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Ríos-Ocampo WA, Daemen T, Buist-Homan M, Faber KN, Navas MC, Moshage H. Hepatitis C virus core or NS3/4A protein expression preconditions hepatocytes against oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Redox Rep 2020; 24:17-26. [PMID: 30909829 PMCID: PMC6748607 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2019.1596431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The occurrence of oxidative stress and endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) stress in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been demonstrated
and play an important role in liver injury. During viral infection, hepatocytes
must handle not only the replication of the virus, but also inflammatory signals
generating oxidative stress and damage. Although several mechanisms exist to
overcome cellular stress, little attention has been given to the adaptive
response of hepatocytes during exposure to multiple noxious triggers. Methods: In the present study, Huh-7 cells and hepatocytes
expressing HCV Core or NS3/4A proteins, both inducers of oxidative and ER
stress, were additionally challenged with the superoxide anion generator
menadione to mimic external oxidative stress. The production of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) as well as the response to oxidative stress and ER stress were
investigated. Results: We demonstrate that hepatocytes diminish oxidative stress
through a reduction in ROS production, ER-stress markers (HSPA5
[GRP78], sXBP1) and apoptosis (caspase-3 activity) despite
external oxidative stress. Interestingly, the level of the autophagy substrate
protein p62 was downregulated together with HCV Core degradation, suggesting
that hepatocytes can overcome excess oxidative stress through autophagic
degradation of one of the stressors, thereby increasing cell survival. Duscussion: In conclusion, hepatocytes exposed to direct and
indirect oxidative stress inducers are able to cope with cellular stress
associated with viral hepatitis and thus promote cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Alfredo Ríos-Ocampo
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands.,b Department Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands.,c Grupo Gastrohepatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia , Medellin , Colombia
| | - Toos Daemen
- b Department Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Manon Buist-Homan
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands.,d Department of Laboratory Medicine , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands.,d Department of Laboratory Medicine , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - María-Cristina Navas
- c Grupo Gastrohepatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia , Medellin , Colombia
| | - Han Moshage
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands.,d Department of Laboratory Medicine , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
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Sato K, Glaser S, Kennedy L, Liangpunsakul S, Meng F, Francis H, Alpini G. Preclinical insights into cholangiopathies: disease modeling and emerging therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:461-472. [PMID: 30990740 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1608950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The common predominant clinical features of cholangiopathies such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and biliary atresia (BA) are biliary damage/senescence and liver fibrosis. Curative therapies are lacking, and liver transplantation is the only option. An understanding of the mechanisms and pathogenesis is needed to develop novel therapies. Previous studies have developed various disease-based research models and have identified candidate therapeutic targets. Areas covered: This review summarizes recent studies performed in preclinical models of cholangiopathies and the current understanding of the pathophysiology representing potential targets for novel therapies. A literature search was conducted in PubMed using the combination of the searched term 'cholangiopathies' with one or two keywords including 'model', 'cholangiocyte', 'animal', or 'fibrosis'. Papers published within five years were obtained. Expert opinion: Access to appropriate research models is a key challenge in cholangiopathy research; establishing more appropriate models for PBC is an important goal. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated promising results and have led to novel therapeutic approaches, especially for PSC. Further studies on the pathophysiology of PBC and BA are necessary to identify candidate targets. Innovative therapeutic approaches such as stem cell transplantation have been introduced, and those therapies could be applied to PSC, PBC, and BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- c Department of Medical Physiology , Texas A&M University Collage of Medicine , Temple , TX , USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Heather Francis
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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Jamhiri I, Shahin K, Khodabandeh Z, Kalantar K, Sarvari J, Atapour A, Mina F, Ahmadnejad A, Hosseini SY. Recombinant NS3 Protein Induced Expression of Immune Modulatory Elements in Hepatic Stellate Cells During Its Fibrotic Activity. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:575-582. [PMID: 30281404 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of studies that show the important role of NS3 protein from hepatitis C virus in fibrosis. However, mechanisms of the effects of this protein on immune modulation of stellate cells remain to be investigated. Herein, the effect of NS3 protein on the expression level of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1/3 and interleukin-24 (IL-24)-related genes was investigated in hepatic stellate cell (HSC), LX-2. Recombinant NS3 protein was added to LX-2 HSC culture. Leptin and standard medium treatments were also included in experiments as positive and negative controls, respectively. Total RNA was extracted from each well at 6, 12, and 24 h after NS3 addition. The expression levels of the fibrotic (transforming growth factor beta 1 [TGF-β], alpha-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA], and COL1A1), inflammatory (IL-6 and IL-24), IL-20R, IL-22R, and immunosuppressive genes (SOCS1 and SOCS3) were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Recombinant NS3 protein induced activated phenotypes of LX-2 with a significant increase in the expression level of α-SMA COL1A1 (p < 0.0001) and TGF-β. Moreover, this exposure led to a meaningful elevation in the expression of IL-6. Furthermore, compared with leptin (control), after the stellate cell treatment with NS3, SOCS1 and SOCS3 gene expression induced at a comparable level. Compared with the control sample, the NS3 protein significantly increased the expression level of IL-24 and its related receptors, IL-20R and IL-22R. This study not only confirmed the previously proved inflammatory and fibrotic effect of this protein but also indicated that high expression levels of SOCS1, SOCS3, and IL-24 have a significant effect on HSC activation. Therefore, these two molecules can be used as a potential therapeutic target candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Jamhiri
- 1 Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Khashayar Shahin
- 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan , Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Khodabandeh
- 1 Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kurosh Kalantar
- 3 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamal Sarvari
- 4 Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran .,5 Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Atapour
- 6 Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mina
- 5 Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asma Ahmadnejad
- 5 Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Younes Hosseini
- 1 Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran .,5 Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
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