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Randall JG, Gatesy J, McGowen MR, Springer MS. Molecular Evidence for Relaxed Selection on the Enamel Genes of Toothed Whales (Odontoceti) with Degenerative Enamel Phenotypes. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:228. [PMID: 38397217 PMCID: PMC10888366 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Different species of toothed whales (Odontoceti) exhibit a variety of tooth forms and enamel types. Some odontocetes have highly prismatic enamel with Hunter-Schreger bands, whereas enamel is vestigial or entirely lacking in other species. Different tooth forms and enamel types are associated with alternate feeding strategies that range from biting and grasping prey with teeth in most oceanic and river dolphins to the suction feeding of softer prey items without the use of teeth in many beaked whales. At the molecular level, previous studies have documented inactivating mutations in the enamel-specific genes of some odontocete species that lack complex enamel. At a broader scale, however, it is unclear whether enamel complexity across the full diversity of extant Odontoceti correlates with the relative strength of purifying selection on enamel-specific genes. Here, we employ sequence alignments for seven enamel-specific genes (ACP4, AMBN, AMELX, AMTN, ENAM, KLK4, MMP20) in 62 odontocete species that are representative of all extant families. The sequences for 33 odontocete species were obtained from databases, and sequences for the remaining 29 species were newly generated for this study. We screened these alignments for inactivating mutations (e.g., frameshift indels) and provide a comprehensive catalog of these mutations in species with one or more inactivated enamel genes. Inactivating mutations are rare in Delphinidae (oceanic dolphins) and Platanistidae/Inioidea (river dolphins) that have higher enamel complexity scores. By contrast, mutations are much more numerous in clades such as Monodontidae (narwhal, beluga), Ziphiidae (beaked whales), Physeteroidea (sperm whales), and Phocoenidae (porpoises) that are characterized by simpler enamel or even enamelless teeth. Further, several higher-level taxa (e.g., Hyperoodon, Kogiidae, Monodontidae) possess shared inactivating mutations in one or more enamel genes, which suggests loss of function of these genes in the common ancestor of each clade. We also performed selection (dN/dS) analyses on a concatenation of these genes and used linear regression and Spearman's rank-order correlation to test for correlations between enamel complexity and two different measures of selection intensity (# of inactivating mutations per million years, dN/dS values). Selection analyses revealed that relaxed purifying selection is especially prominent in physeteroids, monodontids, and phocoenids. Linear regressions and correlation analyses revealed a strong negative correlation between selective pressure (dN/dS values) and enamel complexity. Stronger purifying selection (low dN/dS) is found on branches with more complex enamel and weaker purifying selection (higher dN/dS) occurs on branches with less complex enamel or enamelless teeth. As odontocetes diversified into a variety of feeding modes, in particular, the suction capture of prey, a reduced reliance on the dentition for prey capture resulted in the relaxed selection of genes that are critical to enamel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G. Randall
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - John Gatesy
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA;
| | - Michael R. McGowen
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, MRC 108, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, USA;
| | - Mark S. Springer
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
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Anatomical, Ontogenetic, and Genomic Homologies Guide Reconstructions of the Teeth-to-Baleen Transition in Mysticete Whales. J MAMM EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-022-09614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ramadoss R, Padmanaban R, Subramanian B. Role of bioglass in enamel remineralization: Existing strategies and future prospects-A narrative review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:45-66. [PMID: 34245107 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enamel, once formed, loses the ability to regenerate due to the loss of the formative ameloblasts. It is subjected to constant damaging events due to exposure to external agents and oral microbiomes. An enamel remineralization process targets to replenish the lost ionic component of the enamel through a multitude of methods. Enamel remineralization is highly challenging as it has a complex organized hierarchical microstructure. Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals of the enamel vary in size and orientation along alignment planes inside the enamel rod. The inability of the enamel to remodel unlike other mineralized tissues is another substantial deterrent. One of the well-known biomaterials, bioglass (BG) induces apatite formation on the external surface of the enamel in the presence of saliva or other physiological fluids. Calcium, sodium, phosphate, and silicate ions in BG become responsive in the presence of body fluids, leading to the precipitation of calcium phosphate. Studies have also demonstrated the bactericidal potential of BG against Streptococcus mutans biofilms. The anticariogenicity and antibacterial activity were found to be enhanced when BG was doped with inorganic ions such as F, Ag, Mg, Sr, and Zn. Due to the versatility of BG, it has been combined with a variety of agents such as chitosan, triclosan, and amelogenin to biomimic remineralization process. Key strategies that can aid in the development of contemporary enamel remineralization agents are also included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Ramadoss
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajashree Padmanaban
- CAS Biophysics & Crystallography, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balakumar Subramanian
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Nakayama Y, Kobayashi R, Iwai Y, Noda K, Yamazaki M, Kurita-Ochiai T, Yoshimura A, Ganss B, Ogata Y. C/EBPβ and YY1 bind and interact with Smad3 to modulate lipopolysaccharide-induced amelotin gene transcription in mouse gingival epithelial cells. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:276-290. [PMID: 30761253 PMCID: PMC6356155 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctional epithelium (JE) develops from reduced enamel epithelium during tooth formation and is critical for the maintenance of healthy periodontal tissue through ensuring appropriate immune responses and the rapid turnover of gingival epithelial cells. We have previously shown a relationship between inflammatory cytokines and expression of JE‐specific genes, such as amelotin (AMTN), in gingival epithelial cells. Here, we elucidated the effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis‐derived lipopolysaccharide (PgLPS) on Amtn gene transcription and the interaction of transcription factors. To determine the molecular basis of transcriptional regulation of the Amtn gene by PgLPS, we performed real‐time PCR and carried out luciferase assays using a mouse Amtn gene promoter linked to a luciferase reporter gene in mouse gingival epithelial GE1 cells. Gel mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to identify response elements bound to LPS‐induced transcription factors. Next, we analyzed protein levels of the LPS‐induced transcription factors and the interaction of transcription factors by western blotting and immunoprecipitation. LPS increased Amtn mRNA levels and elevated luciferase activities of constructs containing regions between −116 and −238 of the mouse Amtn gene promoter. CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein (C/EBP) 1–, C/EBP2– and Ying Yang 1 (YY1)–nuclear protein complexes were increased by LPS treatment. Furthermore, we identified LPS‐modulated interactions with C/EBPβ, YY1 and Smad3. These results demonstrate that PgLPS regulates Amtn gene transcription via binding of C/EBPβ–Smad3 and YY1–Smad3 complexes to C/EBP1, C/EBP2 and YY1 response elements in the mouse Amtn gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nakayama
- Department of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan.,Research Institute of Oral Science Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan
| | - Ryoki Kobayashi
- Research Institute of Oral Science Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan.,Department of Oral Immunology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan
| | - Yasunobu Iwai
- Department of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan
| | - Keisuke Noda
- Department of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan
| | - Mizuho Yamazaki
- Department of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan
| | - Tomoko Kurita-Ochiai
- Research Institute of Oral Science Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan.,Department of Oral Immunology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Yoshimura
- Department of Periodontology Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Japan
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- Matrix Dynamics Group Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Canada
| | - Yorimasa Ogata
- Department of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan.,Research Institute of Oral Science Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan
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Enault S, Muñoz D, Simion P, Ventéo S, Sire JY, Marcellini S, Debiais-Thibaud M. Evolution of dental tissue mineralization: an analysis of the jawed vertebrate SPARC and SPARC-L families. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:127. [PMID: 30165817 PMCID: PMC6117938 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular bases explaining the diversity of dental tissue mineralization across gnathostomes are still poorly understood. Odontodes, such as teeth and body denticles, are serial structures that develop through deployment of a gene regulatory network shared between all gnathostomes. Dentin, the inner odontode mineralized tissue, is produced by odontoblasts and appears well-conserved through evolution. In contrast, the odontode hypermineralized external layer (enamel or enameloid) produced by ameloblasts of epithelial origin, shows extensive structural variations. As EMP (Enamel Matrix Protein) genes are as yet only found in osteichthyans where they play a major role in the mineralization of teeth and others skeletal organs, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to the mineralized odontode matrices in chondrichthyans remains virtually unknown. RESULTS We undertook a phylogenetic analysis of the SPARC/SPARC-L gene family, from which the EMPs are supposed to have arisen, and examined the expression patterns of its members and of major fibrillar collagens in the spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, the thornback ray Raja clavata, and the clawed frog Xenopus tropicalis. Our phylogenetic analyses reveal that the single chondrichthyan SPARC-L gene is co-orthologous to the osteichthyan SPARC-L1 and SPARC-L2 paralogues. In all three species, odontoblasts co-express SPARC and collagens. In contrast, ameloblasts do not strongly express collagen genes but exhibit strikingly similar SPARC-L and EMP expression patterns at their maturation stage, in the examined chondrichthyan and osteichthyan species, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A well-conserved odontoblastic collagen/SPARC module across gnathostomes further confirms dentin homology. Members of the SPARC-L clade evolved faster than their SPARC paralogues, both in terms of protein sequence and gene duplication. We uncover an osteichthyan-specific duplication that produced SPARC-L1 (subsequently lost in pipidae frogs) and SPARC-L2 (independently lost in teleosts and tetrapods).Our results suggest the ameloblastic expression of the single chondrichthyan SPARC-L gene at the maturation stage reflects the ancestral gnathostome situation, and provide new evidence in favor of the homology of enamel and enameloids in all gnathostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Enault
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université Montpellier, UMR5554 Montpellier, France
| | - David Muñoz
- Laboratory of Development and Evolution, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Paul Simion
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université Montpellier, UMR5554 Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Ventéo
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1051 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Yves Sire
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR7138 Evolution Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Laboratory of Development and Evolution, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université Montpellier, UMR5554 Montpellier, France
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Lacruz RS, Habelitz S, Wright JT, Paine ML. DENTAL ENAMEL FORMATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ORAL HEALTH AND DISEASE. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:939-993. [PMID: 28468833 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental enamel is the hardest and most mineralized tissue in extinct and extant vertebrate species and provides maximum durability that allows teeth to function as weapons and/or tools as well as for food processing. Enamel development and mineralization is an intricate process tightly regulated by cells of the enamel organ called ameloblasts. These heavily polarized cells form a monolayer around the developing enamel tissue and move as a single forming front in specified directions as they lay down a proteinaceous matrix that serves as a template for crystal growth. Ameloblasts maintain intercellular connections creating a semi-permeable barrier that at one end (basal/proximal) receives nutrients and ions from blood vessels, and at the opposite end (secretory/apical/distal) forms extracellular crystals within specified pH conditions. In this unique environment, ameloblasts orchestrate crystal growth via multiple cellular activities including modulating the transport of minerals and ions, pH regulation, proteolysis, and endocytosis. In many vertebrates, the bulk of the enamel tissue volume is first formed and subsequently mineralized by these same cells as they retransform their morphology and function. Cell death by apoptosis and regression are the fates of many ameloblasts following enamel maturation, and what cells remain of the enamel organ are shed during tooth eruption, or are incorporated into the tooth's epithelial attachment to the oral gingiva. In this review, we examine key aspects of dental enamel formation, from its developmental genesis to the ever-increasing wealth of data on the mechanisms mediating ionic transport, as well as the clinical outcomes resulting from abnormal ameloblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Lacruz
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stefan Habelitz
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - J Timothy Wright
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael L Paine
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Smith CEL, Murillo G, Brookes SJ, Poulter JA, Silva S, Kirkham J, Inglehearn CF, Mighell AJ. Deletion of amelotin exons 3-6 is associated with amelogenesis imperfecta. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3578-3587. [PMID: 27412008 PMCID: PMC5179951 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a heterogeneous group of genetic conditions that result in defective dental enamel formation. Amelotin (AMTN) is a secreted protein thought to act as a promoter of matrix mineralization in the final stage of enamel development, and is strongly expressed, almost exclusively, in maturation stage ameloblasts. Amtn overexpression and Amtn knockout mouse models have defective enamel with no other associated phenotypes, highlighting AMTN as an excellent candidate gene for human AI. However, no AMTN mutations have yet been associated with human AI. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified an 8,678 bp heterozygous genomic deletion encompassing exons 3-6 of AMTN in a Costa Rican family segregating dominant hypomineralised AI. The deletion corresponds to an in-frame deletion of 92 amino acids, shortening the protein from 209 to 117 residues. Exfoliated primary teeth from an affected family member had enamel that was of a lower mineral density compared to control enamel and exhibited structural defects at least some of which appeared to be associated with organic material as evidenced using elemental analysis. This study demonstrates for the first time that AMTN mutations cause non-syndromic human AI and explores the human phenotype, comparing it with that of mice with disrupted Amtn function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E L Smith
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.,Department of Oral Biology, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Gina Murillo
- University of Costa Rica, School of Dentistry, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Steven J Brookes
- Department of Oral Biology, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - James A Poulter
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Sandra Silva
- University of Costa Rica, Molecular Biology Cellular Centre (CBCM), San Pedro, Costa Rica and
| | - Jennifer Kirkham
- Department of Oral Biology, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Chris F Inglehearn
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Alan J Mighell
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK, .,School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK
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Núñez SM, Chun YHP, Ganss B, Hu Y, Richardson AS, Schmitz JE, Fajardo R, Yang J, Hu JCC, Simmer JP. Maturation stage enamel malformations in Amtn and Klk4 null mice. Matrix Biol 2016; 52-54:219-233. [PMID: 26620968 PMCID: PMC4875837 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amelotin (AMTN) and kallikrein-4 (KLK4) are secreted proteins specialized for enamel biomineralization. We characterized enamel from wild-type, Amtn(-/-), Klk4(-/-), Amtn(+/-)Klk4(+/-) and Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) mice to gain insights into AMTN and KLK4 functions during amelogenesis. All of the null mice were healthy and fertile. The mandibular incisors in Amtn(-/-), Klk4(-/-) and Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) mice were chalky-white and chipped. No abnormalities except in enamel were observed, and no significant differences were detected in enamel thickness or volume, or in rod decussation. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) maximum intensity projections localized the onset of enamel maturation in wild-type incisors distal to the first molar, but mesial to this position in Amtn(-/-), Klk4(-/-) and Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) mice, demonstrating a delay in enamel maturation in Amtn(-/-) incisors. Micro-CT detected significantly reduced enamel mineral density (2.5 and 2.4gHA/cm(3)) in the Klk4(-/-) and Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) mice respectively, compared with wild-type enamel (3.1gHA/cm(3)). Backscatter scanning electron microscopy showed that mineral density progressively diminished with enamel depth in the Klk4(-/-) and Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) mice. The Knoop hardness of the Amtn(-/-) outer enamel was significantly reduced relative to the wild-type and was not as hard as the middle or inner enamel. Klk4(-/-) enamel hardness was significantly reduced at all levels, but the outer enamel was significantly harder than the inner and middle enamel. Thus the hardness patterns of the Amtn(-/-) and Klk4(-/-) mice were distinctly different, while the Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) outer enamel was not as hard as in the Amtn(-/-) and Klk4(-/-) mice. We conclude that AMTN and KLK4 function independently, but are both necessary for proper enamel maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Núñez
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Pl., Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48108.
| | - Yong-Hee P Chun
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78240, USA.
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Fitzgerald Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Pl., Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48108.
| | - Amelia S Richardson
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Pl., Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48108.
| | - James E Schmitz
- Department of Orthopaedics, RAYO, Carlisle Center for Bone and Mineral Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Roberto Fajardo
- Department of Orthopaedics, RAYO, Carlisle Center for Bone and Mineral Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Pl., Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48108; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, 22 South Avenue, Zhongguancun Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Jan C-C Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Pl., Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48108.
| | - James P Simmer
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Pl., Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48108.
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Gasse B, Sire JY. Comparative expression of the four enamel matrix protein genes, amelogenin, ameloblastin, enamelin and amelotin during amelogenesis in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. EvoDevo 2015; 6:29. [PMID: 26421144 PMCID: PMC4587831 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a recent study, we have demonstrated that amelotin (AMTN) gene structure and its expression during amelogenesis have changed during tetrapod evolution. Indeed, this gene is expressed throughout enamel matrix deposition and maturation in non-mammalian tetrapods, while in mammals its expression is restricted to the transition and maturation stages of amelogenesis. Previous studies of amelogenin (AMEL) gene expression in a lizard and a salamander have shown similar expression pattern to that in mammals, but to our knowledge there are no data regarding ameloblastin (AMBN) and enamelin (ENAM) expression in non-mammalian tetrapods. The present study aims to look at, and compare, the structure and expression of four enamel matrix protein genes, AMEL, AMBN, ENAM and AMTN during amelogenesis in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Results We provide the full-length cDNA sequence of A. carolinensisAMEL and AMBN, and show for the first time the expression of ENAM and AMBN in a non-mammalian species. During amelogenesis in A. carolinensis, AMEL, AMBN and ENAM expression in ameloblasts is similar to that described in mammals. It is noteworthy that AMEL and AMBN expression is also found in odontoblasts. Conclusions Our findings indicate that AMTN is the only enamel matrix protein gene that is differentially expressed in ameloblasts between mammals and sauropsids. Changes in AMTN structure and expression could be the key to explain the structural differences between mammalian and reptilian enamel, i.e. prismatic versus non-prismatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gasse
- UMR7138, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, 75005 Paris, France
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