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Baluchamy N, Thayyil P, Mathew D, Minimol JS, Koorathodi V. Candidate gene based SSR and SNP markers for gynoecy in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1125-1132. [PMID: 36401706 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though the bitter gourd hybrids are shown to have significant heterosis for many of the economic traits, processes such as manual bagging and hand pollination make the hybrid seed production labour-intensive. Use of gynoecious line as female parent makes hybrid seed production more economical. This work was performed with the objective to identify the candidate gene based molecular markers for gynoecy in bitter gourd. METHODS AND RESULTS Seven putative genes for flowering and sex expression, isolated from the monoecious (MC-136) and gynoecious (KAU-MCGy-101) bitter gourd accessions, were sequence characterized. MADS-box transcription factor genes AG6 and McAG2 had nucleotide polymorphisms at five sites each and were potential candidates for marker development. An In/Del polymorphism of 48 bp ([TC]24) in AG6 gene was used to develop an SSR marker and a transition mutation of [A/G] in this gene was used to develop a set of SNP markers. These markers have developed distinct polymorphism between the monoecious and gynoecious genotypes and were found suited for the marker assisted selection. CONCLUSIONS MADS box transcription factor genes AG6 and McAG2 are identified as candidates for sex expression in bitter gourd. Based on the InDels and transition in the intronic region of AG6, SSR marker BGAG6 and an SNP marker set segregating with the sex forms were developed. The markers have been validated using four other monoecious lines and are routinely used in our bitter gourd hybrid seed production programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivethitha Baluchamy
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, 680 656, India
| | - Pradeepkumar Thayyil
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, 680 656, India
| | - Deepu Mathew
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, 680 656, India.
| | | | - Veni Koorathodi
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, 680 656, India
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Ma L, Wang Q, Zheng Y, Guo J, Yuan S, Fu A, Bai C, Zhao X, Zheng S, Wen C, Guo S, Gao L, Grierson D, Zuo J, Xu Y. Cucurbitaceae genome evolution, gene function and molecular breeding. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab057. [PMID: 35043161 PMCID: PMC8969062 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Cucurbitaceae is one of the most genetically diverse plant families in the world. Many of them are important vegetables or medicinal plants and are widely distributed worldwide. The rapid development of sequencing technologies and bioinformatic algorithms has enabled the generation of genome sequences of numerous important Cucurbitaceae species. This has greatly facilitated research on gene identification, genome evolution, genetic variation and molecular breeding of cucurbit crops. So far, genome sequences of 18 different cucurbit species belonging to tribes Benincaseae, Cucurbiteae, Sicyoeae, Momordiceae and Siraitieae have been deciphered. This review summarizes the genome sequence information, evolutionary relationship, and functional genes associated with important agronomic traits (e.g., fruit quality). The progress of molecular breeding in cucurbit crops and prospects for future applications of Cucurbitaceae genome information are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- Department of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yanyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Sciences and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shuzhi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Anzhen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Chunmei Bai
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shufang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Changlong Wen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shaogui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Lipu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jinhua Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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Yi S, Song X, Yu W, Zhang R, Wang W, Zhao Y, Han B, Gai Y. De novo assembly and Transcriptome Analysis of the Momordica charantia Seedlings Responding to methyl jasmonate using 454 pyrosequencing. Gene Expr Patterns 2020; 40:119160. [PMID: 33253895 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2020.119160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Momordica charantia, a medicinal and edible species of the Cucurbitaceae family, has been widely used as a vegetable around the world. Hundreds of pharmacological compounds isolated from the M. charantia have been reported. However, the mechanism of action of the secondary metabolites has not been fully elucidated. In this study, 118,590 unigenes were gained by de novo assembly based on the raw data from high-throughput sequencing of mRNA (RNA-Sequencing) upon systemic analysis, among which, 51,860 (43.73%) could be annotated to the public sequence databases such as Nr, GO, Swiss-Prot, KEGG and KOG. The transcriptomic changes of M. charantia seedlings treated with or without methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were analyzed to identify key genes involved in MeJA treatment. Additionally, 554 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 328 up-regulated ones and 226 down-regulated genes, have been identified. Most DEGs were associated with secondary metabolism and stress responses. Meanwhile, six DEGs were further confirmed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, resulting in similar expression patterns as compared to those of RNA-Sequencing. Nine significantly enriched pathways including 11 DEGs were identified to be possibly involved in the MeJA-responsive biosynthesis of secondary metabolites based on the transcriptome sequencing analysis. Among them, 4 DEGs, encoding two peroxidases, one cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and one hypothetical protein Csa, might play important roles in the process of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. In addition, 9 transcription factors (TFs) were also detected as DEGs from 1899 unigenes. Most of them up-regulated by MeJA treatment might be potentially involved in regulating secondary metabolites biosynthesis. This work is the first research on the large-scale assessment of M. charantia transcriptomic resources and the analysis of DEGs and TFs in secondary metabolites biosynthesis of M. charantia seedings treated with or without MeJA, which will be conducive to the further applications of M. charantia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyong Yi
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Xiangwen Song
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Wangyang Yu
- Anhui Qiansouyan Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Lu'an 237200, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Rongfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Bangxing Han
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Yanan Gai
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Pathak RK, Baunthiyal M, Pandey D, Kumar A. Augmentation of crop productivity through interventions of omics technologies in India: challenges and opportunities. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:454. [PMID: 30370195 PMCID: PMC6195494 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous increase in the population of developing countries and decline of natural resources, there is an urgent need to qualitatively and quantitatively augment crop productivity by using new tools and technologies for improvement of agriculturally important traits. The new scientific and technological omics-based approaches have enabled us to deal with several issues and challenges faced by modern agricultural system and provided us novel opportunities for ensuring food and nutritional security. Recent developments in sequencing techniques have made available huge amount of genomic and transcriptomic data on model and cultivated crop plants including Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum etc. The sequencing data along with other data generated through several omics platforms have significantly influenced the disciplines of crop sciences. Gene discovery and expression profiling-based technologies are offering enormous opportunities to the scientific community which can now apply marker-assisted selection technology to assess and enhance diversity in their collected germplasm, introgress essential traits from new sources and investigate genes that control key traits of crop plants. Utilization of omics science and technologies for crop productivity, protection and management has recently been receiving a lot of attention; the majority of the efforts have been put into signifying the possible applications of various omics technologies in crop plant sciences. This article highlights the background of challenges and opportunities for augmentation of crop productivity through interventions of omics technologies in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Pathak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145 India
- Department of Biotechnology, G. B. Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246194 India
| | - Mamta Baunthiyal
- Department of Biotechnology, G. B. Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246194 India
| | - Dinesh Pandey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145 India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145 India
- Present Address: Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh 284003 India
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Fu Q, Niu L, Chen MS, Tao YB, Wang X, He H, Pan BZ, Xu ZF. De novo transcriptome assembly and comparative analysis between male and benzyladenine-induced female inflorescence buds of Plukenetia volubilis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 221:107-118. [PMID: 29275214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plukenetia volubilis is a promising oilseed crop due to its seeds being rich in unsaturated fatty acids, especially alpha-linolenic acid. P. volubilis is monoecious, with separate male and female flowers on the same inflorescence. We previously reported that male flowers were converted to female flowers by exogenous cytokinin (6-benzyladenine, 6-BA) treatment in P. volubilis. To identify candidate genes associated with floral sex differentiation of P. volubilis, we performed de novo transcriptome assembly and comparative analysis on control male inflorescence buds (MIB) and female inflorescence buds (FIB) induced by 6-BA using Illumina sequencing technology. A total of 57,664 unigenes with an average length of 979 bp were assembled from 104.1 million clean reads, and 45,235 (78.45%) unigenes were successfully annotated in the public databases. Notably, Gene Ontology analyses revealed that 4193 and 3880 unigenes were enriched in the categories of reproduction and reproductive processes, respectively. Differential expression analysis identified 1385 differentially expressed unigenes between MIB and FIB, of which six unigenes related to cytokinin and auxin signaling pathways and 16 important transcription factor (TF) genes including MADS-box family members were identified. In particular, several unigenes encoding important TFs, such as homologs of CRABS CLAW, RADIALIS-like 1, RADIALIS-like 2, HECATE 2, WUSCHEL-related homeobox 9, and SUPERMAN, were expressed at higher levels in FIB than in MIB. The expression patterns of the 36 selected unigenes revealed by transcriptome analysis were successfully validated by quantitative real-time PCR. This study not only provides comprehensive gene expression profiles of P. volubilis inflorescence buds, but also lays the foundation for research on the molecular mechanism of floral sex determination in P. volubilis and other monoecious plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiantang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Longjian Niu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Yan-Bin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Xiulan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Huiying He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Bang-Zhen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China.
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Rai MK, Shekhawat JK, Kataria V, Shekhawat N. De novo assembly of leaf transcriptome, functional annotation and genomic resources development in Prosopis cineraria , a multipurpose tree of Indian Thar Desert. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Cuong DM, Jeon J, Morgan AMA, Kim C, Kim JK, Lee SY, Park SU. Accumulation of Charantin and Expression of Triterpenoid Biosynthesis Genes in Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7240-7249. [PMID: 28737900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Charantin, a natural cucurbitane type triterpenoid, has been reported to have beneficial pharmacological functions such as anticancer, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activities. However, accumulation of charantin in bitter melon has been little studied. Here, we performed a transcriptome analysis to identify genes involved in the triterpenoid biosynthesis pathway in bitter melon seedlings. A total of 88,703 transcripts with an average length of 898 bp were identified in bitter melon seedlings. On the basis of a functional annotation, we identified 15 candidate genes encoding enzymes related to triterpenoid biosynthesis and analyzed their expression in different organs of mature plants. Most genes were highly expressed in flowers and/or fruit from the ripening stages. An HPLC analysis confirmed that the accumulation of charantin was highest in fruits from the ripening stage, followed by male flowers. The accumulation patterns of charantin coincide with the expression pattern of McSE and McCAS1, indicating that these genes play important roles in charantin biosynthesis in bitter melon. We also investigated optimum light conditions for enhancing charantin biosynthesis in bitter melon and found that red light was the most effective wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Manh Cuong
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University , 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jin Jeon
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University , 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Abubaker M A Morgan
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University , 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Changsoo Kim
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University , 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University , Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-772, Korea
| | - Sook Young Lee
- Regional Innovation Center for Dental Science & Engineering, Chosun University , 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University , 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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