1
|
Schweizer U, Fabiano M. Selenoproteins in brain development and function. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 190:105-115. [PMID: 35961466 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Expression of selenoproteins is widespread in neurons of the central nervous system. There is continuous evidence presented over decades that low levels of selenium or selenoproteins are linked to seizures and epilepsy indicating a failure of the inhibitory system. Many developmental processes in the brain depend on the thyroid hormone T3. T3 levels can be locally increased by the action of iodothyronine deiodinases on the prohormone T4. Since deiodinases are selenoproteins, it is expected that selenoprotein deficiency may affect development of the central nervous system. Studies in genetically modified mice or clinical observations of patients with rare diseases point to a role of selenoproteins in brain development and degeneration. In particular selenoprotein P is central to brain function by virtue of its selenium transport function into and within the brain. We summarize which selenoproteins are essential for the brain, which processes depend on selenoproteins, and what is known about genetic deficiencies of selenoproteins in humans. This review is not intended to cover the potential influence of selenium or selenoproteins on major neurodegenerative disorders in human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Marietta Fabiano
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Noda Y, Okada S, Suzuki T. Regulation of A-to-I RNA editing and stop codon recoding to control selenoprotein expression during skeletal myogenesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2503. [PMID: 35523818 PMCID: PMC9076623 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenoprotein N (SELENON), a selenocysteine (Sec)-containing protein with high reductive activity, maintains redox homeostasis, thereby contributing to skeletal muscle differentiation and function. Loss-of-function mutations in SELENON cause severe neuromuscular disorders. In the early-to-middle stage of myoblast differentiation, SELENON maintains redox homeostasis and modulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ concentration, resulting in a gradual reduction from the middle-to-late stages due to unknown mechanisms. The present study describes post-transcriptional mechanisms that regulate SELENON expression during myoblast differentiation. Part of an Alu element in the second intron of SELENON pre-mRNA is frequently exonized during splicing, resulting in an aberrant mRNA that is degraded by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). In the middle stage of myoblast differentiation, ADAR1-mediated A-to-I RNA editing occurs in the U1 snRNA binding site at 5' splice site, preventing Alu exonization and producing mature mRNA. In the middle-to-late stage of myoblast differentiation, the level of Sec-charged tRNASec decreases due to downregulation of essential recoding factors for Sec insertion, thereby generating a premature termination codon in SELENON mRNA, which is targeted by NMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Noda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shunpei Okada
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enyacho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin T, Tao J, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Li F, Zhang Y, Han X, Zhao Z, Liu G, Li H. Selenium Deficiency Leads to Changes in Renal Fibrosis Marker Proteins and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway Components. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1127-1139. [PMID: 33895963 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the final result of the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Earlier studies confirmed that selenium (Se) displays a close association with kidney diseases. However, the correlation between Se and fibrosis has rarely been explored. Thus, this article mainly aimed to investigate the effect of Se deficiency on renal fibrosis and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Twenty BALB/c mice were fed a diet containing 0.02-mg/kg Se (Se-deficient diet) or 0.18-mg/kg Se (standard diet) for 20 weeks. A human glomerular mesangial cell (HMC) cell line was transfected with lentiviral TRNAU1AP-shRNA vector to establish a stable Se deficiency model in vitro. As indicated in this study, the glutathione (GSH) content in the Se-deficient group displayed an obvious decline compared with that in the control group, whereas the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was obviously elevated. The results of Masson staining showed fibrosis around the renal tubules, and the results of immunohistochemistry showed that the area of positive fibronectin expression increased. In the Se-deficient group, the levels of collagen I, collagen III, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and other fibrosis-related proteins changed significantly in vivo and in vitro. Compared with the control group, the TRNAU1AP-shRNA group showed markedly reduced cell proliferation and migration abilities. Our data indicate that Se deficiency can cause kidney damage and renal fibrosis. Furthermore, the Wnt pathway is critical for the development of tissue and organ fibrosis. The data of this study demonstrated that the expression of Wnt5a, β-catenin, and dishevelled 1 (Dvl-1) was significantly upregulated in the Se-deficient group. Therefore, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may play an important role in renal fibrosis caused by Se deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road 157, Nangang District, Harbin City, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road 157, Nangang District, Harbin City, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road 157, Nangang District, Harbin City, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yitong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road 157, Nangang District, Harbin City, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fenglan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road 157, Nangang District, Harbin City, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yutong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road 157, Nangang District, Harbin City, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xueqing Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road 157, Nangang District, Harbin City, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zihui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road 157, Nangang District, Harbin City, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guiyan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road 157, Nangang District, Harbin City, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road 157, Nangang District, Harbin City, 150086, Heilongjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schweizer U, Bohleber S, Zhao W, Fradejas-Villar N. The Neurobiology of Selenium: Looking Back and to the Future. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:652099. [PMID: 33732108 PMCID: PMC7959785 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.652099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eighteen years ago, unexpected epileptic seizures in Selenop-knockout mice pointed to a potentially novel, possibly underestimated, and previously difficult to study role of selenium (Se) in the mammalian brain. This mouse model was the key to open the field of molecular mechanisms, i.e., to delineate the roles of selenium and individual selenoproteins in the brain, and answer specific questions like: how does Se enter the brain; which processes and which cell types are dependent on selenoproteins; and, what are the individual roles of selenoproteins in the brain? Many of these questions have been answered and much progress is being made to fill remaining gaps. Mouse and human genetics have together boosted the field tremendously, in addition to traditional biochemistry and cell biology. As always, new questions have become apparent or more pressing with solving older questions. We will briefly summarize what we know about selenoproteins in the human brain, glance over to the mouse as a useful model, and then discuss new questions and directions the field might take in the next 18 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simon Bohleber
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Noelia Fradejas-Villar
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Santesmasses D, Mariotti M, Gladyshev VN. Tolerance to Selenoprotein Loss Differs between Human and Mouse. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:341-354. [PMID: 31560400 PMCID: PMC6993852 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse has emerged as the most common model organism in biomedicine. Here, we analyzed the tolerance to the loss-of-function (LoF) of selenoprotein genes, estimated from mouse knockouts and the frequency of LoF variants in humans. We found not only a general correspondence in tolerance (e.g., GPX1, GPX2) and intolerance (TXNRD1, SELENOT) to gene LoF between humans and mice but also important differences. Notably, humans are intolerant to the loss of iodothyronine deiodinases, whereas their deletion in mice leads to mild phenotypes, and this is consistent with phenotype differences in selenocysteine machinery loss between these species. In contrast, loss of TXNRD2 and GPX4 is lethal in mice but may be tolerated in humans. We further identified the first human SELENOP variants coding for proteins varying in selenocysteine content. Finally, our analyses suggested that premature termination codons in selenoprotein genes trigger nonsense-mediated decay, but do this inefficiently when UGA codon is gained. Overall, our study highlights differences in the physiological importance of selenoproteins between human and mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didac Santesmasses
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marco Mariotti
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Santesmasses D, Mariotti M, Gladyshev VN. Bioinformatics of Selenoproteins. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:525-536. [PMID: 32031018 PMCID: PMC7409585 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Bioinformatics has brought important insights into the field of selenium research. The progress made in the development of computational tools in the last two decades, coordinated with growing genome resources, provided new opportunities to study selenoproteins. The present review discusses existing tools for selenoprotein gene finding and other bioinformatic approaches to study the biology of selenium. Recent Advances: The availability of complete selenoproteomes allowed assessing a global distribution of the use of selenocysteine (Sec) across the tree of life, as well as studying the evolution of selenoproteins and their biosynthetic pathway. Beyond gene identification and characterization, human genetic variants in selenoprotein genes were used to examine adaptations to selenium levels in diverse human populations and to estimate selective constraints against gene loss. Critical Issues: The synthesis of selenoproteins is essential for development in mice. In humans, several mutations in selenoprotein genes have been linked to rare congenital disorders. And yet, the mechanism of Sec insertion and the regulation of selenoprotein synthesis in mammalian cells are not completely understood. Future Directions: Omics technologies offer new possibilities to study selenoproteins and mechanisms of Sec incorporation in cells, tissues, and organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didac Santesmasses
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marco Mariotti
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Knockdown of Trnau1ap inhibits the proliferation and migration of NIH3T3, JEG-3 and Bewo cells via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:521-527. [PMID: 29758194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tRNA selenocysteine 1 associated protein 1 (Trnau1ap, initially named SECp43) is involved in Selenocysteine (Sec) biosynthesis and incorporation into selenoproteins, which play a key role in biological processes, such as embryonic development. We previously reported that downregulation of Trnau1ap inhibited proliferation of cardiomyocyte-like H9c2 cells. However, the effects of Trnau1ap on cell proliferation and migration of embryonic development are not known, and the mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, lentiviral shRNA vectors were transfected in NIH3T3, JEG-3 and Bewo cells (embryonic, trophoblast and placental cells). We found that knockdown of Trnau1ap resulted in reduced expression levels of selenoproteins. The data of Cell Count Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and wound scratch assay revealed the proliferation and migration rates were reduced in the Trnau1ap-shRNA groups. Furthermore, western blot analysis showed that the phosphorylation level of Akt in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway was attenuated. These results indicate that Trnau1ap plays an important role in regulation of cell proliferation and migration through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, as well as being essential for embryonic development by regulating the expression of selenoproteins.
Collapse
|
8
|
Serrão VHB, Silva IR, da Silva MTA, Scortecci JF, de Freitas Fernandes A, Thiemann OH. The unique tRNASec and its role in selenocysteine biosynthesis. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1145-1167. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
9
|
Li MD, Cheng WP, Shi MX, Ge TD, Zheng XL, Wu DY, Hu XY, Luo JC, Li FL, Li H. Role of tRNA selenocysteine 1 associated protein 1 in the proliferation and apoptosis of cardiomyocyte‑like H9c2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:988-994. [PMID: 28101579 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNA selenocysteine 1 associated protein 1 (Trnau1ap) serves an essential role in the synthesis of selenoproteins, which have critical functions in numerous biological processes. Selenium deficiency results in a variety of diseases, including cardiac disease. However, the mechanisms underlying myocardial injury induced by selenium deficiency remain unclear. The present study examined the effects of Trnau1ap under‑ and overexpression in cardiomyocyte‑like H9c2 cells, by transfection with small interfering RNA and an overexpression plasmid, respectively. Expression levels of glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase and selenoprotein K were decreased in Trnau1ap‑underexpressing cells, and increased in Trnau1ap‑overexpressing cells. Using MTT, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, annexin V and caspase‑3 activity assays, it was demonstrated that reducing Trnau1ap expression levels inhibited the proliferation of H9c2 cells and induced apoptosis. Conversely, increasing Trnau1ap expression levels promoted cell growth. Western blot analysis revealed that the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway was activated in Trnau1ap‑underexpressing cells. Furthermore, the apoptotic pathway was activated in these cells, evidenced by relatively greater expression levels of B‑cell lymphoma (Bcl‑2)‑associated X protein and reduced expression levels of Bcl‑2. Taken together, these findings suggest that Trnau1ap serves a key role in the proliferation and apoptosis of H9c2 cells. The present study provides insight into the underlying mechanisms of myocardial injury induced by selenium deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Di Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Peng Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Min-Xia Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Tang-Dong Ge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Yuan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Cheng Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Lan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Selenophosphate synthetase 1 is an essential protein with roles in regulation of redox homoeostasis in mammals. Biochem J 2016; 473:2141-54. [PMID: 27208177 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Selenophosphate synthetase (SPS) was initially detected in bacteria and was shown to synthesize selenophosphate, the active selenium donor. However, mammals have two SPS paralogues, which are designated SPS1 and SPS2. Although it is known that SPS2 catalyses the synthesis of selenophosphate, the function of SPS1 remains largely unclear. To examine the role of SPS1 in mammals, we generated a Sps1-knockout mouse and found that systemic SPS1 deficiency led to embryos that were clearly underdeveloped by embryonic day (E)8.5 and virtually resorbed by E14.5. The knockout of Sps1 in the liver preserved viability, but significantly affected the expression of a large number of mRNAs involved in cancer, embryonic development and the glutathione system. Particularly notable was the extreme deficiency of glutaredoxin 1 (GLRX1) and glutathione transferase Omega 1 (GSTO1). To assess these phenotypes at the cellular level, we targeted the removal of SPS1 in F9 cells, a mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell line, which affected the glutathione system proteins and accordingly led to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the cell. Furthermore, we found that several malignant characteristics of SPS1-deficient F9 cells were reversed, suggesting that SPS1 played a role in supporting and/or sustaining cancer. In addition, the overexpression of mouse or human GLRX1 led to a reversal of observed increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the F9 SPS1/GLRX1-deficient cells and resulted in levels that were similar to those in F9 SPS1-sufficient cells. The results suggested that SPS1 is an essential mammalian enzyme with roles in regulating redox homoeostasis and controlling cell growth.
Collapse
|