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Sguizzato ALL, Guimarães SEF, Santos GM, Santos EF, Marcondes MI. Is bovine somatotropin an alternative strategy to overcome the detrimental effects of high-gain diets on prepubertal Holstein × Gyr heifers? PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300728. [PMID: 38683862 PMCID: PMC11057732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Feeding high-gain diets and an inadequate energy and protein ratio during pre-puberty may lead to impaired growth and mammary gland development of heifers. Thus, frequent application of bovine somatotropin (bST) may prevent future losses in productivity, improve mammary development and animal performance. We aimed to evaluate the effects of bST on digestibility, performance, blood metabolites, mammary gland development, and carcass composition of high-performance prepubertal Holstein × Gyr heifers. Thirty-four Holstein × Gyr heifers with an average initial body weight of 218 ± 49 kg and 14 ± 4 months of age were submitted to an 84-day trial evaluating the effects of no bST or bST injections. Treatments were randomly assigned to each animal within one of the tree blocks. The bST did not influence digestibility or performance parameters. Regarding blood results, IGF1 concentration presented an interaction between treatment and day, where bST heifers had the highest IGF1 concentration. Heifers receiving bST also showed increased ribeye area; however, only an experimental day effect for backfat thickness was observed, with greater accumulation of carcass fat on day 84. Heifers receiving bST had lower pixels/mm² on parenchyma, characteristic of greater parenchymal tissue. Moreover, heifers on bST treatment also had reduced pixels/mm2, characteristic of reduced fat pad tissue. Lastly, bST injections did not influence liver and muscle gene expression, nor most genes evaluated in mammary gland tissue, except for IGFBP3 expression, which was greater for bST heifers. In summary, we confirm the efficacy of bST injections to overcome the detrimental effects of high-gain diets on mammary gland growth and to improve lean carcass gain of prepubertal Holstein × Gyr heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Inácio Marcondes
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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Wang L, Zhu J, Xie P, Gong D. Pigeon during the Breeding Cycle: Behaviors, Composition and Formation of Crop Milk, and Physiological Adaptation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1866. [PMID: 37763270 PMCID: PMC10533064 DOI: 10.3390/life13091866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigeon is an important economic poultry species in many countries. As an altricial bird, its growth and development are largely reliant on pigeon milk produced by the crop tissue in the first week. During the breeding cycle, pigeons undergo a series of behavioral changes. Pigeon milk is generally characterized by having high concentrations of proteins and lipids, and a complicated regulatory network is involved in the milk formation. Hormones, especially prolactin, could promote the proliferation of crop epidermal cells and nutrient accumulation. The expression of target genes associated with these important biological processes in the crop epidermis is affected by non-coding RNAs. Meanwhile, signaling pathways, such as target of rapamycin (TOR), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (JAK/STAT), protein kinase B (Akt), etc., influence the production of crop milk by either enhancing protein synthesis in crop cells or inducing apoptosis of crop epidermal cells. In order to adapt to the different breeding periods, pigeons are physiologically changed in their intestinal morphology and function and liver metabolism. This paper reviews the behaviors and physiological adaptations of pigeon during the breeding cycle, the composition of pigeon crop milk, and the mechanism of its formation, which is important for a better understanding of the physiology of altricial birds and the development of artificial crop milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxiong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.W.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.W.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Daoqing Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.W.); (J.Z.)
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Guo H, Li J, Wang Y, Cao X, Lv X, Yang Z, Chen Z. Progress in Research on Key Factors Regulating Lactation Initiation in the Mammary Glands of Dairy Cows. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1163. [PMID: 37372344 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactation initiation refers to a functional change in the mammary organ from a non-lactating state to a lactating state, and a series of cytological changes in the mammary epithelium from a non-secreting state to a secreting state. Like the development of the mammary gland, it is regulated by many factors (including hormones, cytokines, signaling molecules, and proteases). In most non-pregnant animals, a certain degree of lactation also occurs after exposure to specific stimuli, promoting the development of their mammary glands. These specific stimuli can be divided into two categories: before and after parturition. The former inhibits lactation and decreases activity, and the latter promotes lactation and increases activity. Here we present a review of recent progress in research on the key factors of lactation initiation to provide a powerful rationale for the study of the lactation initiation process and mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | | | - Yuhao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiang Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lv
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhangping Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Huanshan Group, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Huanshan Group, Qingdao 266000, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou 225009, China
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4
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Liu H, Wei X, Dai W, Xu L, Wang C, Liu J. The functional and regulatory entities underlying free and peptide-bound amino acid transporters in the bovine mammary gland. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:235-239. [PMID: 37360116 PMCID: PMC10285241 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Free and peptide-bound AA act as building blocks and key regulators of milk protein. To improve milk protein production, mammary epithelial cells of lactating mammals require extensive AA movement across the plasma membrane via multiple transport systems. Recent studies on bovine mammary cells/tissues have expanded the number of AA transporter systems identified and the knowledge on their contribution to AA utilization for milk protein synthesis and the regulatory machinery. However, in lactating cows, the exact intracellular location of mammary AA transporters and the extent of mammary net AA utilization for milk protein production remain unclear. This review highlights the existing knowledge on various characteristics, such as substrate specificity, kinetics, their effects on AA uptake and utilization, and regulatory mechanism, of recently examined bovine mammary free and peptide-bound AA transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.Y. Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - X.S. Wei
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - W.T. Dai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - L.B. Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - C. Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - J.X. Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
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Growth Hormone Alters Circulating Levels of Glycine and Hydroxyproline in Mice. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020191. [PMID: 36837810 PMCID: PMC9959592 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has established effects on protein metabolism, such as increasing protein synthesis and decreasing amino acid degradation, but its effects on circulating amino acid levels are less studied. To investigate this relationship, metabolomic analyses were used to measure amino acid concentrations in plasma and feces of mice with alterations to the GH axis, namely bovine GH transgenic (bGH; increased GH action) and GH receptor knockout (GHRKO; GH resistant) mice. To determine the effects of acute GH treatment, GH-injected GH knockout (GHKO) mice were used to measure serum glycine. Furthermore, liver gene expression of glycine metabolism genes was assessed in bGH, GHRKO, and GH-injected GHKO mice. bGH mice had significantly decreased plasma glycine and increased hydroxyproline in both sexes, while GHRKO mice had increased plasma glycine in both sexes and decreased hydroxyproline in males. Glycine synthesis gene expression was decreased in bGH mice (Shmt1 in females and Shmt2 in males) and increased in GHRKO mice (Shmt2 in males). Acute GH treatment of GHKO mice caused decreased liver Shmt1 and Shmt2 expression and decreased serum glycine. In conclusion, GH alters circulating glycine and hydroxyproline levels in opposing directions, with the glycine changes at least partially driven by decreased glycine synthesis.
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Regulation of Milk Protein Synthesis by Free and Peptide-Bound Amino Acids in Dairy Cows. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101044. [PMID: 34681143 PMCID: PMC8533557 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Milk protein (MP) synthesis in the mammary gland of dairy cows is a complex biological process. As the substrates for protein synthesis, amino acids (AAs) are the most important nutrients for milk synthesis. Free AAs (FAAs) are the main precursors of MP synthesis, and their supplies are supplemented by peptide-bound AAs (PBAAs) in the blood. Utilization of AAs in the mammary gland of dairy cows has attracted the great interest of researchers because of the goal of increasing MP yield. Supplying sufficient and balanced AAs is critical to improve MP concentration and yield in dairy cows. Great progress has been made in understanding limiting AAs and their requirements for MP synthesis in dairy cows. This review focuses on the effects of FAA and PBAA supply on MP synthesis and their underlying mechanisms. Advances in our knowledge in the field can help us to develop more accurate models to predict dietary protein requirements for dairy cows MP synthesis, which will ultimately improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency and lactation performance of dairy cows.
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7
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The effect of male co-twins on milk and kid production, and productive lifespan of goats during their adult life. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Xie P, Han MX, Chen WX, Wan XP, Xu YG, Gong DQ. The profiling of amino acids in crop milk and plasma and mRNA abundance of amino acid transporters and enzymes related to amino acid synthesis in the crop tissue of male and female pigeons during incubation and chick-rearing periods. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1628-1642. [PMID: 32115035 PMCID: PMC7587674 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the changes in amino acid (AA) contents of crop milk and plasma and mRNA abundance of AA transporters and AA synthesis-related enzymes in the crop tissue of male and female pigeons during incubation and chick-rearing periods. Forty-two pairs of adult White King pigeons with 2 fertile eggs per pair were randomly divided into 7 groups by different breeding stages. The AA content of crop milk decreased from day 1 (R1) to day 25 (R25) of chick rearing (P < 0.05). In both male and female adult pigeons, the contents of Thr, Leu, Val, His, Asp, and Pro in plasma increased to maximum levels on R25. Parental sex effect and interaction between stage and sex were observed in the AA contents of pigeon plasma (P < 0.05). For AA transporters, the mRNA abundances of SNAT2, ASCT1, LAT1, and y+LAT2 in the male crops reached the highest value on day 17 of incubation (I17), and the peak mRNA levels of PAT-1, xCT, b0,+AT, and CAT1 were found on R7 (P < 0.05). In females, the abundances of ASCT1, B0AT1, asc-1, and CAT1 mRNA peaked on R1, whereas the maximum levels of LAT1, PAT-1, b0,+AT, and y+LAT2 were observed on R7. For enzymes involved in AA synthesis, the highest gene expressions of glutamate dehydrogenase 1, acetolactate synthase in both parent pigeons, and L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase in female pigeon crops were attained on I17. The expressions of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase, glutamic-oxal(o)acetic transaminase 1, glutamic-oxal(o)acetic transaminase 2, asparagine synthetase, serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2, and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase 2 in both sexes and argininosuccinate lyase and L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase in males were the highest on R1. In conclusion, AA used for pigeon crop milk formation may originate from plasma and intracellular synthesis. The genes involved in AA transport and synthesis varied significantly with sexual effects, indicating that other factors should be considered in future explorations of the mechanism of protein formation in crop milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Xie
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - M X Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - W X Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - X P Wan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Y G Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - D Q Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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9
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Metabolic Fingerprint of Acromegaly and its Potential Usefulness in Clinical Practice. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101549. [PMID: 31561638 PMCID: PMC6832216 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and growth hormone (GH) levels are the main targets for monitoring acromegaly activity, but they are not in close relationship with the clinical course of the disease and the associated comorbidities. The present study was aimed at identifying metabolites that could be used as biomarkers for a better disease phenotyping. For this purpose, metabolic fingerprint using an untargeted metabolomic approach was examined in serum from 30 patients with acromegaly and 30 age-matched controls. Patients with acromegaly presented fewer branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) compared to the control group (valine: 4.75 ± 0.87 vs. 5.20 ± 1.06 arbitrary units (AUs), p < 0.05; isoleucine: 2.54 ± 0.41 vs. 2.80 ± 0.51 AUs; p < 0.05). BCAAs were also lower in patients with active disease compared to patients with normal levels of IGF-1 with or without medical treatment. GH, but not IGF-1, serum levels were inversely correlated with both valine and isoleucine. These findings indicate that low levels of BCAAs represent the main metabolic fingerprint of acromegaly and that GH, rather than IGF-1, might be the primary mediator. In addition, our results suggest that the assessment of BCAAs could help to identify active disease and to monitor the response to therapeutic strategies.
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Boschetti E, Hernández-Castellano LE, Righetti PG. Progress in farm animal proteomics: The contribution of combinatorial peptide ligand libraries. J Proteomics 2019; 197:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Sciascia QL, van der Linden DS, Sales FA, Wards NJ, Blair HT, Pacheco D, Oliver MH, McCoard SA. Parenteral administration of l-arginine to twin-bearing Romney ewes during late pregnancy is associated with reduced milk somatic cell count during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3071-3081. [PMID: 30712927 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maternal milk is the primary source of nutrition for suckling mammals, and its yield and composition are important determinants of survival during the early neonatal period. The objective of this study was to examine whether parenteral administration of l-Arg to twin-bearing ewes, during mid to late pregnancy, influenced prepartum maternal mammary gland development and subsequent lactation performance in the early postpartum period (14 d). At 80 d of pregnancy, multiparous Romney ewes were housed indoors in group pens, split into 2 cohorts, and fed a lucerne-based pellet diet, formulated to meet 100% of National Research Council-recommended requirements for twin-bearing pregnant ewes, once a day. Cohort 1 was administered l-Arg (72.7 mg/kg of live weight via i.v, 3 times a day) from d 100 of pregnancy until d 140. At d 140, ewes were euthanized and maternal mammary tissues were collected for analysis of the biochemical indices total DNA, RNA, protein, protein synthetic efficiency (protein:RNA), cell size (protein:DNA), transcriptional efficiency (RNA:DNA), and the abundance of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mTORSer2448 protein. Cohort 2 was administered an identical l-Arg regimen as cohort 1, but from d 100 until parturition. Milk was collected over a 14-d period (d 1, 4, 7, 10, and 14) to assess milk yield and composition. In cohort 1, total mammary DNA (cell number) tended to be higher in l-Arg ewes, with no change in total mammary RNA or protein content, biochemical indices of protein synthetic efficiency, cell size or transcriptional efficiency, or mTOR protein abundance or phosphorylation. In cohort 2, milk composition analysis from l-Arg ewes showed lower (d 7-14) milk somatic cell counts, greater crude protein percentage from d 7 to 10 but lower at d 14, and altered absolute concentrations of some free AA (d 7 and 14) compared with controls. We propose that parenteral administration of l-Arg during late pregnancy is associated with increased mammary gland cellular content and decreased somatic cell counts during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin L Sciascia
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Danitsja S van der Linden
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Francisco A Sales
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Nina J Wards
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Hugh T Blair
- Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; International Sheep Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David Pacheco
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mark H Oliver
- Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Ngapouri Research Farm, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 3083, New Zealand
| | - Susan A McCoard
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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Cant JP, Kim JJ, Cieslar SR, Doelman J. Symposium review: Amino acid uptake by the mammary glands: Where does the control lie? J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:5655-5666. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Mammary transcriptome analysis of lactating dairy cows following administration of bovine growth hormone. Animal 2016; 10:2008-2017. [PMID: 27222096 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116000987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The galactopoietic effect of growth hormone (GH) in lactating ruminants is well established; however the mechanisms that mediate these effects are not well understood. The first objective of this study was to determine the effect of GH on the synthesis of the major casein and whey proteins. The second objective was to identify the genes and pathways that may be involved in mediating the effect of GH on milk synthesis. A single subcutaneous injection of a commercially available slow release formulation of GH (Lactatropin®), or physiological saline solution (control) was administered to non-pregnant dairy cows (n=4/group) in mid-late lactation. Milk samples were collected for composition analysis and mammary lobulo-alveolar tissue was collected postmortem 6 days post injection. Gene expression profiles were evaluated using either a 22 000 bovine complementary DNA microarray or quantitative PCR (qPCR), and microarrays were validated by qPCR. The yield of all the major casein and whey proteins was increased 32% to 41% in GH-treated cows, with the exception of α-lactalbumin yield which was elevated by 70% relative to controls. Treatment with GH treatment tended to increase the concentration of α-lactalbumin but had no effect on the concentration of any of the major milk proteins. Messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance of the major whey and casein genes, with the exception of α-s2-casein, was increased in response to GH compared with controls, which is consistent with the positive effect of GH on milk production. Treatment with GH treatment influenced the mRNA abundance of genes involved in cell growth and proliferation, transcriptional and translational regulation, actin cytoskeleton signalling, lipid metabolism and cell death. This study has provided new insights into the cell signalling that may be involved in mediating the effect of GH on milk production in the mammary gland of lactating dairy cows.
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