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Zhao Y, Wang S, Song X, Yuan J, Qi D, Gu X, Yin MY, Han Z, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Wei L, Wei ZZ. Glial Cell-Based Vascular Mechanisms and Transplantation Therapies in Brain Vessel and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:627682. [PMID: 33841101 PMCID: PMC8032950 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.627682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) with severe neurological/psychiatric symptoms, such as cerebrovascular pathology in AD, CAA, and chronic stroke, have brought greater attention with their incidence and prevalence having markedly increased over the past few years. Causes of the significant neuropathologies, especially those observed in neurological diseases in the CNS, are commonly believed to involve multiple factors such as an age, a total environment, genetics, and an immunity contributing to their progression, neuronal, and vascular injuries. We primarily focused on the studies of glial involvement/dysfunction in part with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the neurovascular unit (NVU) changes, and the vascular mechanisms, which have been both suggested as critical roles in chronic stroke and many other NDDs. It has been noted that glial cells including astrocytes (which outnumber other cell types in the CNS) essentially contribute more to the BBB integrity, extracellular homeostasis, neurotransmitter release, regulation of neurogenic niches in response to neuroinflammatory stimulus, and synaptic plasticity. In a recent study for NDDs utilizing cellular and molecular biology and genetic and pharmacological tools, the role of reactive astrocytes (RACs) and gliosis was demonstrated, able to trigger pathophysiological/psychopathological detrimental changes during the disease progression. We speculate, in particular, the BBB, the NVU, and changes of the astrocytes (potentially different populations from the RACs) not only interfere with neuronal development and synaptogenesis, but also generate oxidative damages, contribute to beta-amyloid clearances and disrupted vasculature, as well as lead to neuroinflammatory disorders. During the past several decades, stem cell therapy has been investigated with a research focus to target related neuro-/vascular pathologies (cell replacement and repair) and neurological/psychiatric symptoms (paracrine protection and homeostasis). Evidence shows that transplantation of neurogenic or vasculogenic cells could be achieved to pursue differentiation and maturation within the diseased brains as expected. It would be hoped that, via regulating functions of astrocytes, astrocytic involvement, and modulation of the BBB, the NVU and astrocytes should be among major targets for therapeutics against NDDs pathogenesis by drug and cell-based therapies. The non-invasive strategies in combination with stem cell transplantation such as the well-tested intranasal deliveries for drug and stem cells by our and many other groups show great translational potentials in NDDs. Neuroimaging and clinically relevant analyzing tools need to be evaluated in various NDDs brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhao
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Airport Hospital of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuanglin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Airport Hospital of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaopeng Song
- Mclean Imaging Center, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Junliang Yuan
- Mclean Imaging Center, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Qi
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael Yaoyao Yin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zhou Han
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhandong Liu
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbo Zhang
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zheng Zachory Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Emory Specialized Center of Sex Differences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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2
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Müller WE, Schröder HC, Wang X. Inorganic Polyphosphates As Storage for and Generator of Metabolic Energy in the Extracellular Matrix. Chem Rev 2019; 119:12337-12374. [PMID: 31738523 PMCID: PMC6935868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) consist of linear chains of orthophosphate residues, linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. They are evolutionarily old biopolymers that are present from bacteria to man. No other molecule concentrates as much (bio)chemically usable energy as polyP. However, the function and metabolism of this long-neglected polymer are scarcely known, especially in higher eukaryotes. In recent years, interest in polyP experienced a renaissance, beginning with the discovery of polyP as phosphate source in bone mineralization. Later, two discoveries placed polyP into the focus of regenerative medicine applications. First, polyP shows morphogenetic activity, i.e., induces cell differentiation via gene induction, and, second, acts as an energy storage and donor in the extracellular space. Studies on acidocalcisomes and mitochondria provided first insights into the enzymatic basis of eukaryotic polyP formation. In addition, a concerted action of alkaline phosphatase and adenylate kinase proved crucial for ADP/ATP generation from polyP. PolyP added extracellularly to mammalian cells resulted in a 3-fold increase of ATP. The importance and mechanism of this phosphotransfer reaction for energy-consuming processes in the extracellular matrix are discussed. This review aims to give a critical overview about the formation and function of this unique polymer that is capable of storing (bio)chemically useful energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E.G. Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator
Grant Research
Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz C. Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator
Grant Research
Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator
Grant Research
Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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3
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Cruz CS, Costa EP, Machado JA, Silva JN, Romeiro NC, Moraes J, Silva JR, Fonseca RN, Vaz IS, Logullo C, Campos E. A soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase from the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus capable of hydrolysing polyphosphates. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:260-267. [PMID: 29271528 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphates have been found in all cell types examined to date and play diverse roles depending on the cell type. In eukaryotic organisms, polyphosphates have been investigated mainly in mammalian cells, and only a few studies have addressed arthropods. Pyrophosphatases have been shown to regulate polyphosphate metabolism. However, these studies were restricted to trypanosomatids. Here we focus on the tick Rhipicephalus microplus, a haematophagous ectoparasite that is highly harmful to cattle. We produced a recombinant R. microplus pyrophosphatase (rRmPPase) with the aim of investigating its kinetic parameters using polyphosphates as substrate. Molecular docking assays of RmPPase with polyphosphates were also carried out. The kinetic and Hill coefficient parameters indicated that rRmPPase has a greater affinity, higher catalytic efficiency and increased cooperativity for sodium phosphate glass type 15 (polyP15 ) than for sodium tripolyphosphate (polyP3 ). Through molecular docking, we found that polyP3 binds close to the Mg2+ atoms in the catalytic region of the protein, participating in their coordination network, whereas polyP15 interactions involve negatively charged phosphate groups and basic amino acid residues, such as Lys56, Arg58 and Lys193; polyP15 has a more favourable theoretical binding affinity than polyP3 , thus supporting the kinetic data. This study shows, for the first time in arthropods, a pyrophosphatase with polyphosphatase activity, suggesting its participation in polyphosphate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Cruz
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica - Hatisaburo Masuda, UFRJ, NUPEM, São José do Barreto, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E P Costa
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos and Unidade de Experimentação Animal - CBB - UENF, Horto, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J A Machado
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos and Unidade de Experimentação Animal - CBB - UENF, Horto, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J N Silva
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos and Unidade de Experimentação Animal - CBB - UENF, Horto, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - N C Romeiro
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos and Unidade de Experimentação Animal - CBB - UENF, Horto, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J Moraes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica - Hatisaburo Masuda, UFRJ, NUPEM, São José do Barreto, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J R Silva
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica - Hatisaburo Masuda, UFRJ, NUPEM, São José do Barreto, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R N Fonseca
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica - Hatisaburo Masuda, UFRJ, NUPEM, São José do Barreto, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - I S Vaz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C Logullo
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos and Unidade de Experimentação Animal - CBB - UENF, Horto, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E Campos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica - Hatisaburo Masuda, UFRJ, NUPEM, São José do Barreto, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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4
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Enzymes of yeast polyphosphate metabolism: structure, enzymology and biological roles. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:234-9. [PMID: 26862210 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is found in all living organisms. The known polyP functions in eukaryotes range from osmoregulation and virulence in parasitic protozoa to modulating blood coagulation, inflammation, bone mineralization and cellular signalling in mammals. However mechanisms of regulation and even the identity of involved proteins in many cases remain obscure. Most of the insights obtained so far stem from studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we provide a short overview of the properties and functions of known yeast polyP metabolism enzymes and discuss future directions for polyP research.
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5
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Boetsch C, Aguayo-Villegas DR, Gonzalez-Nilo FD, Lisa ÁT, Beassoni PR. Putative binding mode of Escherichia coli exopolyphosphatase and polyphosphates based on a hybrid in silico/biochemical approach. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 606:64-72. [PMID: 27424154 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The exopolyphosphatase of Escherichia coli processively and completely hydrolyses long polyphosphate chains to ortho-phosphate. Genetic surveys, based on the analysis of single ppx(-) or ppk(-) mutants and on the double mutant, demonstrate a relationship between these genes and the survival capacity. The exopolyphosphatase belongs to the ASKHA protein superfamily, hence, its active site is well known; however, the knowledge of the way in which this enzyme binds polyP remains incomplete. Here we present different computational approaches, site-direct mutagenesis and kinetic data to understand the relationship between structure and function of exopolyphosphatase. We propose H(378) as a fundamental gatekeeper for the recognition of long chain polyphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristhian Boetsch
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | | | | | - Á Teresita Lisa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Paola R Beassoni
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina.
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6
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Wang X, Schröder HC, Müller WEG. Polyphosphate as a metabolic fuel in Metazoa: A foundational breakthrough invention for biomedical applications. Biotechnol J 2015; 11:11-30. [PMID: 26356505 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In animals, energy-rich molecules like ATP are generated in the intracellular compartment from metabolites, e.g. glucose, taken up by the cells. Recent results revealed that inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) can provide an extracellular system for energy transport and delivery. These polymers of multiple phosphate units, linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds, use blood platelets as transport vehicles to reach their target cells. In this review it is outlined how polyP affects cell metabolism. It is discussed that polyP influences cell activity in a dual way: (i) as a metabolic fuel transferring metabolic energy through the extracellular space; and (ii) as a signaling molecule that amplifies energy/ATP production in mitochondria. Several metabolic pathways are triggered by polyP, among them biomineralization/hydroxyapatite formation onto bone cells. The accumulation of polyP in the platelets allows long-distance transport of the polymer in the extracellular space. The discovery of polyP as metabolic fuel and signaling molecule initiated the development of novel techniques for encapsulation of polyP into nanoparticles. They facilitate cellular uptake of the polymer by receptor-mediated endocytosis and allow the development of novel strategies for therapy of metabolic diseases associated with deviations in energy metabolism or mitochondrial dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany.
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany.
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