1
|
Zheng Y, Zhang J, Meisner J, Li W, Luo Y, Wei F, Wen L. Cofactor-Driven Cascade Reactions Enable the Efficient Preparation of Sugar Nucleotides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115696. [PMID: 35212445 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is catalyzed by glycosyltransferases using sugar nucleotides or occasionally lipid-linked phosphosugars as donors. However, only very few common sugar nucleotides that occur in humans can be obtained readily, while the majority of sugar nucleotides that exist in bacteria, plants, archaea, or viruses cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by either enzymatic or chemical synthesis. The limited availability of such rare sugar nucleotides is one of the major obstacles that has greatly hampered progress in glycoscience. Herein we describe a general cofactor-driven cascade conversion strategy for the efficient synthesis of sugar nucleotides. The described strategy allows the large-scale preparation of rare sugar nucleotides from common sugars in high yields and without the need for tedious purification processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zheng
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, Guangdong, 528400, China
| | | | - Wanjin Li
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yawen Luo
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fangyu Wei
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hou H, Tian G, Fu J, Qin C, Chen G, Zou X, Hu J, Yin J. Highly stereoselective construction of 1,2- cis-D-quinovosamine glycosides for the synthesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O-antigen disaccharide. J Carbohydr Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2022.2055049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guangzong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Junjie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chunjun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guodong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vogel U, Beerens K, Desmet T. Nucleotide sugar dehydratases: Structure, mechanism, substrate specificity, and application potential. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101809. [PMID: 35271853 PMCID: PMC8987622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sugar (NS) dehydratases play a central role in the biosynthesis of deoxy and amino sugars, which are involved in a variety of biological functions in all domains of life. Bacteria are true masters of deoxy sugar biosynthesis as they can produce a wide range of highly specialized monosaccharides. Indeed, deoxy and amino sugars play important roles in the virulence of gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic species and are additionally involved in the biosynthesis of diverse macrolide antibiotics. The biosynthesis of deoxy sugars relies on the activity of NS dehydratases, which can be subdivided into three groups based on their structure and reaction mechanism. The best-characterized NS dehydratases are the 4,6-dehydratases that, together with the 5,6-dehydratases, belong to the NS-short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. The other two groups are the less abundant 2,3-dehydratases that belong to the Nudix hydrolase superfamily and 3-dehydratases, which are related to aspartame aminotransferases. 4,6-Dehydratases catalyze the first step in all deoxy sugar biosynthesis pathways, converting nucleoside diphosphate hexoses to nucleoside diphosphate-4-keto-6-deoxy hexoses, which in turn are further deoxygenated by the 2,3- and 3-dehydratases to form dideoxy and trideoxy sugars. In this review, we give an overview of the NS dehydratases focusing on the comparison of their structure and reaction mechanisms, thereby highlighting common features, and investigating differences between closely related members of the same superfamilies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Vogel
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) - Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Koen Beerens
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) - Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) - Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wen L, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Meisner J, Li W, Luo Y, Wei F. Cofactor‐Driven Cascade Reactions Enable the Efficient Preparation of Sugar Nucleotides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Wen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Chemistry 501 Haike Road 30303 shanghai CHINA
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Carbohydrate-based drug research center CHINA
| | - Jiabinq Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Carbohydrate-based drug research center CHINA
| | | | - Wanjin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences carbohydrate-based drug research center CHINA
| | - Yawen Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences cArbohydrate-based drug research center CHINA
| | - Fangyu Wei
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences carbohydrate-based drug research center CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Several monosaccharides constitute naturally occurring glycans, but it is uncertain whether they constitute a universal set like the alphabets of proteins and DNA. Based on the available experimental observations, it is hypothesized herein that the glycan alphabet is not universal. Data on the presence/absence of pathways for the biosynthesis of 55 monosaccharides in 12 939 completely sequenced archaeal and bacterial genomes are presented in support of this hypothesis. Pathways were identified by searching for homologues of biosynthesis pathway enzymes. Substantial variations were observed in the set of monosaccharides used by organisms belonging to the same phylum, genera and even species. Monosaccharides were grouped as common, less common and rare based on their prevalence in Archaea and Bacteria. It was observed that fewer enzymes are sufficient to biosynthesize monosaccharides in the common group. It appears that the common group originated before the formation of the three domains of life. In contrast, the rare group is confined to a few species in a few phyla, suggesting that these monosaccharides evolved much later. Fold conservation, as observed in aminotransferases and SDR (short-chain dehydrogenase reductase) superfamily members involved in monosaccharide biosynthesis, suggests neo- and sub-functionalization of genes led to the formation of the rare group monosaccharides. The non-universality of the glycan alphabet begets questions about the role of different monosaccharides in determining an organism’s fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - P Sunthar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Petety V Balaji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Eade CR, Wallen TW, Gates CE, Oliverio CL, Scarbrough BA, Reid AJ, Jorgenson MA, Young KD, Troutman JM. Making the Enterobacterial Common Antigen Glycan and Measuring Its Substrate Sequestration. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:691-700. [PMID: 33740380 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The enterobacterial common antigen (ECA), a three-sugar repeat unit polysaccharide produced by Enterobacteriaceae family members, impacts bacterial outer membrane permeability, and its biosynthesis affects the glycan landscape of the organism. ECA synthesis impacts the production of other polysaccharides by reducing the availability of shared substrates, the most notable of which is the 55-carbon polyisoprenoid bactoprenyl phosphate (BP), which serves as a carrier for the production of numerous bacterial glycans including ECA, peptidoglycan, O-antigen, and more. Here, using a combination of in vitro enzymatic synthesis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of bacterial lysates, we provide biochemical evidence for the effect on endogenous polyisoprenoid pools from cell culture that arises from glycan pathway disruption. In this work, we have cloned and expressed each gene involved in ECA repeat unit biosynthesis and reconstituted the pathway in vitro, providing LC-MS characterized standards for the investigation of cellular glycan-linked intermediates and BP. We then generated ECA deficient mutants in genes associated with production of the polysaccharide, which we suspected would accumulate materials identical to our standards. We found that indeed accumulated products from these cells were indistinguishable from our enzymatically prepared standards, and moreover we observed a concomitant decrease in cellular BP levels with each mutant. This work provides the first direct biochemical evidence for the sequestration of BP upon the genetic disruption of glycan biosynthesis pathways in bacteria. This work also provides methods for the direct assessment of both the ECA glycan, and a new understanding of the dynamic interdependence of the bacterial polysaccharide repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R. Eade
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Timothy W. Wallen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Claire E. Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Cassidy L. Oliverio
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Beth A. Scarbrough
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Amanda J. Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Matthew A. Jorgenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Kevin D. Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Jerry M. Troutman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaundinya CR, Savithri HS, Krishnamurthy Rao K, Balaji PV. In vitro characterization of N-terminal truncated EpsC from Bacillus subtilis 168, a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4,6-dehydratase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 657:78-88. [PMID: 30222950 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis 168 EpsC is annotated as "Probable polysaccharide biosynthesis protein" in the SwissProt database. epsC is part of the eps operon, thought to be involved in the biosynthesis of exopolymeric substances (EPS). The present study was undertaken to determine the molecular function of EpsC. Sequence analysis of EpsC suggested the presence of a transmembrane domain. Two N-terminal deletion mutants in which residues 1-89 (EpsC89) and 1-115 (EpsC115) are deleted were cloned and overexpressed. Enzyme activity and substrate preferences were investigated by reverse phase HPLC, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy. These data show that EpsC has UDP-GlcNAc 4,6-dehydratase activity in vitro. Purified recombinant proteins were found to utilise UDP-Glc and TDP-Glc also as substrates. In addition, EpsC115 could utilise UDP-Gal and UDP-GalNAc as substrates whereas EpsC89 could only bind these two sugar nucleotides. These results show that deletion of a longer N-terminal region broadens substrate specificity. These broadened specificity is perhaps an outcome of the deletion of the putative transmembrane domain and may not be present in vivo. EpsC, together with the aminotransferase EpsN (Kaundinya CR et al., Glycobiology, 2018) and acetyltransferase EpsM (unpublished data), appears to be involved in the biosynthesis of N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayi R Kaundinya
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Handanahal S Savithri
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - K Krishnamurthy Rao
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Petety V Balaji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li T, Noel KD. Synthesis of N-acetyl-d-quinovosamine in Rhizobium etli CE3 is completed after its 4-keto-precursor is linked to a carrier lipid. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1890-1901. [PMID: 29165235 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial O-antigens are synthesized on lipid carriers before being transferred to lipopolysaccharide core structures. Rhizobium etli CE3 lipopolysaccharide is a model for understanding O-antigen biological function. CE3 O-antigen structure and genetics are known. However, proposed enzymology for CE3 O-antigen synthesis has been examined very little in vitro, and even the sugar added to begin the synthesis is uncertain. A model based on mutagenesis studies predicts that 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-d-glucose (QuiNAc) is the first O-antigen sugar and that genes wreV, wreQ and wreU direct QuiNAc synthesis and O-antigen initiation. Previously, synthesis of UDP-QuiNAc was shown to occur in vitro with a WreV orthologue (4,6-hexose dehydratase) and WreQ (4-reductase), but the WreQ catalysis in this conventional deoxyhexose-synthesis pathway was very slow. This seeming deficiency was explained in the present study after WreU transferase activity was examined in vitro. Results fit the prediction that WreU transfers sugar-1-phosphate to bactoprenyl phosphate (BpP) to initiate O-antigen synthesis. Interestingly, WreU demonstrated much higher activity using the product of the WreV catalysis [UDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-GlcNAc (UDP-KdgNAc)] as the sugar-phosphate donor than using UDP-QuiNAc. Furthermore, the WreQ catalysis with WreU-generated BpPP-KdgNAc as the substrate was orders of magnitude faster than with UDP-KdgNAc. The inferred product BpPP-QuiNAc reacted as an acceptor substrate in an in vitro assay for addition of the second O-antigen sugar, mannose. These results imply a novel pathway for 6-deoxyhexose synthesis that may be commonly utilized by bacteria when QuiNAc is the first sugar of a polysaccharide or oligosaccharide repeat unit: UDP-GlcNAc → UDP-KdgNAc → BpPP-KdgNAc → BpPP-QuiNAc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiezheng Li
- Present address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - K Dale Noel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cho AR, Lee SJ, Kim BG, Ahn JH. Biosynthesis of three N-acetylaminosugar-conjugated flavonoids using engineered Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:182. [PMID: 27776529 PMCID: PMC5078965 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nucleotide sugars serve as sugar donors for the synthesis of various glycones. The biological and chemical properties of glycones can be altered depending which sugar is attached. Bacteria synthesize unusual nucleotide sugars. A novel nucleotide sugar can be synthesized in Escherichia coli by introducing nucleotide biosynthetic genes from other microorganisms into E. coli. The engineered E. coli strains can be used as a platform for the synthesis of novel glycones. Results Four genes, Pdeg (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine C4,6-dehydratase), Preq (UDP-4-reductase), UDP-GlcNAc 6-DH (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 6-dehydrogenase), and UXNAcS (UDP-N-acetylxylosamine synthase), were employed to synthesize UDP-quinovosamine, UDP-N-acetylglucosaminuronic acid, and UDP-N-acetylxylosamine in E. coli. We engineered an E. coli nucleotide sugar biosynthetic pathway to increase the pool of substrate for the target nucleotide sugars. Uridine diphosphate dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT) was also selected and introduced into E. coli. Using engineered E. coli, high levels of three novel flavonoid glycosides were obtained; 158.3 mg/L quercetin 3-O-(N-acetyl)quinovosamine, 172.5 mg/L luteolin 7-O-(N-acetyl)glucosaminuronic acid, and 160.8 mg/L quercetin 3-O-(N-acetyl)xylosamine. Conclusions We reconstructed an E. coli nucleotide pathway for the synthesis of UDP-quinovosamine, UDP-N-acetylglucosaminuronic acid and UDP-N-acetylxylosamine in an E. coli galU (UDP-glucose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase) or pgm (phosphoglucomutase) deletion mutant. Using engineered E. coli strains harboring a specific UGT, three novel flavonoids glycones were synthesized. The E. coli strains used in this study can be used for the synthesis of diverse glycones. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0582-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ra Cho
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
| | - Bong Gyu Kim
- Department of Forest Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, 33 Dongjin-ro, Jinju, Gyeongsangman-do, 660-758, South Korea
| | - Joong-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|