent inhibitors among the synthesized analogs, exhibiting the IC50 values of 13.9 μM and 15.1 μM, respectively. Computational assessment predicted the binding of the inhibitors at an allosteric site developed in the open conformation of DENV2 NS2B/NS3pro. Taken together these findings point out that the synthesized hybrid inhibitors possess a great potential for further antiviral drug development.

A phenylphthalimide derivative, TC11, induces apoptosis by degrading MCL1 in multiple myeloma cells

To date, the prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM) in patients harboring cytogenetic abnormalities (CA) involving t (4; 14) and deletion of chromosome 17 remains poor despite recent advances in drug development that include the use of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) such as lenalidomide for MM. To address this issue, we have developed a novel phenylphthalimide derivative, TC11, that is structurally related to IMiDs. It remains unclear how TC11 induces apoptosis of MM cells with high-risk CA. Here, we show that TC11 does not induce degradation of CRBN's substrates, IKZF1/3 and CK1α, and induces apoptosis of CRBN-silenced MM; this effect was independent of the cereblon (CRBN) pathway, which is involved in the mechanism of action of IMiDs used for the treatment of MM. We also revealed that TC11, in contrast to existing IMiDs, induced degradation of MCL1 and activation of caspase-9. Furthermore, inhibition of CDK1 by CGP74514A prevented TC11-induced MCL1 degradation, caspase-9 activation, and the subsequent apoptotic cell death. We showed that ectopic MCL1 expression rescued apoptosis of MM. These observations suggest that TC11 induces apoptotic death caused by degradation of MCL1 during prolonged mitotic arrest. Therefore, our findings suggest that TC11 is a potential drug candidate for high-risk MM.

Chalcogen containing heterocyclic scaffolds: New hybrids with antitumoral activity

In this work, 27 novel hybrid derivatives containing diverse substituents with chalcogen atoms (selenium or sulfur) and several active heterocyclic scaffolds have been synthesized. Compounds were tested against two human cancer cells lines (MCF7 and PC-3) and a normal human mammary epithelial cell line (184B5) in order to determine their activity and selectivity against malignant cells. Ten compounds showed GI50 values below 10 μM in at least one of the cancer cell lines and six of them exhibited a selectivity index higher than 9. In general, selenium-containing compounds were more active than their corresponding sulfur analogs but we found some thiocyanate derivatives with comparable or higher activity and selectivity. Among the different substituents, the seleno- and thio-cyanate groups showed the most promising results. On the basis of their potent activity and high selectivity index, compounds 7e and 8f (containing a thiocyanate and a selenocyanate group, respectively) were selected for further biological evaluation. Both the compounds induced caspase-dependent cell death and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. In addition, these compounds do not violate any of the Lipinski's Rule of Five and thus possess good potential to become drugs, compound 7e being particularly promising.