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Bacteria and cancer: Different sides of the same coin. Life Sci 2020; 246:117398. [PMID: 32032647 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conventional cancer therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy due to the complexity of cancer have been unsuccessful in the complete eradication of tumor cells. Thus, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies toward cancer. Recently, the therapeutic role of bacteria in different fields of medicine and pharmaceutical research has attracted attention in recent decades. Although several bacteria are notorious as cancer-causing agents, recent research revealed intriguing results suggesting the bacterial potential in cancer therapy. Thus, bacterial cancer therapy is an alternative anticancer approach that has promising results on tumor cells in-vivo. Moreover, with the aid of genetic engineering, some natural or genetically modified bacterial strains can directly target hypoxic regions of tumors and secrete therapeutic molecules leading to cancer cell death. Additionally, stimulation of immune cells by bacteria, bacterial cancer DNA vaccine and antitumor bacterial metabolites are other therapeutic applications of bacteria in cancer therapy. The present study is a comprehensive review of different aspects of bacterial cancer therapy alone and in combination with conventional methods, for improving cancer therapy.
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2
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Abstract
With the spotlight on cancer immunotherapy and the expanding use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, strategies to improve the response rate and duration of current cancer immunotherapeutics are highly sought. In that sense, investigators around the globe have been putting spurs on the development of effective cancer vaccines in humans after decades of efforts that led to limited clinical success. In more than three decades of research in pursuit of targeted and personalized immunotherapy, several platforms have been incorporated into the list of cancer vaccines from live viral or bacterial agents harboring antigens to synthetic peptides with the hope of stronger and durable immune responses that will tackle cancers better. Unlike adoptive cell therapy, cancer vaccines can take advantage of using a patient's entire immune system that can include more than engineered receptors or ligands in developing antigen-specific responses. Advances in molecular technology also secured the use of genetically modified genes or proteins of interest to enhance the chance of stronger immune responses. The formulation of vaccines to increase chances of immune recognition such as nanoparticles for peptide delivery is another area of great interest. Studies indicate that cancer vaccines alone may elicit tumor-specific cellular or humoral responses in immunologic assays and even regression or shrinkage of the cancer in select trials, but novel strategies, especially in combination with other cancer therapies, are under study and are likely to be critical to achieve and optimize reliable objective responses and survival benefit. In this review, cancer vaccine platforms with different approaches to deliver tumor antigens and boost immunity are discussed with the intention of summarizing what we know and what we need to improve in the clinical trial setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung M. Maeng
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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3
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Terán-Navarro H, Calderon-Gonzalez R, Salcines-Cuevas D, García I, Marradi M, Freire J, Salmon E, Portillo-Gonzalez M, Frande-Cabanes E, García-Castaño A, Martinez-Callejo V, Gomez-Roman J, Tobes R, Rivera F, Yañez-Diaz S, Álvarez-Domínguez C. Pre-clinical development of Listeria-based nanovaccines as immunotherapies for solid tumours: insights from melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1541534. [PMID: 30713801 PMCID: PMC6343812 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1541534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold glyconanoparticles loaded with the listeriolysin O peptide 91-99 (GNP-LLO91-99), a bacterial peptide with anti-metastatic properties, are vaccine delivery platforms facilitating immune cell targeting and increasing antigen loading. Here, we present proof of concept analyses for the consideration of GNP-LLO91-99 nanovaccines as a novel immunotherapy for cutaneous melanoma. Studies using mouse models of subcutaneous melanoma indicated that GNP-LLO91-99 nanovaccines recruite and modulate dendritic cell (DC) function within the tumour, alter tumour immunotolerance inducing melanoma-specific cytotoxic T cells, cause complete remission and improve survival. GNP-LLO91-99 nanovaccines showed superior tumour regression and survival benefits, when combined with anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitors, resulting in an improvement in the efficacy of these immunotherapies. Studies on monocyte-derived DCs from patients with stage IA, IB or IIIB melanoma confirmed the ability of GNP-LLO91-99 nanovaccines to complement the action of checkpoint inhibitors, by not only reducing the expression of cell-death markers on DCs, but also potentiating DC antigen-presentation. We propose that GNP-LLO91-99 nanovaccines function as immune stimulators and immune effectors and serve as safe cancer therapies, alone or in combination with other immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Terán-Navarro
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Ricardo Calderon-Gonzalez
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - David Salcines-Cuevas
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Isabel García
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE and Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Nanomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Marco Marradi
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE and Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Nanomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Javier Freire
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Erwan Salmon
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Mar Portillo-Gonzalez
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Elisabet Frande-Cabanes
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Almudena García-Castaño
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Virginia Martinez-Callejo
- Servicio de Farmacia Hospitalaria, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Javier Gomez-Roman
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Raquel Tobes
- Oh no Sequences! Research Group, Era7 Bioinformatics, Granada, Andalucia, Spain
| | - Fernando Rivera
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Yañez-Diaz
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Carmen Álvarez-Domínguez
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
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4
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Kaimala S, Al-Sbiei A, Cabral-Marques O, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ, Al-Ramadi BK. Attenuated Bacteria as Immunotherapeutic Tools for Cancer Treatment. Front Oncol 2018; 8:136. [PMID: 29765907 PMCID: PMC5938341 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of attenuated bacteria as cancer therapeutic tools has garnered increasing scientific interest over the past 10 years. This is largely due to the development of bacterial strains that maintain good anti-tumor efficacy, but with reduced potential to cause toxicities to the host. Because of its ability to replicate in viable as well as necrotic tissue, cancer therapy using attenuated strains of facultative anaerobic bacteria, such as Salmonella, has several advantages over standard treatment modalities, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Despite some findings suggesting that it may operate through a direct cytotoxic effect against cancer cells, there is accumulating evidence demonstrating that bacterial therapy acts by modulating cells of the immune system to counter the growth of the tumor. Herein, we review the experimental evidence underlying the success of bacterial immunotherapy against cancer and highlight the cellular and molecular alterations in the peripheral immune system and within the tumor microenvironment that have been reported following different forms of bacterial therapy. Our improved understanding of these mechanisms should greatly aid in the translational application of bacterial therapy to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneesh Kaimala
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ashraf Al-Sbiei
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria J Fernandez-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basel K Al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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5
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Calderon-Gonzalez R, Bronchalo-Vicente L, Freire J, Frande-Cabanes E, Alaez-Alvarez L, Gomez-Roman J, Yañez-Diaz S, Alvarez-Dominguez C. Exceptional antineoplastic activity of a dendritic-cell-targeted vaccine loaded with a Listeria peptide proposed against metastatic melanoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:16855-65. [PMID: 26942874 PMCID: PMC4941355 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) is proposed to induce lasting responses against melanoma but its survival benefit in patients needs to be demonstrated. We propose a DC-targeted vaccine loaded with a Listeria peptide with exceptional anti-tumour activity to prevent metastasis of melanoma. Mice vaccinated with vaccines based on DCs loaded with listeriolysin O peptide (91–99) (LLO91–99) showed clear reduction of metastatic B16OVA melanoma size and adhesion, prevention of lung metastasis, enhanced survival, and reversion of immune tolerance. Robust innate and specific immune responses explained the efficiency of DC-LLO91–99 vaccines against B16OVA melanoma. The noTable features of this vaccine related to melanoma reduction were: expansion of immune-dominant LLO91–99-specific CD8 T cells that helped to expand melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells; high numbers of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes with a cytotoxic phenotype; and a decrease in CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells. This vaccine might be a useful alternative treatment for advanced melanoma, alone or in combination with other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Calderon-Gonzalez
- Group of Genomics, Proteomics and Vaccines, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Lucia Bronchalo-Vicente
- Group of Genomics, Proteomics and Vaccines, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.,Dermatology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (HUMV), Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Freire
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (HUMV), Santander, Spain
| | - Elisabet Frande-Cabanes
- Group of Genomics, Proteomics and Vaccines, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Lidia Alaez-Alvarez
- Group of Genomics, Proteomics and Vaccines, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Gomez-Roman
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (HUMV), Santander, Spain
| | - Sonsóles Yañez-Diaz
- Dermatology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (HUMV), Santander, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Dominguez
- Group of Genomics, Proteomics and Vaccines, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
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Alvarez-Dominguez C, Calderón-Gonzalez R, Terán-Navarro H, Salcines-Cuevas D, Garcia-Castaño A, Freire J, Gomez-Roman J, Rivera F. Dendritic cell therapy in melanoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:386. [PMID: 29114544 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.06.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines are cancer vaccines used currently as melanoma therapies. They act as adjuvants initiating the immune responses, but not only as they can also have effector activities redirecting cytotoxic CD8+ T cells against melanoma. Ex vivo preparation of monocyte derived DCs has been implemented to produce large numbers of DCs for clinical therapy, highlighting the necessity of activate DC s to produce Th1 cytokines, especially TNF-a and IL-12 with potent anti-tumour actions. Several clinical trials both in the European Union and USA are open currently using DC vaccines, alone or in combination with other immunotherapies. The type of antigen is also an active area of investigation involving tumour antigens and bacterial epitopes, both providing good responses. Bacterial epitopes presented the advantage versus tumour antigens that they can prepare the vaccination site as they induce innate and specific immune responses as they are potent recall antigens that expand cytotoxic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hector Terán-Navarro
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Cantabria, Spain
| | - David Salcines-Cuevas
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Almudena Garcia-Castaño
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander 39008, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Javier Freire
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander 39008, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Javier Gomez-Roman
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander 39008, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Fernando Rivera
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander 39008, Cantabria, Spain
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7
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Calderon-Gonzalez R, Terán-Navarro H, García I, Marradi M, Salcines-Cuevas D, Yañez-Diaz S, Solis-Angulo A, Frande-Cabanes E, Fariñas MC, Garcia-Castaño A, Gomez-Roman J, Penades S, Rivera F, Freire J, Álvarez-Domínguez C. Gold glyconanoparticles coupled to listeriolysin O 91-99 peptide serve as adjuvant therapy against melanoma. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:10721-10732. [PMID: 28714508 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02494k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell-based (DC-based) vaccines are promising immunotherapies for cancer. However, several factors, such as the lack of efficient targeted delivery and the sources and types of DCs, have limited the efficacy of DCs and their clinical potential. We propose an alternative nanotechnology-based vaccine platform with antibacterial prophylactic abilities that uses gold glyconanoparticles coupled to listeriolysin O 91-99 peptide (GNP-LLO91-99), which acts as a novel adjuvant for cancer therapy. GNP-LLO91-99, when used to vaccinate mice, exhibited dual antitumour activities, namely, the inhibition of tumour migration and growth and adjuvant activity for recruiting and activating DCs, including those from melanoma patients. GNP-LLO91-99 nanoparticles caused tumour apoptosis and induced antigen- and melanoma-specific cytotoxic Th1 responses (P ≤ 0.5). We propose this adjuvant nanotherapy for preventing the progression of the first stages of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Calderon-Gonzalez
- Grupo de Nanovacunas y vacunas celulares basadas en Listeria y sus aplicaciones en biomedicina, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Avda. Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011 Santander, Cantabria, Spain.
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8
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Rodríguez-Cerdeira C, Carnero Gregorio M, López-Barcenas A, Sánchez-Blanco E, Sánchez-Blanco B, Fabbrocini G, Bardhi B, Sinani A, Guzman RA. Advances in Immunotherapy for Melanoma: A Comprehensive Review. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3264217. [PMID: 28848246 PMCID: PMC5564072 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3264217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomas are tumors originating from melanocytes and tend to show early metastasis secondary to the loss of cellular adhesion in the primary tumor, resulting in high mortality rates. Cancer-specific active immunotherapy is an experimental form of treatment that stimulates the immune system to recognize antigens on the surface of cancer cells. Current experimental approaches in immunotherapy include vaccines, biochemotherapy, and the transfer of adoptive T cells and dendritic cells. Several types of vaccines, including peptide, viral, and dendritic cell vaccines, are currently under investigation for the treatment of melanoma. These treatments have the same goal as drugs that are already used to stimulate the proliferation of T lymphocytes in order to destroy tumor cells; however, immunotherapies aim to selectively attack the tumor cells of each patient. In this comprehensive review, we describe recent advancements in the development of immunotherapies for melanoma, with a specific focus on the identification of neoantigens for the prediction of their elicited immune responses. This review is expected to provide important insights into the future of immunotherapy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ardiana Sinani
- Dermatology Service, Military Medical Unit, University Trauma Hospital, Tirana, Albania
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GNP-GAPDH 1-22 nanovaccines prevent neonatal listeriosis by blocking microglial apoptosis and bacterial dissemination. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53916-53934. [PMID: 28903312 PMCID: PMC5589551 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical cases of neonatal listeriosis are associated with brain disease and fetal loss due to complications in early or late pregnancy, which suggests that microglial function is altered. This is believed to be the first study to link microglial apoptosis with neonatal listeriosis and listeriosis-associated brain disease, and to propose a new nanovaccine formulation that reverses all effects of listeriosis and confers Listeria monocytogenes (LM)-specific immunity. We examined clinical cases of neonatal listeriosis in 2013–2015 and defined two useful prognostic immune biomarkers to design listeriosis vaccines: high anti-GAPDH1-22 titres and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/interleukin (IL)-6 ratios. Therefore, we developed a nanovaccine with gold glyco-nanoparticles conjugated to LM peptide 1-22 of GAPDH (Lmo2459), GNP-GAPDH1-22 nanovaccinesformulated with a pro-inflammatory Toll-like receptor 2/4-targeted adjuvant. Neonates born to non-vaccinated pregnant mice with listeriosis, showed brain and vascular diseases and significant microglial dysfunction by induction of TNF-α-mediated apoptosis. This programmed TNF-mediated suicide explains LM dissemination in brains and livers and blocks production of early pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and interferon-α/β. In contrast, neonates born to GNP-GAPDH1–22-vaccinated mothers before LM infection, did not develop listeriosis or brain diseases and had functional microglia. In nanovaccinated mothers, immune responses shifted towards Th1/IL-12 pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles and high production of anti-GAPDH1–22 antibodies, suggesting good induction of LM-specific memory.
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Procyanidin, a kind of biological flavonoid, induces protective anti-tumor immunity and protects mice from lethal B16F10 challenge. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 47:251-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Calderon-Gonzalez R, Teran-Navarro H, Marimon JM, González-Rico C, Calvo-Montes J, Frande-Cabanes E, Alkorta-Gurrutxaga M, Fariñas MC, Martínez-Martínez L, Perez-Trallero E, Alvarez-Dominguez C. Biomarker Tools to Design Clinical Vaccines Determined from a Study of Annual Listeriosis Incidence in Northern Spain. Front Immunol 2016; 7:541. [PMID: 27965668 PMCID: PMC5126465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two regions of northern Spain, Gipuzkoa, and Cantabria present high annual incidence of listeriosis (1.86 and 1.71 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively). We report that the high annual incidences are a consequence of infection with highly virulent Listeria monocytogenes isolates linked to fatal outcomes in elderly patients with cancer. In addition, listeriosis patients with cancer present low IL-17A/IL-6 ratios and significantly reduced levels of anti-GAPDH1–22 antibodies, identified as two novel biomarkers of poor prognosis. Analysis of these biomarkers may aid in reducing the incidence of listeriosis. Moreover, GAPDH1–22-activated monocyte-derived dendritic cells of listeriosis patients with cancer seem useful tools to prepare clinical vaccines as they produce mainly Th1 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Calderon-Gonzalez
- Grupo de Nanovacunas y vacunas celulares basadas en Listeria y sus aplicaciones en biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL) , Santander , Spain
| | - Hector Teran-Navarro
- Grupo de Nanovacunas y vacunas celulares basadas en Listeria y sus aplicaciones en biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL) , Santander , Spain
| | - José María Marimon
- Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia González-Rico
- Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla , Santander , Spain
| | - Jorge Calvo-Montes
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla , Santander , Spain
| | - Elisabet Frande-Cabanes
- Grupo de Nanovacunas y vacunas celulares basadas en Listeria y sus aplicaciones en biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL) , Santander , Spain
| | - Miriam Alkorta-Gurrutxaga
- Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - M C Fariñas
- Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain; Departamento de Medicina y Psiquiatría, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Martínez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain; Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Emilio Perez-Trallero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Dominguez
- Grupo de Nanovacunas y vacunas celulares basadas en Listeria y sus aplicaciones en biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL) , Santander , Spain
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