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Apoptosis or Antiapoptosis? Interrupted Regulated Cell Death of Host Cells by Ascovirus Infection In Vitro. mBio 2023; 14:e0311922. [PMID: 36744941 PMCID: PMC9973268 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03119-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascoviruses are insect-specific viruses thought to utilize the cellular apoptotic processes of host larvae to produce numerous virion-containing vesicles. In this study, we first determined the biochemical characteristics of ascovirus-infected, in vitro-cultured insect cells and the possible antiapoptotic capacity of ascovirus-infected insect cells. The results indicated that the ascovirus infection in the first 24 h was different from the infection from 48 h to the later infection stages. In the early infection stage, the Spodoptera exigua host cells had high membrane permeability and cleaved gasdermin D (GSDMD) but uncleaved Casp-6 (SeCasp-6). In contrast, the later infection stage had no such increased membrane permeability and had cleaved SeCasp-6. Four different chemicals were used to induce apoptosis at different stages of ascovirus infection: hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and actinomycin D (ActD) had similar effects on the ascovirus-infected cells, whereas cMYC inhibitors and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plus SM-164 apoptosis inducers (T/S) had similar effects on infected cells. The former two inducers inhibited viral DNA replication in most situations, while the latter two inducers inhibited viral DNA replication in the early stage of infection but promoted viral DNA replication in the later infection stage. Furthermore, immunoblotting assays verified that T/S treatment could increase the expression levels of viral major capsid protein (MCP) and the host inhibitor of apoptosis protein (SeIAP). Coimmunoprecipitation assays revealed interaction between SeIAP and SeCasps, but this interaction was disturbed in ascovirus-infected cells. This study details the in vitro infection process of ascovirus, indicating the utilization of pyroptosis for antiapoptosis cytopathology. IMPORTANCE Clarifying the relationship between different types of viral infections and host regulation of cell death (RCD) can provide insights into the interaction between viruses and host cells. Ascoviruses are insect-specific viruses with apoptosis-utilizing-like infection cytopathology. However, RCD does not only include apoptosis, and while in our previous transmission electron microscopic observations, ascovirus-infected cells did not show typical apoptotic characteristics (unpublished data), in this study, they did show increased membrane permeability. These results indicate that the cytopathology of ascovirus infection is a complex process in which the virus manipulates host RCD. The RCD of insect cells is quite different from that of mammals, and studies on the former are many fewer than those on the latter, especially in the case of RCD in lepidopteran insects. Our results will lay a foundation for understanding the RCD of lepidopteran insects and its function in the process of insect virus infection.
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Vitto VAM, Bianchin S, Zolondick AA, Pellielo G, Rimessi A, Chianese D, Yang H, Carbone M, Pinton P, Giorgi C, Patergnani S. Molecular Mechanisms of Autophagy in Cancer Development, Progression, and Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071596. [PMID: 35884904 PMCID: PMC9313210 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved and tightly regulated process that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. It involves regulation of various genes that function to degrade unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components, and to recycle metabolic substrates. Autophagy is modulated by many factors, such as nutritional status, energy level, hypoxic conditions, endoplasmic reticulum stress, hormonal stimulation and drugs, and these factors can regulate autophagy both upstream and downstream of the pathway. In cancer, autophagy acts as a double-edged sword depending on the tissue type and stage of tumorigenesis. On the one hand, autophagy promotes tumor progression in advanced stages by stimulating tumor growth. On the other hand, autophagy inhibits tumor development in the early stages by enhancing its tumor suppressor activity. Moreover, autophagy drives resistance to anticancer therapy, even though in some tumor types, its activation induces lethal effects on cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the biological mechanisms of autophagy and its dual role in cancer. In addition, we report the current understanding of autophagy in some cancer types with markedly high incidence and/or lethality, and the existing therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Angela Maria Vitto
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (V.A.M.V.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (A.R.); (D.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Silvia Bianchin
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (V.A.M.V.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (A.R.); (D.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Alicia Ann Zolondick
- Thoracic Oncology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA; (A.A.Z.); (H.Y.); (M.C.)
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA
| | - Giulia Pellielo
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (V.A.M.V.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (A.R.); (D.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (V.A.M.V.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (A.R.); (D.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Diego Chianese
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (V.A.M.V.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (A.R.); (D.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Haining Yang
- Thoracic Oncology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA; (A.A.Z.); (H.Y.); (M.C.)
| | - Michele Carbone
- Thoracic Oncology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA; (A.A.Z.); (H.Y.); (M.C.)
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (V.A.M.V.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (A.R.); (D.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (V.A.M.V.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (A.R.); (D.C.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (V.A.M.V.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (A.R.); (D.C.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (S.P.)
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Kerddee P, Dinh-Hung N, Dong HT, Hirono I, Soontara C, Areechon N, Srisapoome P, Kayansamruaj P. Molecular evidence for homologous strains of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) genotype I infecting inland freshwater cultured Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) in Thailand. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3061-3074. [PMID: 34462803 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is a fish-pathogenic virus belonging to the genus Megalocytivirus of the family Iridoviridae. In 2018, disease occurrences (40-50% cumulative mortality) associated with ISKNV infection were reported in grown-out Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) cultured in an inland freshwater system in Thailand. Clinical samples were collected from seven distinct farms located in the eastern and central regions of Thailand. The moribund fish showed various abnormal signs, including lethargy, pale gills, darkened body, and skin hemorrhage, while hypertrophied basophilic cells were observed microscopically in gill, liver, and kidney tissue. ISKNV infection was confirmed on six out of seven farms using virus-specific semi-nested PCR. The MCP and ATPase genes showed 100% sequence identity among the virus isolates, and the virus was found to belong to the ISKNV genotype I clade. Koch's postulates were later confirmed by challenge assay, and the mortality of the experimentally infected fish at 21 days post-challenge was 50-90%, depending on the challenge dose. The complete genome of two ISKNV isolates, namely KU1 and KU2, was recovered directly from the infected specimens using a shotgun metagenomics approach. The genome length of ISKNV KU1 and KU2 was 111,487 and 111,610 bp, respectively. In comparison to closely related ISKNV strains, KU1 and KU2 contained nine unique genes, including a caspase-recruitment-domain-containing protein that is potentially involved in inhibition of apoptosis. Collectively, this study indicated that inland cultured Asian sea bass are infected by homologous ISKNV strains. This indicates that ISKNV genotype I should be prioritized for future vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarawit Kerddee
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Nguyen Dinh-Hung
- Fish Infectious Diseases Research Unit (FID RU), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan, Minato, 4-5-7, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Chayanit Soontara
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Nontawith Areechon
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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The Alteration of Intestinal Microbiota Profile and Immune Response in Epinephelus coioides during Pathogen Infection. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020099. [PMID: 33525589 PMCID: PMC7912457 DOI: 10.3390/life11020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epinephelus coioides, or grouper, is a high economic value fish species that plays an important role in the aquaculture industry in Asia. However, both viral and bacterial diseases have threatened grouper for many years, especially nervous necrosis virus, grouper iridovirus and Vibrio harveyi, which have caused a bottleneck in the grouper industry. Currently, intestinal microbiota can provide novel insights into the pathogenesis-related factors involved in pathogen infection. Hence, we investigated the comparison of intestinal microbiota communities in control group and pathogen-infected grouper through high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Our results showed that microbial diversity was decreased, whereas microbial richness was increased during pathogen infection. The individuals in each group were distributed distinctly on the PLSDA diagram, especially the GIV group. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the most abundant bacterial phyla in all groups. Interestingly, beneficial genera, Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium, predominated in the intestines of the control group. In contrast, the intestines of pathogen-infected grouper had higher levels of harmful genera such as Sphingomonas, Atopostipes, Staphylococcus and Acinetobacter. Additionally, we investigated the expression levels of innate and adaptive immune-related genes after viral and bacterial infection. The results revealed that immunoglobulin T and proinflammatory cytokine levels in the intestine increased after pathogen infection. Through these unique bacterial compositions in diseased and uninfected fish, we could establish a novel therapeutic approach and bacterial marker for preventing and controlling these diseases.
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Yessenkyzy A, Saliev T, Zhanaliyeva M, Masoud AR, Umbayev B, Sergazy S, Krivykh E, Gulyayev A, Nurgozhin T. Polyphenols as Caloric-Restriction Mimetics and Autophagy Inducers in Aging Research. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1344. [PMID: 32397145 PMCID: PMC7285205 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been thought that caloric restriction favors longevity and healthy aging where autophagy plays a vital role. However, autophagy decreases during aging and that can lead to the development of aging-associated diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration, etc. It was shown that autophagy can be induced by mechanical or chemical stress. In this regard, various pharmacological compounds were proposed, including natural polyphenols. Apart from the ability to induce autophagy, polyphenols, such as resveratrol, are capable of modulating the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors, neutralizing free radical species, affecting mitochondrial functions, chelating redox-active transition metal ions, and preventing protein aggregation. Moreover, polyphenols have advantages compared to chemical inducers of autophagy due to their intrinsic natural bio-compatibility and safety. In this context, polyphenols can be considered as a potential therapeutic tool for healthy aging either as a part of a diet or as separate compounds (supplements). This review discusses the epigenetic aspect and the underlying molecular mechanism of polyphenols as an anti-aging remedy. In addition, the recent advances of studies on NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) regulation of autophagy, the role of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in cells senescence and their regulation by polyphenols have been highlighted as well. Apart from that, the review also revised the latest information on how polyphenols can help to improve mitochondrial function and modulate apoptosis (programmed cell death).
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Affiliation(s)
- Assylzhan Yessenkyzy
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine named after B. Atchabarov, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (A.Y.); (T.N.)
| | - Timur Saliev
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine named after B. Atchabarov, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (A.Y.); (T.N.)
| | - Marina Zhanaliyeva
- Department of Human Anatomy, NSC “Medical University of Astana”, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Abdul-Razak Masoud
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71270, USA;
| | - Bauyrzhan Umbayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (B.U.); (S.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Shynggys Sergazy
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (B.U.); (S.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Elena Krivykh
- Khanty-Mansiysk State Medical Academy, Tyumen Region, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug—Ugra, Khanty-Mansiysk 125438, Russia;
| | - Alexander Gulyayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (B.U.); (S.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Talgat Nurgozhin
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine named after B. Atchabarov, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (A.Y.); (T.N.)
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Nanson JD, Rahaman MH, Ve T, Kobe B. Regulation of signaling by cooperative assembly formation in mammalian innate immunity signalosomes by molecular mimics. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 99:96-114. [PMID: 29738879 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity pathways constitute the first line of defense against infections and cellular damage. An emerging concept in these pathways is that signaling involves the formation of finite (e.g. rings in NLRs) or open-ended higher-order assemblies (e.g. filamentous assemblies by members of the death-fold family and TIR domains). This signaling by cooperative assembly formation (SCAF) mechanism allows rapid and strongly amplified responses to minute amounts of stimulus. While the characterization of the molecular mechanisms of SCAF has seen rapid progress, little is known about its regulation. One emerging theme involves proteins produced both in host cells and by pathogens that appear to mimic the signaling components. Recently characterized examples involve the capping of the filamentous assemblies formed by caspase-1 CARDs by the CARD-only protein INCA, and those formed by caspase-8 by the DED-containing protein MC159. By contrast, the CARD-only protein ICEBERG and the DED-containing protein cFLIP incorporate into signaling filaments and presumably interfere with proximity based activation of caspases. We review selected examples of SCAF in innate immunity pathways and focus on the current knowledge on signaling component mimics produced by mammalian and pathogen cells and what is known about their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Nanson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Md Habibur Rahaman
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Indramohan M, Stehlik C, Dorfleutner A. COPs and POPs Patrol Inflammasome Activation. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:153-173. [PMID: 29024695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensing and responding to pathogens and tissue damage is a core mechanism of innate immune host defense, and inflammasomes represent a central cytosolic pattern recognition receptor pathway leading to the generation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 and pyroptotic cell death that causes the subsequent release of danger signals to propagate and perpetuate inflammatory responses. While inflammasome activation is essential for host defense, deregulated inflammasome responses and excessive release of inflammatory cytokines and danger signals are linked to an increasing spectrum of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will discuss recent developments in elucidating the role of PYRIN domain-only proteins (POPs) and the related CARD-only proteins (COPs) in regulating inflammasome responses and their impact on inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanalaxmi Indramohan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christian Stehlik
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center and Skin Disease Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Andrea Dorfleutner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Lisser GJ, Vo NTK, DeWitte-Orr SJ. Delineating the roles of cellular and innate antiviral immune parameters mediating ranavirus susceptibility using rainbow trout cell lines. Virus Res 2017. [PMID: 28634115 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Frog virus 3 is the type species of the Ranavirus genus and the causative agent of massive mortalities of aquatic species worldwide. A critical step in limiting virus replication, particularly early in infection, is the innate immune response. Presently, little is known regarding what innate immune strategies limit FV3 at the cellular level. To this end, the present study uses two rainbow trout cell lines, RTG-2 and RTgutGC, which demonstrate susceptible and relatively resistant phenotypes to FV3 infection, to elucidate susceptibility factors to FV3. RTG-2 demonstrated a lower LD50 and significantly higher virus transcript production compared to RTgutGC. The mode of cell death appeared to be apoptosis for both cell lines; however, RTG-2 did not demonstrate fragmented nuclei typical of apoptosis in cell culture. Next, the source of RTG-2's enhanced susceptibility was pursued, in hopes of highlighting unique features of this virus-host interaction that would predispose a cell to susceptibility. The type I interferon (IFN) response is the keystone mechanism used by the innate immune system to limit virus replication. FV3 induced very low to no levels of IFNs and interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) in either cell line, nor did inducing IFNs prior to infection inhibit virus-induced cell death. A dsRNA-induced antiviral state did reduce virus replication however. UV-inactivated FV3 was also able to kill RTG-2; thus, susceptibility to FV3-induced cell death observed in RTG-2 was independent of virus replication or the cell's ability, or lack thereof, to produce an IFN response. Importantly, RTG-2 showed greater viral entry compared to RTgutGC, suggesting non-innate immune factors, such as surface receptor expression or endocytic mechanism rates, may be key contributors to FV3 susceptibility. These findings contribute to our understanding of cell-level susceptibility to this environmentally important aquatic animal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J Lisser
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Stephanie J DeWitte-Orr
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada; Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada.
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Li M, Gao P, Zhang J. Crosstalk between Autophagy and Apoptosis: Potential and Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Cardiac Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:332. [PMID: 26950124 PMCID: PMC4813194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cell survival process which is related to breaking down and reusing cytoplasm components. Moreover, autophagy regulates cell death under certain conditions. Apoptosis has the characteristics of chromatin agglutination and the shrinking of nuclear and apoptosis body form. Even if the mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis have differences, some proteins modulate both autophagy and apoptosis. Crosstalk between them exists. This review highlights recent advances in the interaction of autophagy and apoptosis and its importance in the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Urumqi General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command, Urumqi 830000, China.
| | - Junping Zhang
- Department of cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medcine, Tianjin 300192, China.
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Characterization of Frog Virus 3 knockout mutants lacking putative virulence genes. Virology 2015; 485:162-70. [PMID: 26264970 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To identify ranavirus virulence genes, we engineered Frog Virus 3 (FV3) knockout (KO) mutants defective for a putative viral caspase activation and recruitment domain-containing (CARD) protein (Δ64R-FV3) and a β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase homolog (Δ52L-FV3). Compared to wild type (WT) FV3, infection of Xenopus tadpoles with Δ64R- or Δ52L-FV3 resulted in significantly lower levels of mortality and viral replication. We further characterized these and two earlier KO mutants lacking the immediate-early18kDa protein (FV3-Δ18K) or the truncated viral homolog of eIF-2α (FV3-ΔvIF-2α). All KO mutants replicated as well as WT-FV3 in non-amphibian cell lines, whereas in Xenopus A6 kidney cells replication of ΔvCARD-, ΔvβHSD- and ΔvIF-2α-FV3 was markedly reduced. Furthermore, Δ64R- and ΔvIF-2α-FV3 were more sensitive to interferon than WT and Δ18-FV3. Notably, Δ64R-, Δ18K- and ΔvIF-2α- but not Δ52L-FV3 triggered more apoptosis than WT FV3. These data suggest that vCARD (64R) and vβ-HSD (52L) genes contribute to viral pathogenesis.
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