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Wu Y, Li N, Ye C, Jiang X, Luo H, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Zhang Q. Focal adhesion kinase inhibitors, a heavy punch to cancer. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:52. [PMID: 35201485 PMCID: PMC8777493 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinases are the ideal druggable targets for diseases and especially were highlighted on cancer therapy. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and its aberrant signaling extensively implicates in the progression of most cancer types, involving in cancer cell growth, adhesion, migration, and tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling. FAK is commonly overexpressed and activated in a variety of cancers and plays as a targetable kinase in cancer therapy. FAK inhibitors already exhibited promising performance in preclinical and early-stage clinical trials. Moreover, substantial evidence has implied that targeting FAK is more effective in combination strategy, thereby reversing the failure of chemotherapies or targeted therapies in solid tumors. In the current review, we summarized the drug development progress, chemotherapy strategy, and perspective view for FAK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueling Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
- Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Ning Li
- Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Chengfeng Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
- Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Xingmei Jiang
- Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Hui Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Baoyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Abak A, Mohaqiq M, Shoorei H, Taheri M. The Interplay Between Non-coding RNAs and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Neoplasia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:634512. [PMID: 33768092 PMCID: PMC7985092 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.634512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are polypeptides with similar sequences with insulin. These factors regulate cell growth, development, maturation, and aging via different processes including the interplay with MAPK, Akt, and PI3K. IGF signaling participates in the pathogenesis of neoplasia, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, polycystic ovarian syndrome, cerebral ischemic injury, fatty liver disease, and several other conditions. Recent investigations have demonstrated the interplay between non-coding RNAs and IGF signaling. This interplay has fundamental roles in the development of the mentioned disorders. We designed the current study to search the available data about the role of IGF-associated non-coding RNAs in the evolution of neoplasia and other conditions. As novel therapeutic strategies have been designed for modification of IGF signaling, identification of the impact of non-coding RNAs in this pathway is necessary for the prediction of response to these modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefe Abak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mohaqiq
- School of Advancement, Centennial College, Ashtonbee Campus, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biranjd University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zou XY, Zeng Q, Liu P, Nie MH. [Effect of the focal adhesion kinase inhibitor TAE226 on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2020; 38:17-22. [PMID: 32037761 PMCID: PMC7184310 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of the focal adhesion kinase inhibitor TAE226 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell line. METHODS HSC-3 and HSC-4 cells were cultured with TAE226 under different concentrations (0, 1, 5, and 10 μmol·L⁻¹) for 24, 48, and 72 h. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the mRNA expressions of E-cadherin and Vimentin. The protein expressions of E-cadherin and Vimentin were determined by Western blot assay after 48 h of TAE226 treatment. RESULTS Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that increasing the TAE226 dose and reaction time resulted in increased and decreased E-cadherin and Vimentin mRNA expressions, respectively (P<0.05). Western blot assays showed that increasing the TAE226 dose resulted in increased and decreased E-cadherin and Vimentin protein expressions, respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS TAE226, which is expected to be an effective drug for OSCC treatment, can effectively inhibit the EMT of the OSCC cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Zou
- Dept. of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;Laboratory for Reconstraction and Regeneration of Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qin Zeng
- Dept. of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;Laboratory for Reconstraction and Regeneration of Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Dept. of Stomatology, Luohu People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Min-Hai Nie
- Dept. of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;Laboratory for Reconstraction and Regeneration of Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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Moritake H, Saito Y, Sawa D, Sameshima N, Yamada A, Kinoshita M, Kamimura S, Konomoto T, Nunoi H. TAE226, a dual inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor, is effective for Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Med 2019; 8:7809-7821. [PMID: 31692287 PMCID: PMC6912025 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcomes for relapsed and metastatic Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is extremely poor. Therefore, it is important to identify the tumor‐specific targets in these intractable diseases. High focal adhesion kinase (FAK) transcript expression levels in EWS cell lines are known. TAE226 is a dual inhibitor of FAK and insulin‐like growth factor‐I receptor (IGF‐IR), while PF‐562,271 is a dual inhibitor of FAK and proline‐rich tyrosine kinase 2. We compared the cytotoxicity of TAE226 and PF‐562,271 toward three EWS cell lines. TAE226 strongly inhibited proliferation of three cell lines when compared with PF‐562,271. Furthermore, we investigated the efficacy of TAE226 as well as its mechanism of action against EWS. A stable EWS cell line with FAK and IGF‐IR knocked down was established, and microarray analysis revealed dysregulated expression in various pathways. TAE226 treatment of EWS cell lines induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, AKT dephosphorylation, and inhibition of invasion. We demonstrated that TAE226 drastically inhibits the local growth of primary tumors and metastasis in EWS using mouse models. Furthermore, the combination of TAE226 and conventional chemotherapy proved to exert synergistic effects. TAE226 may be a candidate single agent or combined therapy drug to be developed for patients who have relapse and metastatic EWS tumors in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Moritake
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saito
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sawa
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Sameshima
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ai Yamada
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mariko Kinoshita
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Kamimura
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takao Konomoto
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nunoi
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Fukami S, Tomioka D, Murakami Y, Honda T, Hatakeyama S. Pharmacological profiling of a dual FAK/IGF-1R kinase inhibitor TAE226 in cellular and in vivo tumor models. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:347. [PMID: 31215459 PMCID: PMC6582604 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective A dual inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), TAE226, was evaluated in a panel of cancer cell lines, MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic tumor and 4T1 murine breast tumor models. The profiling data were generated during the drug discovery research prior to the first publication of TAE226 appeared in 2007 (Liu et al. in Mol Cancer Ther 6:1357–1367, 2007; Shi et al. in Mol Carcinog 46(6):488–496, 2007; Halder et al. in Cancer Res 67(22):10976–10983, 2007). Results In a panel of 37 cancer cell lines, TAE226 showed a mean GI50 value of 0.76 μmol/L. In the MIA PaCa-2 model, TAE226 inhibited phosphorylation of Y397-FAK and phosphorylation of S473-Akt as IGF-1R signaling in the cell culture in vitro and the tumor in mice. Oral administration of TAE226 induced tumor stasis at 30 mg/kg and tumor regression at 100 mg/kg in the subcutaneous tumor, and inhibited the orthotopic tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly in the 4T1 model, TAE226 inhibited phosphorylation of Y397-FAK and S473-Akt in the cell culture in vitro and the tumor in mice. Oral administration of TAE226 inhibited the orthotopic tumor growth and metastasis to the lung in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, TAE226 represents a novel class of selective and small molecule kinase inhibitor with a potent in vivo activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-019-4389-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigemi Fukami
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma K.K, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisaku Tomioka
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma K.K, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yutaka Murakami
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma K.K, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Honda
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shinji Hatakeyama
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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Aboubakar Nana F, Lecocq M, Ladjemi MZ, Detry B, Dupasquier S, Feron O, Massion PP, Sibille Y, Pilette C, Ocak S. Therapeutic Potential of Focal Adhesion Kinase Inhibition in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 18:17-27. [PMID: 30352800 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has a poor prognosis. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase regulating cell proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion, which is overexpressed and/or activated in several cancers, including SCLC. We wanted to determine whether FAK contributes to SCLC aggressive behavior. We first evaluated the effect of FAK small-molecule inhibitor PF-573,228 in NCI-H82, NCI-H146, NCI-H196, and NCI-H446 SCLC cell lines. PF-573,228 (0.1-5 μmol/L) inhibited FAK activity by decreasing phospho-FAK (Tyr397), without modifying total FAK expression. PF-573,228 decreased proliferation, decreased DNA synthesis, induced cell-cycle arrest in G2-M phases, and increased apoptosis in all cell lines. PF-573,228 also decreased motility in adherent cell lines. To make sure that these effects were not off-target, we then used a genetic method to inhibit FAK in NCI-H82 and NCI-H446, namely stable transduction with FAK shRNA and/or FAK-related nonkinase (FRNK), a splice variant lacking the N-terminal and kinase domains. Although FAK shRNA transduction decreased total and phospho-FAK (Tyr397) expression, it did not affect proliferation, DNA synthesis, or progression through cell cycle. However, restoration of FAK-targeting (FAT) domain (attached to focal adhesion complex where it inhibits pro-proliferative proteins such as Rac-1) by FRNK transduction inhibited proliferation, DNA synthesis, and induced apoptosis. Moreover, although FAK shRNA transduction increased active Rac1 level, FRNK reexpression in cells previously transduced with FAK shRNA decreased it. Therefore, FAK appears important in SCLC biology and targeting its kinase domain may have a therapeutic potential, while targeting its FAT domain should be avoided to prevent Rac1-mediated protumoral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Aboubakar Nana
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marylène Lecocq
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maha Zohra Ladjemi
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Detry
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Dupasquier
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Feron
- IREC, Pôle de Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique (FATH), UCL, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre P Massion
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), and Tennessee Valley Health Care Systems, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yves Sibille
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium.,Division of Pneumology, CHU UCL Namur (Godinne Site), UCL, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium.,Division of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, UCL, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Wavre, Belgium
| | - Sebahat Ocak
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium. .,Division of Pneumology, CHU UCL Namur (Godinne Site), UCL, Yvoir, Belgium
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Hawkinson JE, Sinville R, Mudaliar D, Shetty J, Ward T, Herr JC, Georg GI. Potent Pyrimidine and Pyrrolopyrimidine Inhibitors of Testis-Specific Serine/Threonine Kinase 2 (TSSK2). ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1857-1865. [PMID: 28952188 PMCID: PMC5962959 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Testis-specific serine/threonine kinase 2 (TSSK2) is an important target for reversible male contraception. A high-throughput screen of ≈17 000 compounds using a mobility shift assay identified two potent series of inhibitors having a pyrrolopyrimidine or pyrimidine core. The pyrrolopyrimidine 10 (IC50 22 nm; GSK2163632A) and the pyrimidine 17 (IC50 31 nm; ALK inhibitor 1) are the most potent TSSK2 inhibitors in these series, which contain the first sub-100 nanomolar inhibitors of any TSSK isoform reported, except for the broad kinase inhibitor staurosporine. The novel, potent pyrimidine TSSK2 inhibitor compound 19 (IC50 66 nm; 2-[[5-chloro-2-[2-methoxy-4-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)anilino]pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide) lacks the potential for metabolic activation. Compound 19 had a potency rank order of TSSK1>TSSK2>TSSK3>TSSK6, indicating that potent dual inhibitors of TSSK1/2 can be identified, which may be required for a complete contraceptive effect. The future availability of a TSSK2 crystal structure will facilitate structure-based discovery of selective TSSK inhibitors from these pyrrolopyrimidine and pyrimidine scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon E Hawkinson
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Rondedrick Sinville
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Deepti Mudaliar
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Jagathpala Shetty
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research in Contraceptive and Reproductive Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Timothy Ward
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - John C Herr
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research in Contraceptive and Reproductive Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
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Liu H, Wu B, Ge Y, Huang J, Song S, Wang C, Yao J, Liu K, Li Y, Li Y, Ma X. Phosphamide-containing diphenylpyrimidine analogues (PA-DPPYs) as potent focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors with enhanced activity against pancreatic cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6313-6321. [PMID: 29102081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A family of phosphamide-containing diphenylpyrimidine analogues (PA-DPPYs) were synthesized as potent focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors. The PA-DPPY derivatives could significantly inhibit the FAK enzymatic activity at concentrations lower than 10.69 nM. Among them, compounds 7a and 7e were two of the most active FAK inhibitors, possessing IC50 values of 4.25 nM and 4.65 nM, respectively. In particular, compound 7e also displayed strong activity against AsPC cell line, with an IC50 of 1.66 μM, but show low activity against the normal HPDE6-C7 cells (IC50 > 20 μM), indicating its low cell cytotoxicity. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis showed that after treatment with 7e (8 μM, 72 h), both AsPC and Panc cells growth were almost totally inhibited, with a cell viability rate of 16.8% and 18.1%, respectively. Overall, compound 7e may be served as a valuable FAK inhibitor for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Yang Ge
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Huang
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Shijie Song
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jihong Yao
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Yanxia Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Yongming Li
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
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