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Wang JJ, Bai Y, Dong Y. A Rearrangement of the Mitochondrial Genes of Centipedes (Arthropoda, Myriapoda) with a Phylogenetic Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1787. [PMID: 36292672 PMCID: PMC9601646 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the limitations of taxon sampling and differences in results from the available data, the phylogenetic relationships of the Myriapoda remain contentious. Therefore, we try to reconstruct and analyze the phylogenetic relationships within the Myriapoda by examining mitochondrial genomes (the mitogenome). In this study, typical circular mitogenomes of Mecistocephalus marmoratus and Scolopendra subspinipes were sequenced by Sanger sequencing; they were 15,279 bp and 14,637 bp in length, respectively, and a control region and 37 typical mitochondrial genes were annotated in the sequences. The results showed that all 13 PCGs started with ATN codons and ended with TAR codons or a single T; what is interesting is that the gene orders of M. marmoratus have been extensively rearranged compared with most Myriapoda. Thus, we propose a simple duplication/loss model to explain the extensively rearranged genes of M. marmoratus, hoping to provide insights into mitogenome rearrangement events in Myriapoda. In addition, our mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses showed that the main myriapod groups are monophyletic and supported the combination of the Pauropoda and Diplopoda to form the Dignatha. Within the Chilopoda, we suggest that Scutigeromorpha is a sister group to the Lithobiomorpha, Geophilomorpha, and Scolopendromorpha. We also identified a close relationship between the Lithobiomorpha and Geophilomorpha. The results also indicate that the mitogenome can be used as an effective mechanism to understand the phylogenetic relationships within Myriapoda.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yan Dong
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
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Yang YM, Zhang LH, Lin YJ, Zheng YM, Jin WT, Storey KB, Yu DN, Zhang JY. The Genetic Diversity in Thereuonema tuberculata (Wood, 1862) (Scutigeromorpha: Scutigeridae) and the Phylogenetic Relationship of Scutigeromorpha Using the Mitochondrial Genome. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070620. [PMID: 35886796 PMCID: PMC9320382 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Based on morphological characteristics to make species identification, the cryptic species of the Scutigeromorpha can be greatly underestimated. The mitochondrial genome provides a desirable tool for the biological identifications and the discovery of the cryptic species. The capacity to acquire mitochondrial genome sequences has substantially improved in recent years using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. On the basis of the next-generation sequencing, we obtained four complete mitochondrial genomes of Thereuonema tuberculata (Wood, 1862) from Nanyang, Henan Province (NY), Nanchang, Jiangxi Province (NC), Jinan, Shandong Province (JN), and Dali, Yunnan Province (DL) in China with GenBank numbers OK513221, OL449685, ON058988 and ON058989, respectively. The lengths of the four mitochondrial genomes ranged from 14,903 to 14,909 bp. The composition and order of genes of the four mitochondrial genomes were identical to the published mitochondrial genome of Scutigera coleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Scutigeromorpha: Scutigerdae). It was the first time that the tandem repeats in the control region were detected in Scutigeromorpha. We also calculated the corrected pairwise genetic distance of four complete mitochondrial genomes of T. tuberculata, ranging from 7.7 to 15.2%. The results showed that the T.tuberculata NC belonged to the typical sample of T. tuberculata, and T. tuberculata DL was hypothesized as a cryptic species of T. tuberculata. Meanwhile, T. tuberculata NY and T. tuberculata JN were hypothesized as potential cryptic species of T. tuberculata in this study. In both BI and ML trees, the monophyly of Scutigeromorpha, Scolopendromorpha, Geophilomorpha, and Lithobiomorpha was forcefully advocated. Moreover, Scutigeromorpha was recovered as the sister clade of (Scolopendromorpha + (Lithobiomorpha + Geophilomorpha)). Four specimens of T. tuberculata were clustered into one clade, which was the sister to the clade of S. coleoptrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Y.-M.Y.); (Y.-J.L.); (Y.-M.Z.); (W.-T.J.)
| | - Li-Hua Zhang
- Taishun County Forestry Bureau, Wenzhou 325599, China;
| | - Yi-Jie Lin
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Y.-M.Y.); (Y.-J.L.); (Y.-M.Z.); (W.-T.J.)
| | - Yi-Meng Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Y.-M.Y.); (Y.-J.L.); (Y.-M.Z.); (W.-T.J.)
| | - Wan-Ting Jin
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Y.-M.Y.); (Y.-J.L.); (Y.-M.Z.); (W.-T.J.)
| | - Kenneth B. Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Dan-Na Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Y.-M.Y.); (Y.-J.L.); (Y.-M.Z.); (W.-T.J.)
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Correspondence: (D.-N.Y.); or (J.-Y.Z.)
| | - Jia-Yong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Y.-M.Y.); (Y.-J.L.); (Y.-M.Z.); (W.-T.J.)
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Correspondence: (D.-N.Y.); or (J.-Y.Z.)
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Ding J, Lan H, Xu W, Chen Y, Wu H, Jiang H, Wang J, Wu Y, Liu H. Two complete mitochondrial genomes in Scolopendra and a comparative analysis of tRNA rearrangements in centipedes. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:6173-6180. [PMID: 35411482 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Centipedes are one of the oldest terrestrial arthropods belonging to the sub phylum Myriapoda. With the expansion of our understanding of the application of the two centipedes Scolopendra morsitans and Scolopendra hainanum, belonging to the order Scolopendromorpha, an exhaustive classification was required. Although consensus has been reached on the phylogeny of Chilopoda based on morphological traits, recent analyses based on molecular data exhibited differences in results. METHODS AND RESULTS The mitochondrial genome sequences of S. morsitans and S. hainanum were obtained by next-generation sequencing. S. morsitans contains 13 PCGs, two rRNAs, 11 tRNAs, and one CR. whereas S. hainanum contains 12 PCGs, of which ATP8 remains unpredicted, two rRNAs, 14 tRNAs, and one CR. An obvious tRNA rearrangement was found in the genus Scolopendra. S. morsitans exhibited a loss of trnW, trnC, trnI, trnK, trnD, trnA, trnN, trnQ, trnF, trnT, trnS, trnL, and trnV, and a repeat of trnR and trnL. S. hainanum exhibited a loss of trnQ, trnC, trnW, trnI, trnD, trnQ, trnP, and trnV. Phylogenetic analyses of centipedes based on 12 PCGs supported the sister relationship between the orders Geophilomorpha and Lithobiomorpha and a close relationship between Scolopendra dehaani and S. hainanum. CONCLUSIONS The new mitogenomes determined in this study provide new genomic resources for gene rearrangements and contribute to the understanding of the evolution of gene rearrangement in Chilopoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Ding
- The Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Lan
- Department of Agriculture, Zhejiang Open University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Wei Xu
- The Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Chen
- The Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wu
- The Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoming Jiang
- The Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- The Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbo Wu
- The Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyi Liu
- The Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Zuo Q, Zhang Z, Shen Y. Novel mitochondrial gene rearrangements pattern in the millipede Polydesmus sp. GZCS-2019 and phylogenetic analysis of the Myriapoda. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8764. [PMID: 35356579 PMCID: PMC8948135 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The subphylum Myriapoda included four extant classes (Chilopoda, Symphyla, Diplopoda, and Pauropoda). Due to the limitation of taxon sampling, the phylogenetic relationships within Myriapoda remained contentious, especially for Diplopoda. Herein, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of Polydesmus sp. GZCS-2019 (Myriapoda: Polydesmida) and the mitochondrial genomes are circular molecules of 15,036 bp, with all genes encoded on + strand. The A+T content is 66.1%, making the chain asymmetric, and exhibits negative AT-skew (-0.236). Several genes rearrangements were detected and we propose a new rearrangement model: "TD (N\R) L + C" based on the genome-scale duplication + (non-random/random) loss + recombination. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that Chilopoda and Symphyla both were monophyletic group, whereas Pauropoda was embedded in Diplopoda to form the Dignatha. Divergence time showed the first split of Myriapoda occurred between the Chilopoda and other classes (Wenlock period of Silurian). We combine phylogenetic analysis, divergence time, and gene arrangement to yield valuable insights into the evolutionary history and classification relationship of Myriapoda and these results support a monophyletic Progoneata and the relationship (Chilopoda + (Symphyla + (Diplopoda + Pauropoda))) within myriapod. Our results help to better explain the gene rearrangement events of the invertebrate mitogenome and lay the foundation for further phylogenetic study of Myriapoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education)School of Life SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education)School of Life SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yanjun Shen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal BiologySchool of Life SciencesChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
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Hu C, Wang S, Huang B, Liu H, Xu L, Zhigang Hu, Liu Y. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Scolopendra mutilans L. Koch, 1878 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae), with a comparative analysis of other centipede genomes. Zookeys 2020; 925:73-88. [PMID: 32390741 PMCID: PMC7197263 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.925.47820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scolopendramutilans L. Koch, 1878 is an important Chinese animal with thousands of years of medicinal history. However, the genomic information of this species is limited, which hinders its further application. Here, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of S.mutilans was sequenced and assembled by next-generation sequencing. The genome is 15,011 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 14 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. Most PCGs start with the ATN initiation codon, and all PCGs have the conventional stop codons TAA and TAG. The S.mutilans mitogenome revealed nine simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and an obviously lower GC content compared with other seven centipede mitogenomes previously sequenced. After analysis of homologous regions between the eight centipede mitogenomes, the S.mutilans mitogenome further showed clear genomic rearrangements. The phylogenetic analysis of eight centipedes using 13 conserved PCG genes was finally performed. The phylogenetic reconstructions showed Scutigeromorpha as a separate group, and Scolopendromorpha in a sister-group relationship with Lithobiomorpha and Geophilomorpha. Collectively, the S.mutilans mitogenome provided new genomic resources, which will improve its medicinal research and applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhigang Hu
- College of Pharmacy.,Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, China
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Cabanillas D. Primera cita de <em>Strigamia maritima</em> (Leach, 1817) (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Linotaeniidae) en España. GRAELLSIA 2020. [DOI: 10.3989/graellsia.2020.v76.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
En este informe se describe la primera cita de Strigamia maritima (Leach, 1817) en la península ibérica, encontrándose la especie en la ría del Eo localizada en el noroeste de Asturias (norte de España). Se comentan características morfológicas y ecológicas de S. maritima y se proporcionan claves de identificación ilustradas de las especies de Strigamia Gray, 1843 presentes en la península ibérica.
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Pons J, Bover P, Bidegaray-Batista L, Arnedo MA. Arm-less mitochondrial tRNAs conserved for over 30 millions of years in spiders. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:665. [PMID: 31438844 PMCID: PMC6706885 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has accelerated the generation of full mitogenomes, providing abundant material for studying different aspects of molecular evolution. Some mitogenomes have been observed to harbor atypical sequences with bizarre secondary structures, which origins and significance could only be fully understood in an evolutionary framework. RESULTS Here we report and analyze the mitochondrial sequences and gene arrangements of six closely related spiders in the sister genera Parachtes and Harpactocrates, which belong to the nocturnal, ground dwelling family Dysderidae. Species of both genera have compacted mitogenomes with many overlapping genes and strikingly reduced tRNAs that are among the shortest described within metazoans. Thanks to the conservation of the gene order and the nucleotide identity across close relatives, we were able to predict the secondary structures even on arm-less tRNAs, which would be otherwise unattainable for a single species. They exhibit aberrant secondary structures with the lack of either DHU or TΨC arms and many miss-pairings in the acceptor arm but this degeneracy trend goes even further since at least four tRNAs are arm-less in the six spider species studied. CONCLUSIONS The conservation of at least four arm-less tRNA genes in two sister spider genera for about 30 myr suggest that these genes are still encoding fully functional tRNAs though they may be post-transcriptionally edited to be fully functional as previously described in other species. We suggest that the presence of overlapping and truncated tRNA genes may be related and explains why spider mitogenomes are smaller than those of other invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Pons
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC-UIB), Miquel Marquès, 21, 07190 Esporles, Illes Balears Spain
| | - Pere Bover
- ARAID Foundation – IUCA Grupo-Aragosaurus, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12 -, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Leticia Bidegaray-Batista
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600 Montevideo, CP Uruguay
| | - Miquel A. Arnedo
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals & Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-8028 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
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Yang C, Li XJ, Yuan H, Shen J, Yang MX. Complete mitochondrial genome of Sellanucheza jaegeri Golovatch, 2013 by next generation sequencing (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) and phylogenetic analysis in Diplopoda. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2018; 3:603-604. [PMID: 33474258 PMCID: PMC7799721 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2018.1473729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogenome of Sellanucheza jaegeri was 15,623 bp long, revealed the same gene order to that of typical Polydesmida. Both the tRNASer(AGN) and tRNASer(UCN) lacked the DHU arms. No tandem repeat was found in two control regions. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Sphaerotheriida was so antiquity that divided out earlier than others. We supported that Polydesmida had a relatively systematic affinity between Julida and Playtdesmida, and suggested that the interordinal phylogenetic relationships within Diplopoda should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi’an, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xue-Juan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi’an, China
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The mitochondrial genome of the oribatid mite Paraleius leontonychus: new insights into tRNA evolution and phylogenetic relationships in acariform mites. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7558. [PMID: 29765106 PMCID: PMC5954100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilaterian mitochondrial (mt) genomes are circular molecules that typically contain 37 genes. To date, only a single complete mitogenome sequence is available for the species-rich sarcoptiform mite order Oribatida. We sequenced the mitogenome of Paraleius leontonychus, another species of this suborder. It is 14,186 bp long and contains 35 genes, including only 20 tRNAs, lacking tRNAGly and tRNATyr. Re-annotation of the mitogenome of Steganacarus magnus increased the number of mt tRNAs for this species to 12. As typical for acariform mites, many tRNAs are highly truncated in both oribatid species. The total number of tRNAs and the number of tRNAs with a complete cloverleaf-like structure in P. leontonychus, however, clearly exceeds the numbers previously reported for Sarcoptiformes. This indicates, contrary to what has been previously assumed, that reduction of tRNAs is not a general characteristic for sarcoptiform mites. Compared to other Sarcoptiformes, the two oribatid species have the least rearranged mt genome with respect to the pattern observed in Limulus polyphemus, a basal arachnid species. Phylogenetic analysis of the newly sequenced mt genome and previously published data on other acariform mites confirms paraphyly of the Oribatida and an origin of the Astigmata within the Oribatida.
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Bonato L, Bortolin F, Drago L, Orlando M, Dányi L. Evolution ofStrigamiacentipedes (Chilopoda): a first molecular assessment of phylogeny and divergence times. ZOOL SCR 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Bonato
- Department of Biology; University of Padova; via Bassi 58B Padova I-35131 Italy
| | - Francesca Bortolin
- Department of Biology; University of Padova; via Bassi 58B Padova I-35131 Italy
| | - Leandro Drago
- Department of Biology; University of Padova; via Bassi 58B Padova I-35131 Italy
| | - Marco Orlando
- Department of Biology; University of Padova; via Bassi 58B Padova I-35131 Italy
| | - László Dányi
- Department of Zoology; Hungarian Natural History Museum; Baross u. 13 Budapest H-1088 Hungary
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Dong Y, Zhu L, Bai Y, Ou Y, Wang C. Complete mitochondrial genomes of two flat-backed millipedes by next-generation sequencing (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). Zookeys 2017:1-20. [PMID: 28138271 PMCID: PMC5240118 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.637.9909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A lack of mitochondrial genome data from myriapods is hampering progress across genetic, systematic, phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. Here, the complete mitochondrial genomes of two millipedes, Asiomorphacoarctata Saussure, 1860 (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) and Xystodesmus sp. (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae) were assembled with high coverage using Illumina sequencing data. The mitochondrial genomes of the two newly sequenced species are circular molecules of 15,644 bp and 15,791 bp, within which the typical mitochondrial genome complement of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs and two ribosomal RNA genes could be identified. The mitochondrial genome of Asiomorphacoarctata is the first complete sequence in the family Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda: Polydesmida) and the gene order of the two flat-backed millipedes is novel among known myriapod mitochondrial genomes. Unique translocations have occurred, including inversion of one half of the two genomes with respect to other millipede genomes. Inversion of the entire side of a genome (trnF-nad5-trnH-nad4-nad4L, trnP, nad1-trnL2-trnL1-rrnL-trnV-rrnS, trnQ, trnC and trnY) could constitute a common event in the order Polydesmida. Last, our phylogenetic analyses recovered the monophyletic Progoneata, subphylum Myriapoda and four internal classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Yu Bai
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Yongyue Ou
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Changbao Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
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