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Wan C, Tang R, Deng L, Fu L, Wang P, Liu X, Wu C. Illustration on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of typical multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria in aquatic environments through complete genomes and comparative genomics. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139386. [PMID: 37394187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, especially multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria (MARBs), greatly threaten environmental safety and human health. However, studies on the phenotypic resistance and complete genotypic characterization of MARB in aquatic environments are lacking. In this study, a multi-resistant superbug (TR3) was screened by the selective pressure of multi-antibiotics from the activated sludge of the aeration tanks of urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 5 different regions of China. Based on the 16 S rDNA sequence alignment it was found that the sequence similarity between strain TR3 and Aeromonas was as high as 99.50%. The genome-wide sequence showed that the base content of the chromosome of strain TR3 is 4,521,851 bp. It contains a plasmid with a length of 9182 bp. All antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of strain TR3 are located on the chromosome, which means that it has passage stability. There are multiple types of resistance genes in the genome and plasmid of strain TR3, enduing it with resistance to 5 antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, ampicillin, clarithromycin, and kanamycin), accompanied by the strongest resistance to kanamycin (aminoglycosides) and the worst resistance to clarithromycin (quinolones). From the perspective of gene expression, we show the resistance mechanism of strain TR3 to different types of antibiotics. In addition, the potential pathogenicity of strain TR3 is also discussed. Chlorine and ultraviolet (UV) sterilization on strain TR3 showed that UV is ineffective at low intensity, and it is easy to be revived by light. A low concentration of hypochlorous acid is effective for sterilization, but it can cause the release of DNA, becoming a potential source of ARGs discharged from WWTPs to environmental water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Liyan Deng
- Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Liya Fu
- Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Panxin Wang
- Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Changyong Wu
- Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Kudryavtseva AA, Cséfalvay E, Gnuchikh EY, Yanovskaya DD, Skutel MA, Isaev AB, Bazhenov SV, Utkina AA, Manukhov IV. Broadness and specificity: ArdB, ArdA, and Ocr against various restriction-modification systems. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1133144. [PMID: 37138625 PMCID: PMC10149784 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1133144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ArdB, ArdA, and Ocr proteins inhibit the endonuclease activity of the type I restriction-modification enzymes (RMI). In this study, we evaluated the ability of ArdB, ArdA, and Ocr to inhibit different subtypes of Escherichia coli RMI systems (IA, IB, and IC) as well as two Bacillus licheniformis RMI systems. Furthermore we explored, the antirestriction activity of ArdA, ArdB, and Ocr against a type III restriction-modification system (RMIII) EcoPI and BREX. We found that DNA-mimic proteins, ArdA and Ocr exhibit different inhibition activity, depending on which RM system tested. This effect might be linked to the DNA mimicry nature of these proteins. In theory, DNA-mimic might competitively inhibit any DNA-binding proteins; however, the efficiency of inhibition depend on the ability to imitate the recognition site in DNA or its preferred conformation. In contrast, ArdB protein with an undescribed mechanism of action, demonstrated greater versatility against various RMI systems and provided similar antirestriction efficiency regardless of the recognition site. However, ArdB protein could not affect restriction systems that are radically different from the RMI such as BREX or RMIII. Thus, we assume that the structure of DNA-mimic proteins allows for selective inhibition of any DNA-binding proteins depending on the recognition site. In contrast, ArdB-like proteins inhibit RMI systems independently of the DNA recognition site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Kudryavtseva
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- *Correspondence: Anna A. Kudryavtseva
| | - Eva Cséfalvay
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nové Hrady, Czechia
| | - Evgeniy Yu Gnuchikh
- Kurchatov Genomic Center, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Darya D. Yanovskaya
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Skutel
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem B. Isaev
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Bazhenov
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Laboratory for Microbiology, BIOTECH University, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Utkina
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Manukhov
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Laboratory for Microbiology, BIOTECH University, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
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Seo PW, Hofmann A, Kim JH, Hwangbo SA, Kim JH, Kim JW, Huynh TYL, Choy HE, Kim SJ, Lee J, Lee JO, Jin KS, Park SY, Kim JS. Structural features of a minimal intact methyltransferase of a type I restriction-modification system. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:381-389. [PMID: 35337914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Type I restriction-modification enzymes are oligomeric proteins composed of methylation (M), DNA sequence-recognition (S), and restriction (R) subunits. The different bipartite DNA sequences of 2-4 consecutive bases are recognized by two discerned target recognition domains (TRDs) located at the two-helix bundle of the two conserved regions (CRs). Two M-subunits and a single S-subunit form an oligomeric protein that functions as a methyltransferase (M2S1 MTase). Here, we present the crystal structure of the intact MTase from Vibrio vulnificus YJ016 in complex with the DNA-mimicking Ocr protein and the S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH). This MTase includes the M-domain with a helix tail (M-tail helix) and the S1/2-domain of a TRD and a CR α-helix. The Ocr binds to the cleft of the TRD surface and SAH is located in the pocket within the M-domain. The solution- and negative-staining electron microscopy-based reconstructed (M1S1/2)2 structure reveals a symmetric (S1/2)2 assembly using two CR-helices and two M-tail helices as a pivot, which is plausible for recognizing two DNA regions of same sequence. The conformational flexibility of the minimal M1S1/2 MTase dimer indicates a particular state resembling the structure of M2S1 MTases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil-Won Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Jun-Ha Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61, Daehak-ro, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-A Hwangbo
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Membrane Proteins, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Yen Ly Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon E Choy
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Research Building, Chonnam National University Medical College, Hwasun, Jeonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Kim
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Lee
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Membrane Proteins, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie-Oh Lee
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Membrane Proteins, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Sik Jin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suk-Youl Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Bower EKM, Cooper LP, Roberts GA, White JH, Luyten Y, Morgan RD, Dryden DTF. A model for the evolution of prokaryotic DNA restriction-modification systems based upon the structural malleability of Type I restriction-modification enzymes. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:9067-9080. [PMID: 30165537 PMCID: PMC6158711 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Restriction Modification (RM) systems prevent the invasion of foreign genetic material into bacterial cells by restriction and protect the host's genetic material by methylation. They are therefore important in maintaining the integrity of the host genome. RM systems are currently classified into four types (I to IV) on the basis of differences in composition, target recognition, cofactors and the manner in which they cleave DNA. Comparing the structures of the different types, similarities can be observed suggesting an evolutionary link between these different types. This work describes the ‘deconstruction’ of a large Type I RM enzyme into forms structurally similar to smaller Type II RM enzymes in an effort to elucidate the pathway taken by Nature to form these different RM enzymes. Based upon the ability to engineer new enzymes from the Type I ‘scaffold’, an evolutionary pathway and the evolutionary pressures required to move along the pathway from Type I RM systems to Type II RM systems are proposed. Experiments to test the evolutionary model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward K M Bower
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Laurie P Cooper
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Gareth A Roberts
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - John H White
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Yvette Luyten
- New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938-2723, USA
| | - Richard D Morgan
- New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938-2723, USA
| | - David T F Dryden
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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Grinkevich P, Sinha D, Iermak I, Guzanova A, Weiserova M, Ludwig J, Mesters JR, Ettrich RH. Crystal structure of a novel domain of the motor subunit of the Type I restriction enzyme EcoR124 involved in complex assembly and DNA binding. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15043-15054. [PMID: 30054276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although EcoR124 is one of the better-studied Type I restriction-modification enzymes, it still presents many challenges to detailed analyses because of its structural and functional complexity and missing structural information. In all available structures of its motor subunit HsdR, responsible for DNA translocation and cleavage, a large part of the HsdR C terminus remains unresolved. The crystal structure of the C terminus of HsdR, obtained with a crystallization chaperone in the form of pHluorin fusion and refined to 2.45 Å, revealed that this part of the protein forms an independent domain with its own hydrophobic core and displays a unique α-helical fold. The full-length HsdR model, based on the WT structure and the C-terminal domain determined here, disclosed a proposed DNA-binding groove lined by positively charged residues. In vivo and in vitro assays with a C-terminal deletion mutant of HsdR supported the idea that this domain is involved in complex assembly and DNA binding. Conserved residues identified through sequence analysis of the C-terminal domain may play a key role in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. We conclude that the motor subunit of EcoR124 comprises five structural and functional domains, with the fifth, the C-terminal domain, revealing a unique fold characterized by four conserved motifs in the IC subfamily of Type I restriction-modification systems. In summary, the structural and biochemical results reported here support a model in which the C-terminal domain of the motor subunit HsdR of the endonuclease EcoR124 is involved in complex assembly and DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Grinkevich
- From the Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, 373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic.,the Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dhiraj Sinha
- From the Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, 373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Iuliia Iermak
- From the Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, 373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic.,the Department of Structural Cell Biology, Molecular Mechanisms of DNA Repair, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alena Guzanova
- the Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Weiserova
- the Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jost Ludwig
- From the Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, 373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Jeroen R Mesters
- the Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, Germany, and
| | - Rüdiger H Ettrich
- From the Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, 373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic, .,the College of Biomedical Sciences, Larkin University, Miami, Florida 33169
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6
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Bialevich V, Sinha D, Shamayeva K, Guzanova A, Řeha D, Csefalvay E, Carey J, Weiserova M, Ettrich RH. The helical domain of the EcoR124I motor subunit participates in ATPase activity and dsDNA translocation. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2887. [PMID: 28133570 PMCID: PMC5248579 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I restriction-modification enzymes are multisubunit, multifunctional molecular machines that recognize specific DNA target sequences, and their multisubunit organization underlies their multifunctionality. EcoR124I is the archetype of Type I restriction-modification family IC and is composed of three subunit types: HsdS, HsdM, and HsdR. DNA cleavage and ATP-dependent DNA translocation activities are housed in the distinct domains of the endonuclease/motor subunit HsdR. Because the multiple functions are integrated in this large subunit of 1,038 residues, a large number of interdomain contacts might be expected. The crystal structure of EcoR124I HsdR reveals a surprisingly sparse number of contacts between helicase domain 2 and the C-terminal helical domain that is thought to be involved in assembly with HsdM. Only two potential hydrogen-bonding contacts are found in a very small contact region. In the present work, the relevance of these two potential hydrogen-bonding interactions for the multiple activities of EcoR124I is evaluated by analysing mutant enzymes using in vivo and in vitro experiments. Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to provide structural interpretation of the functional data. The results indicate that the helical C-terminal domain is involved in the DNA translocation, cleavage, and ATPase activities of HsdR, and a role in controlling those activities is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitali Bialevich
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Dhiraj Sinha
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Katsiaryna Shamayeva
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Guzanova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Řeha
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Csefalvay
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Jannette Carey
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Chemistry Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Marie Weiserova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rüdiger H. Ettrich
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- College of Medical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
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Grinkevich P, Iermak I, Luedtke NA, Mesters JR, Ettrich R, Ludwig J. pHluorin-assisted expression, purification, crystallization and X-ray diffraction data analysis of the C-terminal domain of the HsdR subunit of the Escherichia coli type I restriction-modification system EcoR124I. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:672-6. [PMID: 27599856 PMCID: PMC5012205 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16011626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The HsdR subunit of the type I restriction-modification system EcoR124I is responsible for the translocation as well as the restriction activity of the whole complex consisting of the HsdR, HsdM and HsdS subunits, and while crystal structures are available for the wild type and several mutants, the C-terminal domain comprising approximately 150 residues was not resolved in any of these structures. Here, three fusion constructs with the GFP variant pHluorin developed to overexpress, purify and crystallize the C-terminal domain of HsdR are reported. The shortest of the three encompassed HsdR residues 887-1038 and yielded crystals that belonged to the orthorhombic space group C2221, with unit-cell parameters a = 83.42, b = 176.58, c = 126.03 Å, α = β = γ = 90.00° and two molecules in the asymmetric unit (VM = 2.55 Å(3) Da(-1), solvent content 50.47%). X-ray diffraction data were collected to a resolution of 2.45 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Grinkevich
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, v.v.i., Zamek 136, 37333 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Iuliia Iermak
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, v.v.i., Zamek 136, 37333 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas A. Luedtke
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, v.v.i., Zamek 136, 37333 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Ripon College, 300 Seward Street, Ripon, WI 54971, USA
| | - Jeroen R. Mesters
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Ettrich
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, v.v.i., Zamek 136, 37333 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jost Ludwig
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, v.v.i., Zamek 136, 37333 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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