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Faiß M, Stowell D. Adaptive representations of sound for automatic insect recognition. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011541. [PMID: 37792895 PMCID: PMC10578591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect population numbers and biodiversity have been rapidly declining with time, and monitoring these trends has become increasingly important for conservation measures to be effectively implemented. But monitoring methods are often invasive, time and resource intense, and prone to various biases. Many insect species produce characteristic sounds that can easily be detected and recorded without large cost or effort. Using deep learning methods, insect sounds from field recordings could be automatically detected and classified to monitor biodiversity and species distribution ranges. We implement this using recently published datasets of insect sounds (up to 66 species of Orthoptera and Cicadidae) and machine learning methods and evaluate their potential for acoustic insect monitoring. We compare the performance of the conventional spectrogram-based audio representation against LEAF, a new adaptive and waveform-based frontend. LEAF achieved better classification performance than the mel-spectrogram frontend by adapting its feature extraction parameters during training. This result is encouraging for future implementations of deep learning technology for automatic insect sound recognition, especially as larger datasets become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Faiß
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dan Stowell
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Science and AI, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Liu Y, Bu Y, Wang J, Wei C. Geological events and climate change drive diversification and speciation of mute cicadas in eastern continental Asia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 184:107809. [PMID: 37172861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The poor mobility of nymphs living underground, usually for many years and the weak flying ability of adults make cicadas unique for evolutionary biology and bio-geographical study. Cicadas of the genus Karenia are unusual in Cicadidae in lacking the timbals that produce sound. Population differentiation, genetic structure, dispersal and evolutionary history of the eastern Asian mute cicada Karenia caelatata were investigated based on morphological, acoustic and molecular data. The results reveal a high level of genetic differentiation in this species. Six independent clades with nearly unique sets of haplotypes corresponding to geographically isolated populations are recognized. Genetic and geographic distances are significantly correlated among lineages. The phenotypic differentiation is generally consistent with the high levels of genetic divergence across populations. Results of ecological niche modeling suggest that the potential distribution range of this mountain-habitat specialist during the Last Glacial Maximum was broader than its current range, indicating this species had benefited from the climate change during the early Pleistocene in southern China. Geological events such as orogeny in Southwest China and Pleistocene climate oscillations have driven the differentiation and divergence of this species, and basins, plains and rivers function as natural "barriers" to block the gene flow. Besides significant genetic divergence being found among clades, the populations occurring in the Wuyi Mountains and the Hengduan Mountains are significantly different in the calling song structure from other populations. This may have resulted from significant population differentiation and subsequent adaptation of related populations. We conclude that ecological differences in habitats, coupled with geographical isolation, have driven population divergence and allopatric speciation. This study provides a plausible example of incipient speciation in Cicadidae and improves understanding of population differentiation, acoustic signal diversification and phylogeographic relationships of this unusual cicada species. It informs future studies on population differentiation, speciation and phylogeography of other mountain-habitat insects in the East Asian continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, China
| | - Yifan Bu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Cong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Hou Z, Liu Y, Wei S, Wei C. Females prefer males producing a high-rate song with shorter timbal–stridulatory sound intervals in a cicada species. Curr Zool 2021; 68:103-112. [PMID: 35169633 PMCID: PMC8836340 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncovering mate choice and factors that lead to the choice are very important to understanding sexual selection in evolutionary change. Cicadas are known for their loud sounds produced by males using the timbals. However, males in certain cicada species emit 2 kinds of sounds using respectively timbals and stridulatory organs, and females may produce their own sounds to respond to males. What has never been considered is the mate choice in such cicada species. Here, we investigate the sexual selection and potential impact of predation pressure on mate choice in the cicada Subpsaltria yangi Chen. It possesses stridulatory sound-producing organs in both sexes in addition to the timbals in males. Results show that males producing calling songs with shorter timbal–stridulatory sound intervals and a higher call rate achieved greater mating success. No morphological traits were found to be correlated with mating success in both sexes, suggesting neither males nor females display mate preference for the opposite sex based on morphological traits. Males do not discriminate among responding females during mate searching, which may be due to the high energy costs associated with their unusual mate-seeking activity and the male-biased predation pressure. Females generally mate once but a minority of them re-mated after oviposition which, combined with the desirable acoustic traits of males, suggest females may maximize their reproductive success by choosing a high-quality male in the first place. This study contributes to our understanding mechanisms of sexual selection in cicadas and other insects suffering selective pressure from predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yunxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Songshan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Cong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Luo C, Huang S. Stridulatory sound production and acoustic signals of the longhorn beetle Batocera lineolata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). BIOACOUSTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2021.1890640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Luo
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shihui Huang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Hou Z, Zhong H, Nansen C, Wei C. An integrated analysis of hyperspectral and morphological data of cicada ovipositors revealed unexplored links to specific oviposition hosts. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-019-00433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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do Prado Ribeiro L, Klock ALS, Filho JAW, Tramontin MA, Trapp MA, Mithöfer A, Nansen C. Hyperspectral imaging to characterize plant-plant communication in response to insect herbivory. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:54. [PMID: 29988987 PMCID: PMC6034322 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In studies of plant stress signaling, a major challenge is the lack of non-invasive methods to detect physiological plant responses and to characterize plant-plant communication over time and space. RESULTS We acquired time series of phytocompound and hyperspectral imaging data from maize plants from the following treatments: (1) individual non-infested plants, (2) individual plants experimentally subjected to herbivory by green belly stink bug (no visible symptoms of insect herbivory), (3) one plant subjected to insect herbivory and one control plant in a separate pot but inside the same cage, and (4) one plant subjected to insect herbivory and one control plant together in the same pot. Individual phytocompounds (except indole-3acetic acid) or spectral bands were not reliable indicators of neither insect herbivory nor plant-plant communication. However, using a linear discrimination classification method based on combinations of either phytocompounds or spectral bands, we found clear evidence of maize plant responses. CONCLUSIONS We have provided initial evidence of how hyperspectral imaging may be considered a powerful non-invasive method to increase our current understanding of both direct plant responses to biotic stressors but also to the multiple ways plant communities are able to communicate. We are unaware of any published studies, in which comprehensive phytocompound data have been shown to correlate with leaf reflectance. In addition, we are unaware of published studies, in which plant-plant communication was studied based on leaf reflectance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro do Prado Ribeiro
- Research Center for Family Agriculture, Research and Rural, Extension Company of Santa Catarina, Chapecó, Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Adriana Lídia Santana Klock
- Research Center for Family Agriculture, Research and Rural, Extension Company of Santa Catarina, Chapecó, Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - João Américo Wordell Filho
- Research Center for Family Agriculture, Research and Rural, Extension Company of Santa Catarina, Chapecó, Santa Catarina Brazil
| | | | - Marília Almeida Trapp
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Nansen
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, UC Davis Briggs Hall, Room 367, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021 China
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Li X, Xu H, Feng L, Fu X, Zhang Y, Nansen C. Using proximal remote sensing in non-invasive phenotyping of invertebrates. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176392. [PMID: 28472152 PMCID: PMC5417510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximal imaging remote sensing technologies are used to phenotype and to characterize organisms based on specific external body reflectance features. These imaging technologies are gaining interest and becoming more widely used and applied in ecological, systematic, evolutionary, and physiological studies of plants and also of animals. However, important factors may impact the quality and consistency of body reflectance features and therefore the ability to use these technologies as part of non-invasive phenotyping and characterization of organisms. We acquired hyperspectral body reflectance profiles from three insect species, and we examined how preparation procedures and preservation time affected the ability to detect reflectance responses to gender, origin, and age. Different portions of the radiometric spectrum varied markedly in their sensitivity to preparation procedures and preservation time. Based on studies of three insect species, we successfully identified specific radiometric regions, in which phenotypic traits become significantly more pronounced based on either: 1) gentle cleaning of museum specimens with distilled water, or 2) killing and preserving insect specimens in 70% ethanol. Standardization of killing and preservation procedures will greatly increase the ability to use proximal imaging remote sensing technologies as part of phenotyping and also when used in ecological and evolutionary studies of invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Christian Nansen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Briggs Hall, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Remote sensing describes the characterization of the status of objects and/or the classification of their identity based on a combination of spectral features extracted from reflectance or transmission profiles of radiometric energy. Remote sensing can be benchtop based, and therefore acquired at a high spatial resolution, or airborne at lower spatial resolution to cover large areas. Despite important challenges, airborne remote sensing technologies will undoubtedly be of major importance in optimized management of agricultural systems in the twenty-first century. Benchtop remote sensing applications are becoming important in insect systematics and in phenomics studies of insect behavior and physiology. This review highlights how remote sensing influences entomological research by enabling scientists to nondestructively monitor how individual insects respond to treatments and ambient conditions. Furthermore, novel remote sensing technologies are creating intriguing interdisciplinary bridges between entomology and disciplines such as informatics and electrical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nansen
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
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Wang Y, Nansen C, Zhang Y. Integrative insect taxonomy based on morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and hyperspectral reflectance profiling. Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management; Ministry of Education; Entomological Museum; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Christian Nansen
- Department of Entomology and Nematology; UC Davis Briggs Hall; Room 367 Davis CA USA
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management; Ministry of Education; Entomological Museum; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China
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