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Megawati D, Stroup JN, Park C, Clarkson T, Tazi L, Brennan G, Rothenburg S. Tanapox Virus and Yaba Monkey Tumor Virus K3 Orthologs Inhibit Primate Protein Kinase R in a Species-Specific Fashion. Viruses 2024; 16:1095. [PMID: 39066257 PMCID: PMC11281682 DOI: 10.3390/v16071095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Yaba monkey tumor virus (YMTV) and Tanapox virus (TPV) are members of the Yatapoxvirus genus and can infect humans and other primates. Despite the threat posed by yatapoxviruses, the factors determining their host range are poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the ability of YMTV and TPV orthologs of vaccinia virus K3 (called 012 in YMTV and TPV), which share 75% amino acid identity with one another, to inhibit PKR from 15 different primate species. We first used a luciferase-based reporter, and found that YMTV and TPV K3 orthologs inhibited PKR in a species-specific manner and showed distinct PKR inhibition profiles. TPV 012 inhibited PKR from 11 primates, including humans, substantially better than YMTV 012. In contrast, both K3 orthologs inhibited the other four primate PKRs comparably well. Using YMTV 012 and TPV 012 hybrids, we mapped the region responsible for the differential PKR inhibition to the C- terminus of the K3 orthologs. Next, we generated chimeric vaccinia virus strains to investigate whether TPV K3 and YMTV K3 orthologs could rescue the replication of a vaccinia virus strain that lacks PKR inhibitors K3L and E3L. Virus replication in primate-derived cells generally correlated with the patterns observed in the luciferase-based assay. Together, these observations demonstrate that yatapoxvirus K3 orthologs have distinct PKR inhibition profiles and inhibit PKR in a species-specific manner, which may contribute to the differential susceptibility of primate species to yatapoxvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Megawati
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.M.); (J.N.S.); (C.P.); (L.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Warmadewa University, Denpasar 80239, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Jeannine N. Stroup
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.M.); (J.N.S.); (C.P.); (L.T.)
| | - Chorong Park
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.M.); (J.N.S.); (C.P.); (L.T.)
| | - Taylor Clarkson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.M.); (J.N.S.); (C.P.); (L.T.)
| | - Loubna Tazi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.M.); (J.N.S.); (C.P.); (L.T.)
| | - Greg Brennan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.M.); (J.N.S.); (C.P.); (L.T.)
| | - Stefan Rothenburg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.M.); (J.N.S.); (C.P.); (L.T.)
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Rahman MJ, Haller SL, Stoian AMM, Li J, Brennan G, Rothenburg S. LINE-1 retrotransposons facilitate horizontal gene transfer into poxviruses. eLife 2022; 11:63327. [PMID: 36069678 PMCID: PMC9578709 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample phylogenetic evidence that many critical virus functions, like immune evasion, evolved by the acquisition of genes from their hosts through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). However, the lack of an experimental system has prevented a mechanistic understanding of this process. We developed a model to elucidate the mechanisms of HGT into vaccinia virus, the prototypic poxvirus. All identified gene capture events showed signatures of long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1)-mediated retrotransposition, including spliced-out introns, polyadenylated tails, and target site duplications. In one case, the acquired gene integrated together with a polyadenylated host U2 small nuclear RNA. Integrations occurred across the genome, in some cases knocking out essential viral genes. These essential gene knockouts were rescued through a process of complementation by the parent virus followed by nonhomologous recombination during serial passaging to generate a single, replication-competent virus. This work links multiple evolutionary mechanisms into one adaptive cascade and identifies host retrotransposons as major drivers for virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Julhasur Rahman
- Department of Medial Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Sherry L Haller
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, United States
| | - Ana M M Stoian
- Department of Medial Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Greg Brennan
- Department of Medial Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Stefan Rothenburg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
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Poxvirus encoded eIF2α homolog, K3 family proteins, is a key determinant of poxvirus host species specificity. Virology 2019; 541:101-112. [PMID: 32056708 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase R plays a key role in innate antiviral immune responses of vertebrate animals. Most mammalian poxviruses encode two PKR antagonists, E3 (dsRNA binding) and K3 (eIF2α homolog) proteins. In this study, the role of K3 family proteins from poxviruses with distinct host tropisms in determining the virus host range was examined in a vaccinia E3L deletion mutant virus. It was found that K3 orthologs from the species-specific poxviruses (taterapox virus, sheeppox virus, myxoma virus, swinepox virus and yaba monkey tumor virus) restored the virus replication competency in cells derived from their natural hosts or related animal species. Further, it was found that the residues located in the helix insert region of the protein, K45 of vaccinia K3 and Y47 of the sheep poxvirus ortholog 011, are critical for the virus host species specificity. These observations demonstrate that poxvirus K3 proteins are major determinants of the virus host specificity.
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Park C, Peng C, Brennan G, Rothenburg S. Species-specific inhibition of antiviral protein kinase R by capripoxviruses and vaccinia virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1438:18-29. [PMID: 30644558 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) is an important and rapidly evolving antiviral kinase. Most poxviruses contain two distinct PKR inhibitors, called E3 and K3 in vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototypic orthopoxvirus. E3 prevents PKR homodimerization by binding double-stranded RNA, while K3 acts as a pseudosubstrate inhibitor by binding directly to activated PKR and thereby inhibiting interaction with its substrate eIF2α. In our study here, we analyzed E3 and K3 orthologs from the phylogenetically distinct capripoxviruses (CaPVs), which include lumpy skin disease virus, sheeppox virus, and goatpox virus. Whereas the sheeppox virus E3 ortholog did not substantially inhibit PKR, all three CaPV K3 orthologs showed species-specific inhibition of PKR, with strong inhibition of sheep, goat, and human PKR but only weak inhibition of cow and mouse PKR. In contrast, VACV K3 strongly inhibited cow and mouse PKR but not sheep, goat, or human PKR. Infection of cell lines from the respective species with engineered VACV strains that contained different K3 orthologs showed a good correlation of PKR inhibition with virus replication and eIF2α phosphorylation. Our results show that K3 orthologs can have dramatically different effects on PKR of different species and indicate that effective PKR inhibition by K3 orthologs is crucial for virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chorong Park
- School of Medicine, Department of Medial Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Chen Peng
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Greg Brennan
- School of Medicine, Department of Medial Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Stefan Rothenburg
- School of Medicine, Department of Medial Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
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Ectromelia virus lacking the E3L ortholog is replication-defective and nonpathogenic but does induce protective immunity in a mouse strain susceptible to lethal mousepox. Virology 2018; 518:335-348. [PMID: 29602068 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
All known orthopoxviruses, including ectromelia virus (ECTV), contain a gene in the E3L family. The protein product of this gene, E3, is a double-stranded RNA-binding protein. It can impact host range and is used by orthopoxviruses to combat cellular defense pathways, such as PKR and RNase L. In this work, we constructed an ECTV mutant with a targeted disruption of the E3L open reading frame (ECTVΔE3L). Infection with this virus resulted in an abortive replication cycle in all cell lines tested. We detected limited transcription of late genes but no significant translation of these mRNAs. Notably, the replication defects of ECTVΔE3L were rescued in human and mouse cells lacking PKR. ECTVΔE3L was nonpathogenic in BALB/c mice, a strain susceptible to lethal mousepox disease. However, infection with ECTVΔE3L induced protective immunity upon subsequent challenge with wild-type virus. In summary, E3L is an essential gene for ECTV.
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Abstract
Most orthopoxviruses, including vaccinia virus (VACV), contain genes in the E3L and K3L families. The protein products of these genes have been shown to combat PKR, a host defense pathway. Interestingly, ectromelia virus (ECTV) contains an E3L ortholog but does not possess an intact K3L gene. Here, we gained insight into how ECTV can still efficiently evade PKR despite lacking K3L. Relative to VACV, we found that ECTV-infected BS-C-1 cells accumulated considerably less double-stranded (ds) RNA, which was due to lower mRNA levels and less transcriptional read-through of some genes by ECTV. The abundance of dsRNA in VACV-infected cells, detected using a monoclonal antibody, was able to activate the RNase L pathway at late time points post-infection. Historically, the study of transcription by orthopoxviruses has largely focused on VACV as a model. Our data suggest that there could be more to learn by studying other members of this genus.
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Szulc-Dabrowska L, Gregorczyk KP, Struzik J, Boratynska-Jasinska A, Szczepanowska J, Wyzewski Z, Toka FN, Gierynska M, Ostrowska A, Niemialtowski MG. Remodeling of the fibroblast cytoskeletal architecture during the replication cycle of Ectromelia virus: A morphological in vitro study in a murine cell line. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:396-417. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Szulc-Dabrowska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW; Warsaw Poland
| | - Karolina P. Gregorczyk
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW; Warsaw Poland
| | - Justyna Struzik
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW; Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Boratynska-Jasinska
- Molecular Biology Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Joanna Szczepanowska
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, Department of Biochemistry; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Warsaw Poland
| | - Zbigniew Wyzewski
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW; Warsaw Poland
| | - Felix N. Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW; Warsaw Poland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; St. Kitts West Indies
| | - Malgorzata Gierynska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW; Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Marek G. Niemialtowski
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW; Warsaw Poland
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