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Huang C, Yu X, Shi C, Wang M, Li A, Wang F. Pyrroloquinoline quinone supplementation attenuates inflammatory liver injury by STAT3/TGF-β1 pathway in weaned piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1352-1361. [PMID: 38155410 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed to evaluate the effect and underling mechanism of dietary supplementation with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) disodium on improving inflammatory liver injury in piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of seventy-two crossbred barrows were allotted into four groups as follows: the CTRL group (basal diet + saline injection); the PQQ group (3 mg/kg PQQ diet + saline injection); the CTRL + LPS group (basal diet + LPS injection) and the PQQ + LPS group (3 mg/kg PQQ diet + LPS injection). On days 7, 11 and 14, piglets were challenged with LPS or saline. Blood was sampled at 4 h after the last LPS injection (day 14), and then the piglets were slaughtered and liver tissue was harvested. The results showed that the hepatic morphology was improved in the PQQ + LPS group compared with the CTRL + LPS group. PQQ supplementation decreased the level of serum inflammatory factors, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase, and increased the HDL-cholesterol concentration in piglets challenged with LPS; piglets in the PQQ + LPS group had lower liver mRNA level of inflammatory factors and protein level of α-smooth muscle actin than in the CTRL + LPS group. Besides, mRNA expression of STAT3/TGF-β1 pathway and protein level of p-STAT3(Tyr 705) were decreased, and mRNA level of PPARα and protein expression of p-AMPK in liver were increased in the PQQ + LPS group compared with the CTRL + LPS group (P < 0·05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with PQQ alleviated inflammatory liver injury might partly via inhibition of the STAT3/TGF-β1 pathway in piglets challenged with LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Huang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanci Yu
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Shi
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengshi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Li
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglai Wang
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People's Republic of China
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2
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Chao C, Hsiao S, Kao W, Chiou P, Huang C, Wang M, Chen P. Pyrroloquinoline quinone ameliorates PM2.5-induced pulmonary fibrosis through targeting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18299. [PMID: 38613355 PMCID: PMC11015390 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disorder affecting the lungs that involves the overexpressed extracellular matrix, scarring and stiffening of tissue. The repair of lung tissue after injury relies heavily on Type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEII), and repeated damage to these cells is a crucial factor in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Studies have demonstrated that chronic exposure to PM2.5, a form of air pollution, leads to an increase in the incidence and severity of pulmonary fibrosis by stimulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung epithelial cells. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a bioactive compound found naturally that exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. The mechanism by which PQQ prevents pulmonary fibrosis caused by exposure to PM2.5 through EMT has not been thoroughly discussed until now. In the current study, we discovered that PQQ successfully prevented PM2.5-induced pulmonary fibrosis by targeting EMT. The results indicated that PQQ was able to inhibit the expression of type I collagen, a well-known fibrosis marker, in AEII cells subjected to long-term PM2.5 exposure. We also found the alterations of cellular structure and EMT marker expression in AEII cells with PM2.5 incubation, which were reduced by PQQ treatment. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to PM2.5 considerably reduced cell migratory ability, but PQQ treatment helped in reducing it. In vivo animal experiments indicated that PQQ could reduce EMT markers and enhance pulmonary function. Overall, these results imply that PQQ might be useful in clinical settings to prevent pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐Chia Chao
- Department of Respiratory TherapyFu Jen Catholic UniversityNew TaipeiTaiwan
| | - Sheng‐Yen Hsiao
- Division of Hematology‐Oncology, Department of Internal MedicineChi Mei Medical CenterTainanTaiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
- Department of NursingChung Hwa University of Medical TechnologyTainanTaiwan
| | - Wan‐Chen Kao
- Division of Hematology‐Oncology, Department of Internal MedicineChi Mei Medical CenterTainanTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Chen Chiou
- Department of Respiratory TherapyFu Jen Catholic UniversityNew TaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chieh‐Chen Huang
- Department of Life SciencesNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Mei‐Ting Wang
- Division of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationFu Jen Catholic University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
| | - Po‐Chun Chen
- School of Life ScienceNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Translational medicine centerShin‐Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchChina Medical University Hospital, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
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3
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Sharma S, Le Guillou D, Chen JY. Cellular stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:662-678. [PMID: 37679454 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The burden of chronic liver disease is rising substantially worldwide. Fibrosis, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, is the common pathway leading to cirrhosis, and limited treatment options are available. There is increasing evidence suggesting the role of cellular stress responses contributing to fibrogenesis. This Review provides an overview of studies that analyse the role of cellular stress in different cell types involved in fibrogenesis, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dounia Le Guillou
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- The Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Lv X, Gao P, Zhao X, Jiang Z. Metal-Free Construction of Multisubstituted Indolizines via Intramolecular Amination of Allylic Alcohols. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37229619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An intramolecular amination of allylic alcohols is developed as an efficient and general access to biologically important multisubstituted indolizines and their variants. Two metal-free synthetic platforms including using aqueous hydrochloric acid solution as the solvent and p-toluenesulfonic acid as the catalyst have been established, enabling the divergent synthesis of these valuable compounds in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Lv
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, People's Republic of China
| | - Penghui Gao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, People's Republic of China
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People's Republic of China
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5
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Qu X, Zhai B, Liu Y, Chen Y, Xie Z, Wang Q, Wu Y, Liu Z, Chen J, Mei S, Wu J, You Z, Yu Y, Wang Y. Pyrroloquinoline quinone ameliorates renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting the pyroptosis pathway in C57BL/6 mice and human kidney 2 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112998. [PMID: 35489281 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), which is characterized by renal fibrosis, is a major complication of diabetes, a disease that afflicted more than 460 million people worldwide in 2019. Pyroptosis is an essential signaling pathway in DN-related injuries, such as renal fibrosis. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a naturally occurring bioactive compound that protects human kidney 2 (HK-2) cells from oxidative stress-induced damage caused by high glucose concentrations. However, the nature and underlying mechanism of the effect of PQQ on DN-related renal fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated whether PQQ has potential protective effects against renal fibrosis due to DN by establishing type 1 diabetes in mice via streptozotocin treatment and then inhibiting their pyroptosis signaling pathway. We found that compared to control mice, the area of renal fibrosis and injury were significantly increased in diabetic mice, and this was accompanied by increased levels of expression of collagen Ⅰ and transforming growth factor-β1; increased concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α; and activation of the pyroptosis pathway components nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18. All of these changes were reversed by PQQ treatment. Analogously, we treated cultured HK-2 cells with a high concentration of glucose (35 mmol/L), which caused these cells to exhibit significantly increased concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phosphorylated (p)-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), p-IkappaB, NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18, and the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. However, PQQ treatment significantly blunted these effects. In conclusion, in this study we demonstrated that PQQ attenuates renal fibrosis by alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction, reducing ROS production, and inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB/pyroptosis pathway under conditions of DN and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Qu
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Tianmushan Road 182th, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Bingzhong Zhai
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Tianmushan Road 182th, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yifeng Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Tianmushan Road 182th, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yihao Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Tianmushan Road 182th, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zemi Xie
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Tianmushan Road 182th, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qinxi Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Tianmushan Road 182th, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yuejin Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Tianmushan Road 182th, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Tianmushan Road 182th, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Tianmushan Road 182th, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Song Mei
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Tianmushan Road 182th, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Tianmushan Road 182th, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhenqiang You
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Tianmushan Road 182th, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yongjie Yu
- Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Chengdong Road 208th, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Tianmushan Road 182th, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Dai X, Yi X, Wang Y, Xia W, Tao J, Wu J, Miao D, Chen L. PQQ Dietary Supplementation Prevents Alkylating Agent-Induced Ovarian Dysfunction in Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:781404. [PMID: 35340329 PMCID: PMC8948422 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.781404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkylating agents (AAs) that are commonly used for cancer therapy cause great damage to the ovary. Pyrroloquinoline-quinine (PQQ), which was initially identified as a redox cofactor for bacterial dehydrogenases, has been demonstrated to benefit the fertility of females. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PQQ dietary supplementation plays a protective role against alkylating agent-induced ovarian dysfunction. A single dose of busulphan (20 mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide (CTX, 120 mg/kg) were used to establish a mouse model of ovarian dysfunction. Feed containing PQQNa2 (5 mg/kg) was provided starting 1 week before the establishment of the mouse model until the date of sacrifice. One month later, estrous cycle period of mice were examined and recorded for consecutive 30 days. Three months later, some mice were mated with fertile male mice for fertility test. The remaining mice were sacrificed to collect serum samples and ovaries. One day before sacrifice, some mice received a single injection of BrdU to label proliferating cells. Serum samples were used for test hormonal levels. Ovaries were weighted and used to detect follicle counts, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and cell senescence. In addition, the levels of inflammation, oxidative damage and Pgc1α expression were detected in ovaries. Results showed that PQQ treatment increased the ovarian weight and size, partially normalized the disrupted estrous cycle period and prevented the loss of follicles of mice treated with AAs. More importantly, we found that PQQ treatment significantly increased the pregnancy rate and litter size per delivery of mice treated with AAs. The protective effects of PQQ appeared to be directly mediated by promoting cell proliferation of granulosa, and inhibiting cell apoptosis of granulosa and cell senescence of ovarian stromal cells. The underlying mechanisms may attribute to the anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and pro-mitochondria biogenesis effects of PQQ.Our study highlights the therapeutic potential of PQQ against ovarian dysfunction caused by alkylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuliang Dai
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiangjiao Yi
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Tao
- Disease & Population (DaP) Geninfo Lab, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wu
- The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Chen, ; Dengshun Miao, ; Jun Wu,
| | - Dengshun Miao
- The Research Center for Aging, Affiliated Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Chen, ; Dengshun Miao, ; Jun Wu,
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Chen, ; Dengshun Miao, ; Jun Wu,
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Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are resident non-parenchymal liver pericytes whose plasticity enables them to regulate a remarkable range of physiologic and pathologic responses. To support their functions in health and disease, HSCs engage pathways regulating carbohydrate, mitochondrial, lipid, and retinoid homeostasis. In chronic liver injury, HSCs drive hepatic fibrosis and are implicated in inflammation and cancer. To do so, the cells activate, or transdifferentiate, from a quiescent state into proliferative, motile myofibroblasts that secrete extracellular matrix, which demands rapid adaptation to meet a heightened energy need. Adaptations include reprogramming of central carbon metabolism, enhanced mitochondrial number and activity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and liberation of free fatty acids through autophagy-dependent hydrolysis of retinyl esters that are stored in cytoplasmic droplets. As an archetype for pericytes in other tissues, recognition of the HSC's metabolic drivers and vulnerabilities offer the potential to target these pathways therapeutically to enhance parenchymal growth and modulate repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Trivedi
- Division of Liver Diseases, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shuang Wang
- Division of Liver Diseases, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Thompson MD. Developmental Programming of NAFLD by Parental Obesity. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:1392-1403. [PMID: 33024911 PMCID: PMC7527686 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The surge of obesity across generations has become an increasingly relevant issue, with consequences for associated comorbidities in offspring. Data from longitudinal birth cohort studies support an association between maternal obesity and offspring nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), suggesting that perinatal obesity or obesogenic diet exposure reprograms offspring liver and increases NAFLD susceptibility. In preclinical models, offspring exposed to maternal obesogenic diet have increased hepatic steatosis after diet-induced obesity; however, the implications for later NAFLD development and progression are still unclear. Although some models show increased NAFLD incidence and progression in offspring, development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with fibrosis may be model dependent. Multigenerational programming of NAFLD phenotypes occurs after maternal obesogenic diet exposure; however, the mechanisms for such programming remain poorly understood. Likewise, emerging data on the role of paternal obesity in offspring NAFLD development reveal incomplete mechanisms. This review will explore the impact of parental obesity and obesogenic diet exposure on offspring NAFLD and areas for further investigation, including the impact of parental diet on disease progression, and consider potential interventions in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMO
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9
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Li S, Li H, Xu X, Saw PE, Zhang L. Nanocarrier-mediated antioxidant delivery for liver diseases. Theranostics 2020; 10:1262-1280. [PMID: 31938064 PMCID: PMC6956819 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver is the principal detoxifying organ and metabolizes various compounds that produce free radicals (FR) constantly. To maintain the oxidative/antioxidative balance in the liver, antioxidants would scavenge FR by preventing tissue damage through FR formation, scavenging, or by enhancing their decomposition. The disruption of this balance therefore leads to oxidative stress and in turn leads to the onset of various diseases. Supplying the liver with exogeneous antioxidants is an effective way to recreate the oxidative/antioxidative balance in the liver homeostasis. Nevertheless, due to the short half-life and instability of antioxidants in circulation, the methodology for delivering antioxidants to the liver needs to be improved. Nanocarrier mediated delivery of antioxidants proved to be an ingenious way to safely and efficiently deliver a high payload of antioxidants into the liver for circumventing liver diseases. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the role of reactive oxygen species (oxidant) and ROS scavengers (antioxidant) in liver diseases. Subsequently, current nanocarrier mediated antioxidant delivery methods for liver diseases are discussed.
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Shi L, Jiang L, Zhang X, Yang G, Zhang C, Yao X, Wu X, Fu M, Sun X, Liu X. Pyrroloquinoline quinone protected autophagy-dependent apoptosis induced by mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in INS-1 cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 39:194-211. [PMID: 31661991 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119882983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is the main metabolite of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in organisms and is commonly used as a plasticizer. Exposure to DEHP impairs the function of islet beta cells (INS-1 cells), which is related to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. At present, some research data have also confirmed that MEHP has a certain damage effect on INS-1 cells. In our experiment, we found that MEHP would lead to the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the upregulation of autophagy. And downregulated ROS production by N-acetyl-L-cysteine could also reduce autophagy. In addition, MEHP-induced lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP) subsequently released cathepsin D. Additionally, MEHP induced the collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and release of cytochrome c. Addition of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine relieved MEHP-induced apoptosis as assessed by the expression of cleaved caspase 3, cleaved caspase 9, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay, indicating that MEHP-induced apoptosis was autophagy dependent. Cathepsin D inhibitor, pepstatin A, suppressed MEHP-induced mitochondria release of cytochrome c and apoptosis as well. Meanwhile, pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a new B vitamin, improved the above phenomenon. Taken together, our results indicate that MEHP induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis in INS-1 cells by lysosomal-mitochondrial axis. PQQ improved this process by downregulating ROS and provided a degree of protection. Our study provides a new perspective for MEHP on the cytotoxic mechanism and PQQ protection in INS-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - L Jiang
- Preventive Medicine Laboratory, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - G Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - X Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - X Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - M Fu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - X Sun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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11
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Yeh Y, Liang C, Chen M, Tsai F, Lin Y, Lee M, Wu J, Kuo C. Apoptotic effects of hsian-tsao ( Mesona procumbens Hemsley) on hepatic stellate cells mediated by reactive oxygen species and ERK, JNK, and caspase-3 pathways. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1891-1898. [PMID: 31139404 PMCID: PMC6526671 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is an important step in the progress of liver fibrosis. Fibrosis can be impeded by HSC reversion to a quiescent state or HSC clearance through apoptosis. To investigate the apoptotic effects of hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Hemsl) on human HSCs, the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were assessed using Western blotting, and the caspase-3 activity was measured using caspase-3/CPP32 colorimetric assay kit. Hsian-tsao extract (HTE) increased the activity of caspase-3 and the level of activated caspase-3, indicating the activation of apoptosis. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level increased in a dose-dependent manner. This increase was prevented by an antioxidant, suggesting that HTE induces ROS accumulation. In addition, we found that HTE induced the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases JNK and p38. These collective data indicate that HTE induces apoptosis via ROS production through the p38, JNK, and caspase-3-dependent pathways. HTE may decrease HSC activation in liver fibrosis and may have a therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung‐Hsiang Yeh
- Division of GastroenterologyChang Bing Show Chwan Memorial HospitalChanghuaTaiwan
| | - Chun‐Ya Liang
- Department of Medical Research and DevelopmentChang Bing Show Chwan Memorial HospitalChanghuaTaiwan
| | - Mao‐Liang Chen
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical FoundationNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Fu‐Ming Tsai
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical FoundationNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Ying Lin
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical FoundationNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Ming‐Cheng Lee
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical FoundationNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Jiunn‐Sheng Wu
- Division of Infectious DiseasesTaipei Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical FoundationNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Chan‐Yen Kuo
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical FoundationNew Taipei CityTaiwan
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12
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Current Models of Fatty Liver Disease; New Insights, Therapeutic Targets and Interventions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1134:33-58. [PMID: 30919331 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12668-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of disorders ranging from simple steatosis to steatosis with inflammation and fibrosis. NAFLD is currently the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, with a global prevalence of 25%, and is soon projected to be the leading cause for liver transplantation in the US. Alarmingly, few effective pharmacotherapeutic approaches are currently available to block or attenuate development and progression of NAFLD. Preclinical models are critical for unraveling the complex and multi-factorial etiology of NAFLD and for testing potential therapeutics. Here we review preclinical models that have been instrumental in highlighting molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NAFLD and in facilitating early proof-of-concept investigations into novel intervention strategies.
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Friedman JE, Dobrinskikh E, Alfonso-Garcia A, Fast A, Janssen RC, Soderborg TK, Anderson AL, Reisz JA, D'Alessandro A, Frank DN, Robertson CE, de la Houssaye BA, Johnson LK, Orlicky DJ, Wang XX, Levi M, Potma EO, El Kasmi KC, Jonscher KR. Pyrroloquinoline quinone prevents developmental programming of microbial dysbiosis and macrophage polarization to attenuate liver fibrosis in offspring of obese mice. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:313-328. [PMID: 29507905 PMCID: PMC5831029 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, evidence suggests that exposure to maternal obesity creates an inflammatory environment in utero, exerting long‐lasting postnatal signatures on the juvenile innate immune system and microbiome that may predispose offspring to development of fatty liver disease. We found that exposure to a maternal Western‐style diet (WD) accelerated fibrogenesis in the liver of offspring and was associated with early recruitment of proinflammatory macrophages at 8‐12 weeks and microbial dysbiosis as early as 3 weeks of age. We further demonstrated that bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) were polarized toward an inflammatory state at 8 weeks of age and that a potent antioxidant, pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), reversed BMDM metabolic reprogramming from glycolytic toward oxidative metabolism by restoring trichloroacetic acid cycle function at isocitrate dehydrogenase. This resulted in reduced inflammation and inhibited collagen fibril formation in the liver at 20 weeks of age, even when PQQ was withdrawn at 3 weeks of age. Beginning at 3 weeks of age, WD‐fed mice developed a decreased abundance of Parabacteroides and Lactobacillus, together with increased Ruminococcus and decreased tight junction gene expression by 20 weeks, whereas microbiota of mice exposed to PQQ retained compositional stability with age, which was associated with improved liver health. Conclusion: Exposure to a maternal WD induces early gut dysbiosis and disrupts intestinal tight junctions, resulting in BMDM polarization and induction of proinflammatory and profibrotic programs in the offspring that persist into adulthood. Disrupted macrophage and microbiota function can be attenuated by short‐term maternal treatment with PQQ prior to weaning, suggesting that reshaping the early gut microbiota in combination with reprogramming macrophages during early weaning may alleviate the sustained proinflammatory environment, preventing the rapid progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in offspring of obese mothers. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:313‐328)
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO
| | - Alba Alfonso-Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Beckman Laser Institute University of California Irvine, Irvine CA
| | - Alexander Fast
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Beckman Laser Institute University of California Irvine, Irvine CA
| | | | | | - Aimee L Anderson
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Digestive Disease Institute and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoxin X Wang
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO
| | - Moshe Levi
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO
| | - Eric O Potma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Beckman Laser Institute University of California Irvine, Irvine CA
| | - Karim C El Kasmi
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Digestive Disease Institute and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Karen R Jonscher
- Department of Anesthesiology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO
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Raghuvanshi R, Chaudhari A, Kumar GN. 2-Ketogluconic acid and pyrroloquinoline quinone secreting probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 as a dietary strategy against heavy metal induced damage in rats. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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15
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Protective Effects of Amarogentin against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050754. [PMID: 28481234 PMCID: PMC6154739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amarogentin, a secoiridoid glycoside that is mainly extracted from Swertia and Gentiana roots, has been suggested to exhibit many biological effects, including anti-oxidative, anti-tumour, and anti-diabetic activities. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of amarogentin on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in vivo and the underlying mechanism. Fibrosis was induced by subcutaneous injections of 6 mL/kg of 20% carbon tetrachloride (dissolved in olive oil) twice per week for seven weeks. Mice were orally treated with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg amarogentin and with colchicine as a positive control. Biochemical assays and histopathological investigations showed that amarogentin delayed the formation of liver fibrosis; decreased alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, malondialdehyde and hydroxyproline levels; and increased albumin, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase levels. Moreover, amarogentin exhibited downregulation of α-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor-β₁ levels in immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. The levels of phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 were also significantly reduced in all amarogentin-treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. These findings demonstrated that amarogentin exerted significant hepatoprotective effects against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice and suggested that the effect of amarogentin against liver fibrosis may be by anti-oxidative properties and suppressing the mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway.
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16
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Shen C, Sun L, Zhu N, Qi F. Kindlin-1 contributes to EGF-induced re-epithelialization in skin wound healing. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:949-959. [PMID: 28290610 PMCID: PMC5360437 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The commercial use of epidermal growth factor (EGF) is extensive and has been shown to be effective for skin wound healing in clinical practice. There is evidence to indicate that the topical administration of EGF significantly accelerates re-epithelialization by promoting keratinocyte mitogenesis and migration following acute injury; however, the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. Thus, in this study, we focused on Kindlin-1, a four-point-one, ezrin, radixin, moesin (FERM)-domain-containing adaptor protein, and report its contribution to EGF-induced re-epithelialization in skin wound healing. In tissue samples, the expression of Kindlin-1 was induced upon EGF treatment compared to that in the natural healing group. In immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), we further proved that Kindlin-1 was necessary for mediating EGF-induced activation signals, including integrin β1 activation, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation and actin re-organization, which finally led to enhanced cell proliferation and migration. These results indicate that Kindlin-1 is essential in EGF-induced re-epithelialization in skin wound healing and provide additional rationale for the clinical application of EGF in the treatment of acute wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Shen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ningwen Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Fazhi Qi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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17
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She Y, Jiang L, Zheng L, Zuo H, Chen M, Sun X, Li Q, Geng C, Yang G, Jiang L, Liu X. The role of oxidative stress in DNA damage in pancreatic β cells induced by di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 265:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Jonscher KR, Stewart MS, Alfonso-Garcia A, DeFelice BC, Wang XX, Luo Y, Levi M, Heerwagen MJR, Janssen RC, de la Houssaye BA, Wiitala E, Florey G, Jonscher RL, Potma EO, Fiehn O, Friedman JE. Early PQQ supplementation has persistent long-term protective effects on developmental programming of hepatic lipotoxicity and inflammation in obese mice. FASEB J 2016; 31:1434-1448. [PMID: 28007783 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600906r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is widespread in adults and children. Early exposure to maternal obesity or Western-style diet (WD) increases steatosis and oxidative stress in fetal liver and is associated with lifetime disease risk in the offspring. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a natural antioxidant found in soil, enriched in human breast milk, and essential for development in mammals. We investigated whether a supplemental dose of PQQ, provided prenatally in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity during pregnancy, could protect obese offspring from progression of NAFLD. PQQ treatment given pre- and postnatally in WD-fed offspring had no effect on weight gain but increased metabolic flexibility while reducing body fat and liver lipids, compared with untreated obese offspring. Indices of NAFLD, including hepatic ceramide levels, oxidative stress, and expression of proinflammatory genes (Nos2, Nlrp3, Il6, and Ptgs2), were decreased in WD PQQ-fed mice, concomitant with increased expression of fatty acid oxidation genes and decreased Pparg expression. Notably, these changes persisted even after PQQ withdrawal at weaning. Our results suggest that supplementation with PQQ, particularly during pregnancy and lactation, protects offspring from WD-induced developmental programming of hepatic lipotoxicity and may help slow the advancing epidemic of NAFLD in the next generation.-Jonscher, K. R., Stewart, M. S., Alfonso-Garcia, A., DeFelice, B. C., Wang, X. X., Luo, Y., Levi, M., Heerwagen, M. J. R., Janssen, R. C., de la Houssaye, B. A., Wiitala, E., Florey, G., Jonscher, R. L., Potma, E. O., Fiehn, O. Friedman, J. E. Early PQQ supplementation has persistent long-term protective effects on developmental programming of hepatic lipotoxicity and inflammation in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Jonscher
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA;
| | - Michael S Stewart
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | | | - Brian C DeFelice
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Xiaoxin X Wang
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Moshe Levi
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Margaret J R Heerwagen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Rachel C Janssen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Becky A de la Houssaye
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Ellen Wiitala
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Garrett Florey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA; and
| | - Raleigh L Jonscher
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA; and
| | - Eric O Potma
- Beckman Laser Institute, and.,Department of Biomedical Engineering,University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA.,Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
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19
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Raghuvanshi R, Chaudhari A, Kumar GN. Amelioration of cadmium- and mercury-induced liver and kidney damage in rats by genetically engineered probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 producing pyrroloquinoline quinone with oral supplementation of citric acid. Nutrition 2016; 32:1285-94. [PMID: 27209211 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antioxidants, chelating agents, and probiotics are used to manage the toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg). The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of antioxidants, chelating agents, and probiotics against heavy metal toxicity. METHOD Genetically modified probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN-20) producing a potent water soluble antioxidant pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) was supplemented with oral citric acid and compared with another genetically modified probiotic EcN-21 producing PQQ and citric acid against oxidative stress induced by Cd and Hg. Rats were independently given 100 ppm Cd and 80 ppm Hg in drinking water for 4 wk. RESULTS EcN-20 was found to be more effective than EcN-2 (EcN strain with genomic integration of vgb and gfp genes) with orally given PQQ against oxidative stress induced by Cd and Hg. EcN-20 supplemented with oral citric acid was more effective against Cd and Hg toxicity compared with EcN-2+citric acid (oral), EcN-2+PQQ (oral), EcN-2+PQQ (oral)+citric acid (oral), EcN-20, and EcN-21. However, protection shown by EcN-21 was similar to EcN-20. CONCLUSION The combination therapy involving probiotic EcN-20 producing PQQ with citric acid given orally was found to be a moderately effective strategy against toxicity induced by Cd and Hg, whereas the protective effect of EcN-21 was the same as EcN-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruma Raghuvanshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat, India
| | - Archana Chaudhari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat, India
| | - G Naresh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat, India.
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20
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Liang S, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. The Role of NADPH Oxidases (NOXs) in Liver Fibrosis and the Activation of Myofibroblasts. Front Physiol 2016; 7:17. [PMID: 26869935 PMCID: PMC4735448 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury, resulted from different etiologies (e.g., virus infection, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cholestasis) can lead to liver fibrosis characterized by the excess accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (e.g., type I collagen). Hepatic myofibroblasts that are activated upon liver injury are the key producers of ECM proteins, contributing to both the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and to a lesser extent, portal fibroblast, are believed to be the precursor cells that give rise to hepatic myofibroblasts in response to liver injury. Although, much progress has been made toward dissecting the lineage origin of myofibroblasts, how these cells are activated and become functional producers of ECM proteins remains incompletely understood. Activation of myofibroblasts is a complex process that involves the interactions between parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, which drives the phenotypic change of HSCs from a quiescent stage to a myofibroblastic and active phenotype. Accumulating evidence has suggested a critical role of NADPH oxidase (NOX), a multi-component complex that catalyzes reactions from molecular oxygen to reactive oxygen species (ROS), in the activation process of hepatic myofibroblasts. NOX isoforms, including NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4, and NOX-derived ROS, have all been implicated to regulate HSC activation and hepatocyte apoptosis, both of which are essential steps for initiating liver fibrosis. This review highlights the importance of NOX isoforms in hepatic myofibroblast activation and the progression of liver fibrosis, and also discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting NOXs for liver fibrosis and associated hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
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21
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Zong DW, Guo CY, Cheng HT, Hu HT, Xiao JC, Li HL. Influence of lactulose on interventional therapy for HCC patients with hepatocirrhosis and hypersplenism. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:193-6. [PMID: 26919955 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of lactulose on immunity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with hepatocirrhosis and hypersplenism after double-interventional therapies. METHODS A total of 40 HCC patients with hepatocirrhosis and hypersplenism, hospitalized during January 2013 to June 2014, were enrolled and randomized into control group and observation group. Both groups received partial splenic embolization combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Besides, observation group orally took lactulose 30 mL/d. Four days before interventional therapies and at days 1, 3, 7 and 14 after therapies, fasting venous blood was collected to detect white blood cell count, red blood cell count (RBC), and platelet count (PLT). Four days before therapies and at days 7 and 14 after therapies, the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, total bilirubin, malondialdehyde, super-oxide dismutase (SOD), IFN-γ, and IL-4 as well as the distribution of T cell subsets in peripheral blood were tested. Complications were observed after interventional therapies. RESULTS Before interventional therapies the levels of white blood cell count, PLT and RBC in both groups showed no difference, while after interventional therapies the levels of PLT and RBC in both groups showed an increasing tendency (P < 0.05). At day 14 after interventional therapies, the level of blood cell as well as that of SOD, IFN-γ and IL-4 in serum were significantly higher than that before therapies; meanwhile, the levels of alanine aminotransferase and total bilirubin of observation group after therapies were significantly lower than before and control group (P < 0.05), the levels of CD4(+)/CD8(+), SOD and IFN-γ were all higher than before and control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of lactulose could adjust the imbalance of oxidation system/antioxidant system in HCC patients with hepatocirrhosis and hypersplenism after interventional therapies, and improve the antitumor immunity and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Wei Zong
- Department of Radiology Intervention, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Chen-Yang Guo
- Department of Radiology Intervention, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Hong-Tao Cheng
- Department of Radiology Intervention, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Hong-Tao Hu
- Department of Radiology Intervention, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Jin-Cheng Xiao
- Department of Radiology Intervention, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Hai-Liang Li
- Department of Radiology Intervention, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
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Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the pathological consequence of chronic liver diseases, where an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins occurs, concomitantly with the processes of repair and regeneration. It is characterized by increased production of matrix proteins, in particular collagens, and decreased matrix remodelling. The principal source of ECM accumulation is myofibroblasts (MFB). Most fibrogenic MFB are endogenous to the liver, coming from hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and portal fibroblasts. Dysregulated inflammatory responses have been associated with most (if not all) hepatotoxic insults and chronic oxidative stress play a role during the initial liver inflammatory phase and its progression to fibrosis. Redox-regulated processes are responsible for activation of HSC to MFB, as well as maintenance of the MFB function. Increased oxidative stress also induces hepatocyte apoptosis, which contributes to increase the liver injury and to transdifferentiate HSC to MFB, favouring the fibrogenic process. Mitochondria and other redox-active enzymes can generate superoxide and hydrogen peroxide as a by-product in liver cells. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates that NADPH oxidases (NOXs), which play a critical role in the inflammatory response, may contribute to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during liver fibrosis, being important players in HSC activation and hepatocyte apoptosis. Based on the knowledge of the pathogenic role of ROS, different strategies to prevent or reverse the oxidative damage have been developed to be used as therapeutic tools in liver fibrosis. This review will update all these concepts, highlighting the relevance of redox biology in chronic fibrogenic liver pathologies. Oxidative stress is a major cause for initiation/progression of liver fibrosis. Redox-regulated processes activate hepatic stellate cells to myofibroblasts. Increased oxidative stress induces hepatocyte apoptosis. NOX inhibitors are considered as a new strategy to prevent/reverse liver fibrosis. NADPH oxidases (NOX) have been involved in liver fibrogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Crosas-Molist
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences II, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain.
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