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Grant S, Johnsen G, McKee D, Zolich A, Cohen JH. Spectral and RGB analysis of the light climate and its ecological impacts using an all-sky camera system in the Arctic. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:5139-5150. [PMID: 37707217 DOI: 10.1364/ao.480454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The ArcLight observatory provides an hourly continuous time series of all-sky images providing light climate data (intensity, spectral composition, and photoperiod) from the Arctic (Svalbard at 79°N). Until recently, no complete annual time series of light climate relevant for biological processes has been provided from the high Arctic because of insufficient sensitivity of commercial light sensors during the Polar Night. The ArcLight set up is unique, as it provides both all-sky images and the corresponding integrated spectral irradiance in the visible part of the solar electromagnetic spectrum (E P A R ). Here we present a further development providing hourly diel-annual dynamics from 2020 of the irradiance partitioned into the red, green, and blue parts of the solar spectrum and illustrate their relation to weather conditions, and sun and moon trajectories. We show that there is variation between the RGB proportions of irradiance throughout the year, with the blue part of the spectrum showing the greatest variation, which is dependent on weather conditions (i.e., cloud cover). We further provide an example of the biological impact of these spectral variations in the light climate using in vivo Chl a-specific absorption coefficients of diatoms (mean of six low light acclimated northern-Arctic bloom-forming species) to model total algal light absorption (AQ t o t a l ) and the corresponding fraction of quanta used by Photosystem II (AQPSII) (O 2 production) in RGB bands and the potential impacts on the photoreceptor response, suggesting periods where repair and maintenance functions dominate activity in the absence of appreciable levels of red or green light. The method used here can be applied to light climate data and spectral response data worldwide to give localized ecological models of AQ.
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Evidence of separate influence of moon and sun on light synchronization of mussel's daily rhythm during the polar night. iScience 2023; 26:106168. [PMID: 36876122 PMCID: PMC9978622 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms living at high latitudes are faced with a light climate that undergoes drastic annual changes, especially during the polar night (PN) when the sun remains below the horizon for months. This raises the question of a possible synchronization and entrainment of biological rhythms under the governance of light at very low intensities. We analyzed the rhythms of the mussel Mytilus sp. during PN. We show that (1) mussels expressed a rhythmic behavior during PN; (2) a monthly moonlight rhythm was expressed; (3) a daily rhythm was expressed and influenced by both sunlight and moonlight; and (4) depending on the different times of PN and moon cycle characteristics, we were able to discriminate whether the moon or the sun synchronize the daily rhythm. Our findings fuel the idea that the capability of moonlight to synchronize daily rhythms when sunlight is not sufficient would be a crucial advantage during PN.
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Häfker NS, Connan-McGinty S, Hobbs L, McKee D, Cohen JH, Last KS. Animal behavior is central in shaping the realized diel light niche. Commun Biol 2022; 5:562. [PMID: 35676530 PMCID: PMC9177748 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAnimal behavior in space and time is structured by the perceived day/night cycle. However, this is modified by the animals’ own movement within its habitat, creating a realized diel light niche (RDLN). To understand the RDLN, we investigated the light as experienced by zooplankton undergoing synchronized diel vertical migration (DVM) in an Arctic fjord around the spring equinox. We reveal a highly dampened light cycle with diel changes being about two orders of magnitude smaller compared to the surface or a static depth. The RDLN is further characterized by unique wavelength-specific irradiance cycles. We discuss the relevance of RDLNs for animal adaptations and interactions, as well as implications for circadian clock entrainment in the wild and laboratory.
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Minimizing Ecological Impacts of Marine Energy Lighting. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Marine energy is poised to become an important renewable energy contributor for the U.S., but widespread deployment of the technology hinges on its benefits outweighing the potential ecological impacts. One stressor marine energy installations introduce is light, which is known to cause varying responses among wildlife and has not yet been addressed as an environmental concern. This review discusses requirements and regulations for similar structures and how lighting design choices can be made to meet these requirements while minimizing environmental consequences. More practical guidance on implementing lighting for marine energy is needed, as well as updated guidelines to reflect technological and research advances. Known responses of wildlife to light are introduced in addition to how the responses of individuals may lead to ecosystem-level changes. The impact of light associated with marine energy installations can be reduced by following basic guidance provided herein, such as removing excess lighting, using lights with high directionality, and employing controls to reduce light levels. Continued research on animal responses to light, such as findings on minimum light levels for animal responses, alongside the development of highly-sensitivity spectral characterization capabilities can further inform lighting guidelines for deploying future open ocean marine energy devices.
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High abundances of small copepods early developmental stages and nauplii strengthen the perception of a non-dormant Arctic winter. Polar Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe traditional view is that the Arctic polar night is a quiescent period for marine life, but recent reports of high levels of feeding and reproduction in both pelagic and benthic taxa have challenged this. We examined the zooplankton community present in Svalbard fjords, coastal waters, and the shelf break north of Svalbard, during the polar night. We focused on the population structure of abundant copepods (Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis, Metridia longa, Oithona similis, Pseudocalanus spp., Microcalanus spp., and Microsetella norvegica) sampled using 64-µm mesh nets. Numerically, copepod nauplii (≥ 50%) and the young developmental stages of small copepods (< 2 mm prosome length as adult) dominated the samples. Three main patterns were identified: (1) large Calanus spp. were predominantly older copepodids CIV–CV, while (2) the small harpacticoid M. norvegica were adults. (3) For other species, all copepodid stages were present. Older copepodids and adults dominated populations of O. similis, Pseudocalanus spp. and M. longa. In Microcalanus spp., high proportion of young copepodids CI–CIII indicated active winter recruitment. We discuss the notion of winter as a developing and reproductive period for small copepods in light of observed age structures, presence of nauplii, and previous knowledge about the species. Lower predation risks during winter may, in part, explain why this season could be beneficial as a period for development. Winter may be a key season for development of small, omnivorous copepods in the Arctic, whereas large copepods such as Calanus spp. seems to be reliant on spring and summer for reproduction and development.
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Cohen JH, Last KS, Charpentier CL, Cottier F, Daase M, Hobbs L, Johnsen G, Berge J. Photophysiological cycles in Arctic krill are entrained by weak midday twilight during the Polar Night. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001413. [PMID: 34665816 PMCID: PMC8525745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light plays a fundamental role in the ecology of organisms in nearly all habitats on Earth and is central for processes such as vision and the entrainment of the circadian clock. The poles represent extreme light regimes with an annual light cycle including periods of Midnight Sun and Polar Night. The Arctic Ocean extends to the North Pole, and marine light extremes reach their maximum extent in this habitat. During the Polar Night, traditional definitions of day and night and seasonal photoperiod become irrelevant since there are only "twilight" periods defined by the sun's elevation below the horizon at midday; we term this "midday twilight." Here, we characterize light across a latitudinal gradient (76.5° N to 81° N) during Polar Night in January. Our light measurements demonstrate that the classical solar diel light cycle dominant at lower latitudes is modulated during Arctic Polar Night by lunar and auroral components. We therefore question whether this particular ambient light environment is relevant to behavioral and visual processes. We reveal from acoustic field observations that the zooplankton community is undergoing diel vertical migration (DVM) behavior. Furthermore, using electroretinogram (ERG) recording under constant darkness, we show that the main migratory species, Arctic krill (Thysanoessa inermis) show endogenous increases in visual sensitivity during the subjective night. This change in sensitivity is comparable to that under exogenous dim light acclimations, although differences in speed of vision suggest separate mechanisms. We conclude that the extremely weak midday twilight experienced by krill at high latitudes during the darkest parts of the year has physiological and ecological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H. Cohen
- School of Marine Science & Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, Delaware, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kim S. Last
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Corie L. Charpentier
- Department of Biology, Stetson University, DeLand, Florida, United States of America
| | - Finlo Cottier
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom
- UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Department for Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Malin Daase
- UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Department for Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Laura Hobbs
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Geir Johnsen
- University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Berge
- UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Department for Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
- University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Johnsen G, Zolich A, Grant S, Bjørgum R, Cohen JH, McKee D, Kopec TP, Vogedes D, Berge J. All-sky camera system providing high temporal resolution annual time series of irradiance in the Arctic. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:6456-6468. [PMID: 34612881 DOI: 10.1364/ao.424871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ArcLight observatory provides hourly continuous time series of light regime data (intensity, spectral composition, and photoperiod) from the Arctic, Svalbard at 79° N. Until now, no complete annual time series of biologically relevant light has been provided from the high Arctic due to insufficient sensitivity of commercial light sensors during the Polar Night. We describe a camera system providing all-sky images and the corresponding integrated spectral irradiance (EPAR) in energy or quanta units, throughout a complete annual cycle. We present hourly-diel-annual dynamics from 2017 to 2020 of irradiance and its relation to weather conditions, sun and moon trajectories.
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8
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Pelagic organisms avoid white, blue, and red artificial light from scientific instruments. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14941. [PMID: 34294780 PMCID: PMC8298562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ observations of pelagic fish and zooplankton with optical instruments usually rely on external light sources. However, artificial light may attract or repulse marine organisms, which results in biased measurements. It is often assumed that most pelagic organisms do not perceive the red part of the visible spectrum and that red light can be used for underwater optical measurements of biological processes. Using hull-mounted echosounders above an acoustic probe or a baited video camera, each equipped with light sources of different colours (white, blue and red), we demonstrate that pelagic organisms in Arctic and temperate regions strongly avoid artificial light, including visible red light (575–700 nm), from instruments lowered in the water column. The density of organisms decreased by up to 99% when exposed to artificial light and the distance of avoidance varied from 23 to 94 m from the light source, depending on colours, irradiance levels and, possibly, species communities. We conclude that observations from optical and acoustic instruments, including baited cameras, using light sources with broad spectral composition in the 400–700 nm wavelengths do not capture the real state of the ecosystem and that they cannot be used alone for reliable abundance estimates or behavioural studies.
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Bandara K, Varpe Ø, Wijewardene L, Tverberg V, Eiane K. Two hundred years of zooplankton vertical migration research. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1547-1589. [PMID: 33942990 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vertical migration is a geographically and taxonomically widespread behaviour among zooplankton that spans across diel and seasonal timescales. The shorter-term diel vertical migration (DVM) has a periodicity of up to 1 day and was first described by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1817. In 1888, the German marine biologist Carl Chun described the longer-term seasonal vertical migration (SVM), which has a periodicity of ca. 1 year. The proximate control and adaptive significance of DVM have been extensively studied and are well understood. DVM is generally a behaviour controlled by ambient irradiance, which allows herbivorous zooplankton to feed in food-rich shallower waters during the night when light-dependent (visual) predation risk is minimal and take refuge in deeper, darker waters during daytime. However, DVMs of herbivorous zooplankton are followed by their predators, producing complex predator-prey patterns that may be traced across multiple trophic levels. In contrast to DVM, SVM research is relatively young and its causes and consequences are less well understood. During periods of seasonal environmental deterioration, SVM allows zooplankton to evacuate shallower waters seasonally and take refuge in deeper waters often in a state of dormancy. Both DVM and SVM play a significant role in the vertical transport of organic carbon to deeper waters (biological carbon sequestration), and hence in the buffering of global climate change. Although many animal migrations are expected to change under future climate scenarios, little is known about the potential implications of global climate change on zooplankton vertical migrations and its impact on the biological carbon sequestration process. Further, the combined influence of DVM and SVM in determining zooplankton fitness and maintenance of their horizontal (geographic) distributions is not well understood. The contrasting spatial (deep versus shallow) and temporal (diel versus seasonal) scales over which these two migrations occur lead to challenges in studying them at higher spatial, temporal and biological resolution and coverage. Extending the largely population-based vertical migration knowledge base to individual-based studies will be an important way forward. While tracking individual zooplankton in their natural habitats remains a major challenge, conducting trophic-scale, high-resolution, year-round studies that utilise emerging field sampling and observation techniques, molecular genetic tools and computational hardware and software will be the best solution to improve our understanding of zooplankton vertical migrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchana Bandara
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway.,Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Biosciences and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lishani Wijewardene
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Vigdis Tverberg
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Ketil Eiane
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
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11
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Randelhoff A, Lacour L, Marec C, Leymarie E, Lagunas J, Xing X, Darnis G, Penkerc'h C, Sampei M, Fortier L, D'Ortenzio F, Claustre H, Babin M. Arctic mid-winter phytoplankton growth revealed by autonomous profilers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/39/eabc2678. [PMID: 32978152 PMCID: PMC7518875 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is widely believed that during winter and spring, Arctic marine phytoplankton cannot grow until sea ice and snow cover start melting and transmit sufficient irradiance, but there is little observational evidence for that paradigm. To explore the life of phytoplankton during and after the polar night, we used robotic ice-avoiding profiling floats to measure ocean optics and phytoplankton characteristics continuously through two annual cycles in Baffin Bay, an Arctic sea that is covered by ice for 7 months a year. We demonstrate that net phytoplankton growth occurred even under 100% ice cover as early as February and that it resulted at least partly from photosynthesis. This highlights the adaptation of Arctic phytoplankton to extreme low-light conditions, which may be key to their survival before seeding the spring bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Randelhoff
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory, Université Laval (QC, Canada) and CNRS (France).
- Département de biologie, Université Laval and Québec-Océan, QC, Canada
| | - Léo Lacour
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory, Université Laval (QC, Canada) and CNRS (France)
- Département de biologie, Université Laval and Québec-Océan, QC, Canada
| | - Claudie Marec
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory, Université Laval (QC, Canada) and CNRS (France)
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Edouard Leymarie
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - José Lagunas
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory, Université Laval (QC, Canada) and CNRS (France)
- Département de biologie, Université Laval and Québec-Océan, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaogang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gérald Darnis
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory, Université Laval (QC, Canada) and CNRS (France)
- Département de biologie, Université Laval and Québec-Océan, QC, Canada
| | - Christophe Penkerc'h
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Makoto Sampei
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Louis Fortier
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory, Université Laval (QC, Canada) and CNRS (France)
- Département de biologie, Université Laval and Québec-Océan, QC, Canada
| | - Fabrizio D'Ortenzio
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Hervé Claustre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Marcel Babin
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory, Université Laval (QC, Canada) and CNRS (France)
- Département de biologie, Université Laval and Québec-Océan, QC, Canada
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12
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Perrigault M, Andrade H, Bellec L, Ballantine C, Camus L, Tran D. Rhythms during the polar night: evidence of clock-gene oscillations in the Arctic scallop Chlamys islandica. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201001. [PMID: 32811311 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arctic regions are highly impacted by climate change and are characterized by drastic seasonal changes in light intensity and duration with extended periods of permanent light or darkness. Organisms use cyclic variations in light to synchronize daily and seasonal biological rhythms to anticipate cyclic variations in the environment, to control phenology and to maintain fitness. In this study, we investigated the diel biological rhythms of the Arctic scallop, Chlamys islandica, during the autumnal equinox and polar night. Putative circadian clock genes and putative light perception genes were identified in the Arctic scallop. Clock gene expression oscillated in the three tissues studied (gills, muscle, mantle edge). The oscillation of some genes in some tissues shifted from daily to tidal periodicity between the equinox and polar night periods and was associated with valve behaviour. These results are the first evidence of the persistence of clock gene expression oscillations during the polar night and might suggest that functional clockwork could entrain rhythmic behaviours in polar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Perrigault
- University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33120 Arcachon, France.,CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33120 Arcachon, France
| | | | - Laure Bellec
- University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33120 Arcachon, France.,CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33120 Arcachon, France
| | | | - Lionel Camus
- Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Damien Tran
- University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33120 Arcachon, France.,CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33120 Arcachon, France
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13
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Berge J, Geoffroy M, Daase M, Cottier F, Priou P, Cohen JH, Johnsen G, McKee D, Kostakis I, Renaud PE, Vogedes D, Anderson P, Last KS, Gauthier S. Artificial light during the polar night disrupts Arctic fish and zooplankton behaviour down to 200 m depth. Commun Biol 2020; 3:102. [PMID: 32139805 PMCID: PMC7058619 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For organisms that remain active in one of the last undisturbed and pristine dark environments on the planet-the Arctic Polar Night-the moon, stars and aurora borealis may provide important cues to guide distribution and behaviours, including predator-prey interactions. With a changing climate and increased human activities in the Arctic, such natural light sources will in many places be masked by the much stronger illumination from artificial light. Here we show that normal working-light from a ship may disrupt fish and zooplankton behaviour down to at least 200 m depth across an area of >0.125 km2 around the ship. Both the quantitative and qualitative nature of the disturbance differed between the examined regions. We conclude that biological surveys in the dark from illuminated ships may introduce biases on biological sampling, bioacoustic surveys, and possibly stock assessments of commercial and non-commercial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Berge
- Department Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway.
- Center of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Maxime Geoffroy
- Department Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Malin Daase
- Department Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Finlo Cottier
- Department Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, UK
| | - Pierre Priou
- Department Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jonathan H Cohen
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, USA
| | - Geir Johnsen
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Center of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Trondheim, Norway
| | - David McKee
- Physics Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ina Kostakis
- Physics Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul E Renaud
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram Center for Climate and the Environment, N-9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Daniel Vogedes
- Department Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Kim S Last
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, UK
| | - Stephane Gauthier
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
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14
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Vertical and geographic distribution of copepod communities at late summer in the Amerasian Basin, Arctic Ocean. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219319. [PMID: 31295285 PMCID: PMC6622501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zooplankton plays a pivotal role in linking primary production to higher level consumers in the food webs of marine ecosystems. The distribution of zooplankton is affected by general water conditions, monsoons, currents, and spatial and temporal factors. In the Arctic Ocean, the sea surface is naturally covered with ice. Under ice, water masses interplay to create complex environments that facilitate the transport and distribution of zooplankton, thus altering community structures at geospatial and vertical scales. The present study investigated the species composition and copepod community structures by using geospatial and multiple depth scales, and using multivariate analyses to evaluate the relation of sampling stations and layers. During July-August 2010, zooplankton samples were collected and the temperature and salinity of seawater measured from three stations in the Canada Basin and two stations in the Makarov Basin of the Arctic Ocean (maximum distance of approximately 1400 km). A total of 55 copepod species (including 25 species that were solely identified to the generic level) and 7 taxa of copepodites, altogether belonging to 28 genera, 11 families, and 2 orders were identified, and significant differences were detected in copepod community structures among sampling strata and at geospatial scales. Numerically, Calanus hyperboreus, Calanus copepodite, Calanoida copepodite, Calanus glacialis, and Metridia longa were the most dominant species and taxa. At the local scale, copepod compositions responded differently at each of the sampling stations. At the geospatial scale, the distance between stations MS03 and ICE explained variations in the pattern of dominant species and of copepod community richness. Our study demonstrated varied spatial distribution which indicates that (1) the abundance of copepods at 0-200 m was significantly higher than at other strata, (2) vertical strata affected the distribution of copepod communities, and (3) the interplay of North Pacific and Atlantic waters shaping the copepod assemblage structure at geospatial scales in the Arctic Ocean. The results of our research provide base data for Arctic zooplankton biodiversity and biogeographic distribution.
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15
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McCormick LR, Levin LA, Oesch NW. Vision is highly sensitive to oxygen availability in marine invertebrate larvae. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.200899. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.200899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
For many animals, evolution has selected for complex visual systems despite the high energetic demands associated with maintaining eyes and their processing structures. The metabolic demands of visual systems therefore make them highly sensitive to fluctuations in available oxygen. In the marine environment, oxygen changes over daily, seasonal, and inter-annual time scales and there are large gradients of oxygen with depth. Vision is linked to survival in many marine animals, particularly among the crustaceans, cephalopods, and fish, and early life stages of these groups rely on vision for prey capture, predator detection, and their distribution in the water column. Using in vivo electroretinogram recordings, we show that there is a decrease in retinal sensitivity to light in marine invertebrates when exposed to reduced oxygen availability. We found a 60-100% reduction in retinal responses in the larvae of cephalopods and crustaceans: the market squid (Doryteuthis opalescens), two-spot octopus (Octopus bimaculatus), tuna crab (Pleuroncodes planipes), and brachyuran crab (Metacarcinus gracilis). A decline in oxygen also decreases the temporal resolution of vision in D. opalescens. These results are the first demonstration that vision in marine invertebrates is highly sensitive to oxygen availability and that the thresholds for visual impairment from reduced oxygen are species-specific. Oxygen-impaired retinal function may change the visual behaviors crucial to survival in these marine larvae. These findings may impact our understanding of species’ vulnerability to ocean oxygen loss and suggest that researchers conducting electrophysiology experiments should monitor oxygen levels, as even small changes in oxygen may affect the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian R. McCormick
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0218, USA
| | - Lisa A. Levin
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0218, USA
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0218, USA
| | - Nicholas W. Oesch
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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16
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Kvernvik AC, Hoppe CJM, Lawrenz E, Prášil O, Greenacre M, Wiktor JM, Leu E. Fast reactivation of photosynthesis in arctic phytoplankton during the polar night 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2018; 54:461-470. [PMID: 29723414 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Arctic microalgae experience long periods of continuous darkness during the polar night, when they are unable to photosynthesize. Despite numerous studies on overwintering strategies, such as utilization of stored energy products, formation of resting stages, reduction of metabolic rates and heterotrophic lifestyles, there have been few attempts to assess the in situ physiological state and restoration of the photosynthetic apparatus upon re-illumination. In this study, we found diverse and active marine phytoplankton communities during the polar night at 78°N. Furthermore, we observed rapid changes (≤20 min) in the efficiency of photosynthetic electron transport upon re-illumination. High photosynthetic capacity and net primary production were established after 24 h of re-illumination. Our results suggest that some Arctic autotrophs maintain fully functional photosystem II and downstream electron acceptors during the polar night even though the low in situ net primary production levels measured in January prove that light was not sufficient to support any measurable primary production. Due to low temperatures resulting in low respiratory rates as well as the absence of photodamage during the polar night, maintenance of basic photosynthetic machinery may actually pose relatively low metabolic costs for algal cells. This could allow Arctic microalgae to endure the polar night without the formation of dormant stages, enabling them to recover and take advantage of light immediately upon the suns return during the winter-spring transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Cecilie Kvernvik
- The Department of Arctic Biology, Svalbard Science Centre, University Centre in Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, N-9171, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Clara Jule Marie Hoppe
- Marine Biogeoscience, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Evelyn Lawrenz
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37981, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Prášil
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37981, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Greenacre
- Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra and Barcelona Graduate School of Economics, Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Józef Maria Wiktor
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstanców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
| | - Eva Leu
- Arctic R&D, Akvaplan-niva AS, CIENS, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Bandara K, Varpe Ø, Ji R, Eiane K. A high-resolution modeling study on diel and seasonal vertical migrations of high-latitude copepods. Ecol Modell 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Ludvigsen M, Berge J, Geoffroy M, Cohen JH, De La Torre PR, Nornes SM, Singh H, Sørensen AJ, Daase M, Johnsen G. Use of an Autonomous Surface Vehicle reveals small-scale diel vertical migrations of zooplankton and susceptibility to light pollution under low solar irradiance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaap9887. [PMID: 29326985 PMCID: PMC5762190 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap9887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Light is a major cue for nearly all life on Earth. However, most of our knowledge concerning the importance of light is based on organisms' response to light during daytime, including the dusk and dawn phase. When it is dark, light is most often considered as pollution, with increasing appreciation of its negative ecological effects. Using an Autonomous Surface Vehicle fitted with a hyperspectral irradiance sensor and an acoustic profiler, we detected and quantified the behavior of zooplankton in an unpolluted light environment in the high Arctic polar night and compared the results with that from a light-polluted environment close to our research vessels. First, in environments free of light pollution, the zooplankton community is intimately connected to the ambient light regime and performs synchronized diel vertical migrations in the upper 30 m despite the sun never rising above the horizon. Second, the vast majority of the pelagic community exhibits a strong light-escape response in the presence of artificial light, observed down to 100 m. We conclude that artificial light from traditional sampling platforms affects the zooplankton community to a degree where it is impossible to examine its abundance and natural rhythms within the upper 100 m. This study underscores the need to adjust sampling platforms, particularly in dim-light conditions, to capture relevant physical and biological data for ecological studies. It also highlights a previously unchartered susceptibility to light pollution in a region destined to see significant changes in light climate due to a reduced ice cover and an increased anthropogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ludvigsen
- Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems (AMOS), Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Departments of Arctic Biology and Technology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Jørgen Berge
- Departments of Arctic Biology and Technology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Centre for Autonomous Operations and Systems, Department of Biology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Department Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maxime Geoffroy
- Department Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s A1C 5R3, Canada
| | - Jonathan H. Cohen
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
| | - Pedro R. De La Torre
- Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems (AMOS), Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stein M. Nornes
- Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems (AMOS), Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hanumant Singh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Asgeir J. Sørensen
- Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems (AMOS), Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Malin Daase
- Departments of Arctic Biology and Technology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Geir Johnsen
- Departments of Arctic Biology and Technology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Centre for Autonomous Operations and Systems, Department of Biology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
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19
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Langbehn TJ, Varpe Ø. Sea-ice loss boosts visual search: fish foraging and changing pelagic interactions in polar oceans. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:5318-5330. [PMID: 28657128 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Light is a central driver of biological processes and systems. Receding sea ice changes the lightscape of high-latitude oceans and more light will penetrate into the sea. This affects bottom-up control through primary productivity and top-down control through vision-based foraging. We model effects of sea-ice shading on visual search to develop a mechanistic understanding of how climate-driven sea-ice retreat affects predator-prey interactions. We adapt a prey encounter model for ice-covered waters, where prey-detection performance of planktivorous fish depends on the light cycle. We use hindcast sea-ice concentrations (past 35 years) and compare with a future no-ice scenario to project visual range along two south-north transects with different sea-ice distributions and seasonality, one through the Bering Sea and one through the Barents Sea. The transect approach captures the transition from sub-Arctic to Arctic ecosystems and allows for comparison of latitudinal differences between longitudes. We find that past sea-ice retreat has increased visual search at a rate of 2.7% to 4.2% per decade from the long-term mean; and for high latitudes, we predict a 16-fold increase in clearance rate. Top-down control is therefore predicted to intensify. Ecological and evolutionary consequences for polar marine communities and energy flows would follow, possibly also as tipping points and regime shifts. We expect species distributions to track the receding ice-edge, and in particular expect species with large migratory capacity to make foraging forays into high-latitude oceans. However, the extreme seasonality in photoperiod of high-latitude oceans may counteract such shifts and rather act as a zoogeographical filter limiting poleward range expansion. The provided mechanistic insights are relevant for pelagic ecosystems globally, including lakes where shifted distributions are seldom possible but where predator-prey consequences would be much related. As part of the discussion on photoperiodic implications for high-latitude range shifts, we provide a short review of studies linking physical drivers to latitudinal extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Langbehn
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Øystein Varpe
- University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
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20
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Bioluminescence as an ecological factor during high Arctic polar night. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36374. [PMID: 27805028 PMCID: PMC5090458 DOI: 10.1038/srep36374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence commonly influences pelagic trophic interactions at mesopelagic depths. Here we characterize a vertical gradient in structure of a generally low species diversity bioluminescent community at shallower epipelagic depths during the polar night period in a high Arctic fjord with in situ bathyphotometric sampling. Bioluminescence potential of the community increased with depth to a peak at 80 m. Community composition changed over this range, with an ecotone at 20–40 m where a dinoflagellate-dominated community transitioned to dominance by the copepod Metridia longa. Coincident at this depth was bioluminescence exceeding atmospheric light in the ambient pelagic photon budget, which we term the bioluminescence compensation depth. Collectively, we show a winter bioluminescent community in the high Arctic with vertical structure linked to attenuation of atmospheric light, which has the potential to influence pelagic ecology during the light-limited polar night.
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21
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Tran D, Sow M, Camus L, Ciret P, Berge J, Massabuau JC. In the darkness of the polar night, scallops keep on a steady rhythm. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32435. [PMID: 27577847 PMCID: PMC5006026 DOI: 10.1038/srep32435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the prevailing paradigm has held that the polar night is a period of biological quiescence, recent studies have detected noticeable activity levels in marine organisms. In this study, we investigated the circadian rhythm of the scallop Chlamys islandica by continuously recording the animal's behaviour over 3 years in the Arctic (Svalbard). Our results showed that a circadian rhythm persists throughout the polar night and lasts for at least 4 months. Based on observations across three polar nights, we showed that the robustness and synchronicity of the rhythm depends on the angle of the sun below the horizon. The weakest rhythm occurred at the onset of the polar night during the nautical twilight. Surprisingly, the circadian behaviour began to recover during the darkest part of the polar night. Because active rhythms optimize the fitness of an organism, our study brings out that the scallops C. islandica remain active even during the polar night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Tran
- CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC. Place du Dr. Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
- Bordeaux University, UMR EPOC 5805 Place du Dr. Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Mohamedou Sow
- Bordeaux University, UMR EPOC 5805 Place du Dr. Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Lionel Camus
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram center for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromso, Norway
- University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Pierre Ciret
- CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC. Place du Dr. Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
- Bordeaux University, UMR EPOC 5805 Place du Dr. Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Jorgen Berge
- University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jean-Charles Massabuau
- CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC. Place du Dr. Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
- Bordeaux University, UMR EPOC 5805 Place du Dr. Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
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22
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23
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Moonlight Drives Ocean-Scale Mass Vertical Migration of Zooplankton during the Arctic Winter. Curr Biol 2016; 26:244-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Studies carried out on a wide variety of Arctic species during the polar night reveal continued feeding, growth and reproduction, changing our view of this period from one of biological stasis to a time of continued high activity levels.
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25
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Berge J, Daase M, Renaud PE, Ambrose WG, Darnis G, Last KS, Leu E, Cohen JH, Johnsen G, Moline MA, Cottier F, Varpe Ø, Shunatova N, Bałazy P, Morata N, Massabuau JC, Falk-Petersen S, Kosobokova K, Hoppe CJM, Węsławski JM, Kukliński P, Legeżyńska J, Nikishina D, Cusa M, Kędra M, Włodarska-Kowalczuk M, Vogedes D, Camus L, Tran D, Michaud E, Gabrielsen TM, Granovitch A, Gonchar A, Krapp R, Callesen TA. Unexpected Levels of Biological Activity during the Polar Night Offer New Perspectives on a Warming Arctic. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2555-61. [PMID: 26412132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The current understanding of Arctic ecosystems is deeply rooted in the classical view of a bottom-up controlled system with strong physical forcing and seasonality in primary-production regimes. Consequently, the Arctic polar night is commonly disregarded as a time of year when biological activities are reduced to a minimum due to a reduced food supply. Here, based upon a multidisciplinary ecosystem-scale study from the polar night at 79°N, we present an entirely different view. Instead of an ecosystem that has entered a resting state, we document a system with high activity levels and biological interactions across most trophic levels. In some habitats, biological diversity and presence of juvenile stages were elevated in winter months compared to the more productive and sunlit periods. Ultimately, our results suggest a different perspective regarding ecosystem function that will be of importance for future environmental management and decision making, especially at a time when Arctic regions are experiencing accelerated environmental change [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Berge
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway.
| | - Malin Daase
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Paul E Renaud
- University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway; Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - William G Ambrose
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME 04240, USA
| | - Gerald Darnis
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kim S Last
- Scottish Marine Institute, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Eva Leu
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jonathan H Cohen
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
| | - Geir Johnsen
- University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway; Trondheim Biological Station, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mark A Moline
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
| | - Finlo Cottier
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; Scottish Marine Institute, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Øystein Varpe
- University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway; Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Natalia Shunatova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Piotr Bałazy
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Nathalie Morata
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, LEMAR, UMR 6539, CNRS-IRD-UBO-Ifremer, IUEM, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jean-Charles Massabuau
- EPOC, UMR 5805, University Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Stig Falk-Petersen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Ksenia Kosobokova
- Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Clara J M Hoppe
- Alfred Wegener Institute - Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Jan Marcin Węsławski
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Piotr Kukliński
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Joanna Legeżyńska
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Daria Nikishina
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Marine Cusa
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Monika Kędra
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | | | - Daniel Vogedes
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Lionel Camus
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Damien Tran
- EPOC, UMR 5805, University Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Emma Michaud
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, LEMAR, UMR 6539, CNRS-IRD-UBO-Ifremer, IUEM, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | | | - Andrei Granovitch
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Anya Gonchar
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Rupert Krapp
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trine A Callesen
- University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
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