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Zhang A, Chen Z, Li M, Qiu H, Lawrence S, Bak H, Li N. A general evidence-based sequence variant control limit for recombinant therapeutic protein development. MAbs 2021; 12:1791399. [PMID: 32744138 PMCID: PMC7531532 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1791399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence variants (SVs) resulting from unintended amino acid substitutions in recombinant therapeutic proteins have increasingly gained attention from both regulatory agencies and the biopharmaceutical industry given their potential impact on efficacy and safety. With well-optimized production systems, such sequence variants usually exist at very low levels in the final protein products due to the high fidelity of DNA replication and protein biosynthesis process in mammalian expression systems such as Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. However, their levels can be significantly elevated in cases where the selected production cell line has unexpected DNA mutations or the manufacturing process is not fully optimized, for example, if depletion of certain amino acids occurs in the cell culture media in bioreactors. Therefore, it is important to design and implement an effective monitoring and control strategy to prevent or minimize the possible risks of SVs during the early stage of product and process development. However, there is no well-established guidance from the regulatory agencies or consensus across the industry to assess and manage SV risks. A question frequently asked is: What levels of SVs can be considered acceptable during product and process development, but also have no negative effects on drug safety and efficacy in patients? To address this critical question, we have taken a holistic approach and conducted a comprehensive sequence variant analysis. To guide biologic development, a general SV control limit of 0.1% at individual amino acid sites was proposed and properly justified based on extensive literature review, SV benchmark survey of approved therapeutic proteins, and accumulated experience on SV control practice at Regeneron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aming Zhang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Zhengwei Chen
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Meinuo Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Shawn Lawrence
- Preclinical Manufacturing and Process Development , Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Hanne Bak
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown, New York, USA
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Tang W, Li X, Tang L, Wang T, He G. Characterization of the low-pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza virus in Shanghai, China. Poult Sci 2020; 100:565-574. [PMID: 33518109 PMCID: PMC7858150 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
H7N7 avian influenza virus (AIV) can divided into low-pathogenic AIV and high-pathogenic AIV groups. It has been shown to infect humans and animals. Its prevalence state in wild birds in China remains largely unclear. In this study, a new strain of H7N7 AIV, designated CM1216, isolated from wild birds in Shanghai, China, was characterized. Phylogenetic and nucleotide sequence analyses of CM1216 revealed that HA, NA, PB1, NP, and M genes shared the highest nucleotide identity with the Japan H7 subtype AIV circulated in 2019; the PB2 and PA genes shared the highest nucleotide identity with the Korea H7 subtype AIV circulated in wild birds in 2018, while NS gene of CM1216 was 98.93% identical to that of the duck AIV circulating in Bangladesh, and they all belong to the Eurasian lineage. A Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction of the 2 surface genes of CM1216 showed that multiple reassortments might have occurred in 2015. Mutations were found in HA (A135 T, T136S, and T160 A [H3 numbering]), M1 (N30D and T215 A), NS1 (P42S and D97 E), PB2 (R389 K), and PA (N383D) proteins; these mutations have been shown to be related to mammalian adaptation and changes in virulence of AIVs. Infection studies demonstrated that CM1216 could infect mice and cause symptoms characteristic of influenza virus infection and proliferate in the lungs without prior adaption. This study demonstrates the need for routine surveillance of AIVs in wild birds and detection of their evolution to become a virus with high pathogenicity and ability to infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Tang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyong Li
- College of Agricultural, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Ling Tang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guimei He
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
Discovery of tumor antigenic epitopes is important for cancer vaccine development. Such epitopes can be designed and modified to become more antigenic and immunogenic in order to overcome immunosuppression towards the native tumor antigen. In silico-guided modification of epitope sequences allows predictive discrimination of those that may be potentially immunogenic. Therefore, only candidates predicted with high antigenicity will be selected, constructed, and tested in the lab. Here, we described the employment of in silico tools using a multiparametric approach to assess both potential T-cell epitopes (MHC class I/II binding) and B-cell epitopes (hydrophilicity, surface accessibility, antigenicity, and linear epitope). A scoring and ranking system based on these parameters was developed to shortlist potential mimotope candidates for further development as peptide cancer vaccines.
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Premanand B, Zhong Wee P, Prabakaran M. Baculovirus Surface Display of Immunogenic Proteins for Vaccine Development. Viruses 2018; 10:E298. [PMID: 29857561 PMCID: PMC6024371 DOI: 10.3390/v10060298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an efficient way to prevent the occurrence of many infectious diseases in humans. To date, several viral vectors have been utilized for the generation of vaccines. Among them, baculovirus-categorized as a nonhuman viral vector-has been used in wider applications. Its versatile features, like large cloning capacity, nonreplicative nature in mammalian cells, and broad tissue tropism, hold it at an excellent position among vaccine vectors. In addition to ease and safety during swift production, recent key improvements to existing baculovirus vectors (such as inclusion of hybrid promoters, immunostimulatory elements, etc.) have led to significant improvements in immunogenicity and efficacy of surface-displayed antigens. Furthermore, some promising preclinical results have been reported that mirror the scope and practicality of baculovirus as a vaccine vector for human applications in the near future. Herein, this review provides an overview of the induced immune responses by baculovirus surface-displayed vaccines against influenza and other infectious diseases in animal models, and highlights the strategies applied to enhance the protective immune responses against the displayed antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balraj Premanand
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Poh Zhong Wee
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Mookkan Prabakaran
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
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Alvarado-Facundo E, Vassell R, Schmeisser F, Weir JP, Weiss CD, Wang W. Glycosylation of Residue 141 of Subtype H7 Influenza A Hemagglutinin (HA) Affects HA-Pseudovirus Infectivity and Sensitivity to Site A Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149149. [PMID: 26862918 PMCID: PMC4749315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infections with H7 subtype influenza virus have been reported, including an H7N7 outbreak in Netherlands in 2003 and H7N9 infections in China in 2013. Previously, we reported murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognize the antigenic site A of H7 hemagglutinin (HA). To better understand protective immunity of H7 vaccines and vaccine candidate selection, we used these mAbs to assess the antigenic relatedness among two H7 HA isolated from past human infections and determine residues that affect susceptibility to neutralization. We found that these mAbs neutralize pseudoviruses bearing HA of A/Shanghai/02/2013(H7N9), but not A/Netherlands/219/2003(H7N7). Glycosylation of the asparagine residue at position 141 (N141) (N133, H3 HA numbering) in the HA of A/Netherlands/219/2003 HA is responsible for this resistance, and it affects the infectivity of HA-pseudoviruses. The presence of threonine at position 143 (T135, H3 HA numbering) in the HA of A/Netherlands/219/2003, rather than an alanine found in the HA of A/Shanghai/02/2013(H7N9), accounts for these differences. These results demonstrate a key role for glycosylation of residue N141 in affecting H7 influenza HA-mediated entry and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies, which have implications for candidate vaccine design.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Glycosylation
- HEK293 Cells
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Neutralization Tests
- Open Reading Frames
- Plasmids/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Alvarado-Facundo
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States of America
| | - Russell Vassell
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States of America
| | - Falko Schmeisser
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States of America
| | - Jerry P. Weir
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States of America
| | - Carol D. Weiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CDW); (WW)
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CDW); (WW)
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He F, Leyrer S, Kwang J. Strategies towards universal pandemic influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:215-25. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1115352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sonja Leyrer
- Emergent Product Development Germany GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Jimmy Kwang
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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