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Wang L, Howell MEA, Hensley CR, Ning K, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ, Ning S. The master antioxidant defense is activated during EBV latent infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0095323. [PMID: 37877721 PMCID: PMC10688347 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00953-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE To our knowledge, this is the first report delineating the activation of the master antioxidant defense during EBV latency. We show that EBV-triggered reactive oxygen species production activates the Keap1-NRF2 pathway in EBV-transformed cells, and LMP1 plays a major role in this event, and the stress-related kinase TBK1 is required for NRF2 activation. Moreover, we show that the Keap1-NRF2 pathway is important for cell proliferation and EBV latency maintenance. Our findings disclose how EBV controls the balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant defense, which greatly improve our understanding of EBV latency and pathogenesis and may be leveraged to opportunities toward the improvement of therapeutic outcomes in EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mary E. A. Howell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Culton R. Hensley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katharine Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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2
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Leung NYT, Wang LW. Targeting Metabolic Vulnerabilities in Epstein-Barr Virus-Driven Proliferative Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3412. [PMID: 37444521 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of cancer cells and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infected cells have remarkable similarities. Cancer cells frequently reprogram metabolic pathways to augment their ability to support abnormal rates of proliferation and promote intra-organismal spread through metastatic invasion. On the other hand, EBV is also capable of manipulating host cell metabolism to enable sustained growth and division during latency as well as intra- and inter-individual transmission during lytic replication. It comes as no surprise that EBV, the first oncogenic virus to be described in humans, is a key driver for a significant fraction of human malignancies in the world (~1% of all cancers), both in terms of new diagnoses and attributable deaths each year. Understanding the contributions of metabolic pathways that underpin transformation and virus replication will be important for delineating new therapeutic targets and designing nutritional interventions to reduce disease burden. In this review, we summarise research hitherto conducted on the means and impact of various metabolic changes induced by EBV and discuss existing and potential treatment options targeting metabolic vulnerabilities in EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Yong Ting Leung
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Liang Wei Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Singapore 138648, Singapore
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3
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Awasthi P, Dwivedi M, Kumar D, Hasan S. Insights into intricacies of the Latent Membrane Protein-1 (LMP-1) in EBV-associated cancers. Life Sci 2023; 313:121261. [PMID: 36493876 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous lymphomas, carcinomas, and other disorders have been associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection. EBV's carcinogenic potential can be correlated to latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which is essential for fibroblast and primary lymphocyte transformation. LMP1, a transmembrane protein with constitutive activity, belongs to the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. LMP1 performs number of role in the life cycle of EBV and the pathogenesis by interfering with, reprogramming, and influencing a vast range of host cellular activities and functions that are getting well-known but still poorly understood. LMP1, pleiotropically perturbs, reprograms and balances a wide range of various processes of cell such as extracellular vesicles, epigenetics, ubiquitin machinery, metabolism, cell proliferation and survival, and also promotes oncogenic transformation, angiogenesis, anchorage-independent cell growth, metastasis and invasion, tumour microenvironment. By the help of various experiments, it is proven that EBV-encoded LMP1 activates multiple cell signalling pathways which affect antigen presentation, cell-cell interactions, chemokine and cytokine production. Therefore, it is assumed that LMP1 may perform majorly in EBV associated malignancies. For the development of novel techniques toward targeted therapeutic applications, it is essential to have a complete understanding of the LMP1 signalling landscape in order to identify potential targets. The focus of this review is on LMP1-interacting proteins and related signalling processes. We further discuss tactics for using the LMP1 protein as a potential therapeutic for cancers caused by the EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prankur Awasthi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES University Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saba Hasan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India.
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4
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McKeon MG, Gallant JN, Kim YJ, Das SR. It Takes Two to Tango: A Review of Oncogenic Virus and Host Microbiome Associated Inflammation in Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133120. [PMID: 35804891 PMCID: PMC9265087 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Certain viruses, specifically, human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), have been linked with the development of head and neck cancer. In this study, we review the mechanisms by which (these) viruses lead to cellular transformation and a chronic inflammatory state. Given that the head and neck host a rich microbiome (which itself is intrinsically linked to inflammation), we scrutinize the literature to highlight the interplay between viruses, cellular transformation, inflammation, and the local host microbiome in head and neck cancer. Abstract While the two primary risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are alcohol and tobacco, viruses account for an important and significant upward trend in HNSCC incidence. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent for a subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC)—a cancer that is impacting a rapidly growing group of typically middle-aged non-smoking white males. While HPV is a ubiquitously present (with about 1% of the population having high-risk oral HPV infection at any one time), less than 1% of those infected with high-risk strains develop OPSCC—suggesting that additional cofactors or coinfections may be required. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a similarly ubiquitous virus that is strongly linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Both of these viruses cause cellular transformation and chronic inflammation. While dysbiosis of the human microbiome has been associated with similar chronic inflammation and the pathogenesis of mucosal diseases (including OPSCC and NPC), a significant knowledge gap remains in understanding the role of bacterial-viral interactions in the initiation, development, and progression of head and neck cancers. In this review, we utilize the known associations of HPV with OPSCC and EBV with NPC to investigate these interactions. We thoroughly review the literature and highlight how perturbations of the pharyngeal microbiome may impact host-microbiome-tumor-viral interactions—leading to tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory G. McKeon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, Suite A2200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.-N.G.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Jean-Nicolas Gallant
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.-N.G.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Young J. Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.-N.G.); (Y.J.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Suman R. Das
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, Suite A2200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(615)-322-0322; Fax: +1-(615)-343-6160
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5
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New Look of EBV LMP1 Signaling Landscape. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215451. [PMID: 34771613 PMCID: PMC8582580 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection is associated with various lymphomas and carcinomas as well as other diseases in humans. The transmembrane protein LMP1 plays versatile roles in EBV life cycle and pathogenesis, by perturbing, reprograming, and regulating a large range of host cellular mechanisms and functions, which have been increasingly disclosed but not fully understood so far. We summarize recent research progress on LMP1 signaling, including the novel components LIMD1, p62, and LUBAC in LMP1 signalosome and LMP1 novel functions, such as its induction of p62-mediated selective autophagy, regulation of metabolism, induction of extracellular vehicles, and activation of NRF2-mediated antioxidative defense. A comprehensive understanding of LMP1 signal transduction and functions may allow us to leverage these LMP1-regulated cellular mechanisms for clinical purposes. Abstract The Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) principal oncoprotein Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) is a member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) superfamily with constitutive activity. LMP1 shares many features with Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs), including the use of TRAFs, adaptors, and kinase cascades, for signal transduction leading to the activation of NFκB, AP1, and Akt, as well as a subset of IRFs and likely the master antioxidative transcription factor NRF2, which we have gradually added to the list. In recent years, we have discovered the Linear UBiquitin Assembly Complex (LUBAC), the adaptor protein LIMD1, and the ubiquitin sensor and signaling hub p62, as novel components of LMP1 signalosome. Functionally, LMP1 is a pleiotropic factor that reprograms, balances, and perturbs a large spectrum of cellular mechanisms, including the ubiquitin machinery, metabolism, epigenetics, DNA damage response, extracellular vehicles, immune defenses, and telomere elongation, to promote oncogenic transformation, cell proliferation and survival, anchorage-independent cell growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis and invasion, as well as the development of the tumor microenvironment. We have recently shown that LMP1 induces p62-mediated selective autophagy in EBV latency, at least by contributing to the induction of p62 expression, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. We have also been collecting evidence supporting the hypothesis that LMP1 activates the Keap1-NRF2 pathway, which serves as the key antioxidative defense mechanism. Last but not least, our preliminary data shows that LMP1 is associated with the deregulation of cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway in EBV latency. A comprehensive understanding of the LMP1 signaling landscape is essential for identifying potential targets for the development of novel strategies towards targeted therapeutic applications.
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6
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Ning S, Wang L. How Oncogenic Viruses Exploit p62-Mediated Selective Autophagy for Cancer Development. ANNALS OF IMMUNOLOGY & IMMUNOTHERAPY 2021; 3:134. [PMID: 34632457 PMCID: PMC8496745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunbin Ning
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, US
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, US
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, US
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, US
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7
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Li H, Li Y, Hu J, Liu S, Luo X, Tang M, Bode AM, Dong Z, Liu X, Liao W, Cao Y. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits EBV lytic replication via targeting LMP1-mediated MAPK signal axes. Oncol Res 2021; 28:763-778. [PMID: 33629943 PMCID: PMC8420900 DOI: 10.3727/096504021x16135618512563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) plays an important oncogenic role in the viral latent infection. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that the high expression of LMP1 during EBV lytic cycle is related to the viral lytic replication. However, the mechanism by which LMP1 regulates EBV lytic replication remains unclear. (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) prevents carcinogenesis by directly targeting numerous membrane proteins and effectively inhibits EBV lytic cascade. Here, we demonstrated that LMP1 promotes EBV lytic replication through the downstream signal molecules MAPKs, including ERKs, p38, and JNKs. LMP1 induces the phosphorylation of p53 through MAPKs to enhance the ability of wild-type p53 (wt-p53) to activate expression of BZLF1 gene, while the JNKs/c-Jun signal axis appears to be involved in EBV lytic replication induced by LMP1 in p53 mutant manner. We provided the first evidence that EGCG directly targets the viral membrane LMP1 (Kd = 0.36 μM, n = 1) using fluorescence quenching, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assay, and CNBR-activated Sepharose 4B pull-down affinity chromatography. Furthermore, we revealed that EGCG inhibits EBV lytic replication via suppressing LMP1 and thus blocking the downstream MAPKs/wt-p53 signal axis in AGS-EBV cells and JNKs/c-Jun signal axis in p53 mutant B95.8 cells. Our study, for the first time, reports the binding and inhibitory efficacy of EGCG to the LMP1, which is a key oncoprotein encoded by EBV. These findings suggest the novel function of LMP1 in the regulation of EBV lytic cycle and reveal the new role of EGCG in EBV-associated malignancies through suppressing viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongde Li
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Yueshuo Li
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sufang Liu
- Division of Hematology, Institute of Molecular Hematology, the Second Xiangya 13 Hospital, Central South University at Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA.,College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University at Tianjin, China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University at Changsha, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Center for Technologies of Nucleic Acid Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,National Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
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8
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Ryu CH, Kim SH, Hur DY. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase inhibitor induces apoptosis on Epstein-Barr virus positive B lymphoma cells. Anat Cell Biol 2020; 53:471-480. [PMID: 33361545 PMCID: PMC7769111 DOI: 10.5115/acb.20.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (Nox) isoform enzymes was recently reported in various cancers including Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL). However, the functions of Nox isoform enzymes in BL remain poorly understood. In this study, Nox isoform expression and the effects of a Nox-specific inhibitor were evaluated in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive Raji BL cells in comparison with EBV-negative Ramos BL cells. To evaluate Nox enzyme expression in Raji and Ramos BL cells, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis were performed. To verify the intracellular signaling mechanism of the Nox inhibitor-induced apoptosis of Raji cells, WST-1 assay, trypan blue exclusion method, flow cytometry, PCR, western blotting, and bromodeoxyuridine staining were conducted. Experiments using the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD, reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), and Bim inhibitor 1 were performed. PCR and western blot results showed that Nox isoform enzymes were highly expressed in EBV-positive BL Raji cells compared with EBV-negative BL Ramos cells. The Nox2 inhibitor induced apoptosis of Raji cells in time- and dose-dependent manners. The Nox2 inhibitor also caused up-regulation of Bim and Noxa, down-regulation of Mcl-1, translocation of Bax, release of cytochrome c, and caspase cascade activation, resulting in apoptosis. Furthermore, z-VAD, NAC, and BI-1 effectively blocked the Nox2 inhibitor-induced apoptosis of Raji cells. Taken together, these results provide a novel insight into the mechanism of Nox inhibitor-induced apoptosis and evidence for Nox as a therapeutic target to treat EBV-positive malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Heon Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Dae Young Hur
- Department of Anatomy and Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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9
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Hong SW, Noh MH, Kim YS, Jin DH, Moon SH, Yang JW, Hur DY. APX-115A, a pan-NADPH Oxidase Inhibitor, Induces Caspase-dependent Cell Death by Suppressing NOX4-ROS Signaling in EBV-infected Retinal Epithelial Cells. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:1136-1143. [PMID: 31951764 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1718164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epstein-Barr virus is a γ-herpes virus that infects primary B cells and can transform infected cells into immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). The role of EBV in malignancies such as Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma is well understood, however, its role in EBV-infected retinal cells remains poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of EBV on the growth of retinal cells. METHODS Previously, we established and reported a cell line model to address the relationship between EBV infection and retinal cell proliferation that used adult retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) and EBV infection. To determine the effect of EBV on ARPE-19 cells, cell death was measured by propidium iodine/annexin V staining and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by FACS, and protein expression was evaluated using western blot analysis. Also, downregulation of LMP1 and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression was accomplished using siRNA technology. RESULTS We found that ROS were dramatically increased in EBV-infected ARPE19 cells (APRE19/EBV) relative to the parental cell line. Additionally, the expression level of NOX4, a main source of ROS, was upregulated by EBV infection. Interestingly, downregulation of LMP1, one of the EBV viral onco-proteins, completely decreased EBV-induced ROS accumulation and the upregulation of NOX4. Treatment with APX-115A, a pan-NOX inhibitor, induced apoptotic cell death of only the EBV-infected ARPE19 cells but not the parental cell line. Pretreatment with z-VAD, a pan-caspase inhibitor, inhibited NOX inhibitor-induced cell death in ARPE19/EBV cells. Furthermore, APX-115A-induced cell death mediated the activation of JNK and ERK. Finally, we confirmed the expression level of NOX4, and APX-115A induced cell death of EBV-infected human primary retina epithelial cells and the activation of JNK and ERK. CONCLUSION Taken together, these our results suggest that APX-115A could be a therapeutic agent for treating EBV-infected retinal cells or diseases by inhibiting LMP1-NOX4-ROS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine , Pusan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hye Noh
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine , Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Seok Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine , Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Jin
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Moon
- AptaBio Therapeutics Incorporation , Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inje University Pusan Paik Hospital , Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Hur
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine , Pusan, Republic of Korea
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10
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Mechanistic Insights into Chemoresistance Mediated by Oncogenic Viruses in Lymphomas. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121161. [PMID: 31888174 PMCID: PMC6950054 DOI: 10.3390/v11121161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral lymphomagenesis induced by infection with oncogenic viruses, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1), represents a group of aggressive malignancies with a diverse range of pathological features. Combined chemotherapy remains the standard of care for these virus-associated lymphomas; however, frequent chemoresistance is a barrier to achieving successful long-term disease-free survival. There is increasing evidence that indicates virus-associated lymphomas display more resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents than that observed in solid tumors. Although the tumor microenvironment and genetic changes, such as key oncogene mutations, are closely related to chemoresistance, some studies demonstrate that the components of oncogenic viruses themselves play pivotal roles in the multidrug chemoresistance of lymphoma cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms through which oncogenic viruses mediate lymphoma cell chemoresistance, with a particular focus on KSHV and EBV, two major oncogenic viruses. We also discuss the current challenges to overcome these obstacles in the treatment of virus-associated lymphomas.
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11
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Nam YS, Im KI, Kim N, Song Y, Lee JS, Jeon YW, Cho SG. Down-regulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species attenuates P-glycoprotein-associated chemoresistance in Epstein-Barr virus-positive NK/T-cell lymphoma. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:1359-1373. [PMID: 30972167 PMCID: PMC6456522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma is a rare and highly aggressive disease with a poor prognosis and strong resistance to anti-cancer drugs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are closely related to tumorigenesis and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is highly expressed in various cancers. However, the exact relationship between ROS and P-gp in EBV-positive lymphoma remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that EBV latent infection induced intracellular ROS production and increased ROS levels triggered elevated P-gp expression, which resulted in strong resistance to existing anti-cancer drugs in EBV-positive lymphoma cell lines and in patients' tissue samples. We also verified that regulation of intracellular ROS reduced P-gp expression and function via inhibition of STAT1 phosphorylation. These results indicate that treatment with a ROS scavenger is a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome resistance to anti-cancer drugs by downregulating the expression of P-gp in EBV-positive NK/T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Nam
- Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineKorea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineKorea
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease (CRCID), Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineSeoul, Korea
| | - Keon-Il Im
- Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineKorea
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease (CRCID), Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineSeoul, Korea
| | - Nayoun Kim
- Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineKorea
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease (CRCID), Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineSeoul, Korea
| | - Yunejin Song
- Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineKorea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineKorea
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease (CRCID), Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineSeoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineKorea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineKorea
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease (CRCID), Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineSeoul, Korea
| | - Young-Woo Jeon
- Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineKorea
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease (CRCID), Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineSeoul, Korea
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineSeoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Goo Cho
- Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineKorea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineKorea
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease (CRCID), Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineSeoul, Korea
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of MedicineSeoul, Korea
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12
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Cheerathodi MR, Meckes DG. The Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 interactome: biological implications and therapeutic targets. Future Virol 2018; 13:863-887. [PMID: 34079586 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenic potential of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is mostly attributed to latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which is essential and sufficient for transformation of fibroblast and primary lymphocytes. LMP1 expression results in the activation of multiple signaling cascades like NF-ΚB and MAP kinases that trigger cell survival and proliferative pathways. LMP1 specific signaling events are mediated through the recruitment of a number of interacting proteins to various signaling domains. Based on these properties, LMP1 is an attractive target to develop effective therapeutics to treat EBV-related malignancies. In this review, we focus on LMP1 interacting proteins, associated signaling events, and potential targets that could be exploited for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujeeb R Cheerathodi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, 32306
| | - David G Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, 32306
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13
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Wang L, Howell ME, McPeak B, Riggs K, Kohne C, Yohanon JU, Foxler DE, Sharp TV, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ, Ning S. LIMD1 is induced by and required for LMP1 signaling, and protects EBV-transformed cells from DNA damage-induced cell death. Oncotarget 2018; 9:6282-6297. [PMID: 29464072 PMCID: PMC5814212 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
LIMD1 (LIM domain-containing protein 1) is considered as a tumor suppressor, being deregulated in many cancers to include hematological malignancies; however, very little is known about the underlying mechanisms of its deregulation and its roles in carcinogenesis. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with a panel of malignancies of lymphocytic and epithelial origin. Using high throughput expression profiling, we have previously identified LIMD1 as a common marker associated with the oncogenic transcription factor IRF4 in EBV-related lymphomas and other hematological malignancies. In this study, we have identified potential conserved IRF4- and NFκB-binding motifs in the LIMD1 gene promoter, and both are demonstrated functional by promoter-reporter assays. We further show that LIMD1 is partially upregulated by EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) via IRF4 and NFκB in EBV latency. As to its role in the setting of EBV latent infection, we show that LIMD1 interacts with TRAF6, a crucial mediator of LMP1 signal transduction. Importantly, LIMD1 depletion impairs LMP1 signaling and functions, potentiates ionomycin-induced DNA damage and apoptosis, and inhibits p62-mediated selective autophagy. Taken together, these results show that LIMD1 is upregulated in EBV latency and plays an oncogenic role rather than that of a tumor suppressor. Our findings have identified LIMD1 as a novel player in EBV latency and oncogenesis, and open a novel research avenue, in which LIMD1 and p62 play crucial roles in linking DNA damage response (DDR), apoptosis, and autophagy and their potential interplay during viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Mary E.A. Howell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Brooke McPeak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Katrina Riggs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Carissa Kohne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Jether Uel Yohanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Daniel E. Foxler
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tyson V. Sharp
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
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14
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He F, Wei L, Luo W, Liao Z, Li B, Zhou X, Xiao X, You J, Chen Y, Zheng S, Li P, Murata M, Huang G, Zhang Z. Glutaredoxin 3 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma growth and metastasis via EGFR/Akt pathway and independent of ROS. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37000-37012. [PMID: 27203742 PMCID: PMC5095054 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxin 3 (GLRX3) is antioxidant enzyme, maintaining a low level of ROS, thus contributing to the survival and metastasis of several types of cancer. However, the expression and functions of GLRX3 have not been addressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this study, we found that GLRX3 was overexpressed in NPC. Knockdown of GLRX3 in NPC cell lines inhibited proliferation in vitro, tumorignesis in vivo, and colony formation. In addition, GLRX3 knockdown decreased the migration and invasion capacity of NPC cells by reversing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, stabilization of GLRX3 was positively related to with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and negatively with ROS generation. Phosphorylation of Akt, a key downstream effector, was induced by EGFR signaling but did not rely on increasing ROS level in NPC cells. GLRX3 might be an oncoprotein in NPC, playing important roles in increasing redox reaction and activating EGFR/ Akt signals, so it may be a therapeutic target for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lili Wei
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhipeng Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jingping You
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shixing Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Mariko Murata
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Guangwu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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15
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Lo AKF, Dawson CW, Young LS, Lo KW. The role of metabolic reprogramming in γ-herpesvirus-associated oncogenesis. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1512-1521. [PMID: 28542909 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The γ-herpesviruses, EBV and KSHV, are closely associated with a number of human cancers. While the signal transduction pathways exploited by γ-herpesviruses to promote cell growth, survival and transformation have been reported, recent studies have uncovered the impact of γ-herpesvirus infection on host cell metabolism. Here, we review the mechanisms used by γ-herpesviruses to induce metabolic reprogramming in host cells, focusing on their ability to modulate the activity of metabolic regulators and manipulate metabolic pathways. While γ-herpesviruses alter metabolic phenotypes as a means to support viral infection and long-term persistence, this modulation can inadvertently contribute to cancer development. Strategies that target deregulated metabolic phenotypes induced by γ-herpesviruses provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Kwok-Fung Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Christopher W Dawson
- Institutite of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S Young
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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16
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Jha HC, Pei Y, Robertson ES. Epstein-Barr Virus: Diseases Linked to Infection and Transformation. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1602. [PMID: 27826287 PMCID: PMC5078142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was first discovered in 1964, and was the first known human tumor virus now shown to be associated with a vast number of human diseases. Numerous studies have been conducted to understand infection, propagation, and transformation in various cell types linked to human diseases. However, a comprehensive lens through which virus infection, reactivation and transformation of infected host cells can be visualized is yet to be formally established and will need much further investigation. Several human cell types infected by EBV have been linked to associated diseases. However, whether these are a direct result of EBV infection or indirectly due to contributions by additional infectious agents will need to be fully investigated. Therefore, a thorough examination of infection, reactivation, and cell transformation induced by EBV will provide a more detailed view of its contributions that drive pathogenesis. This undoubtedly expand our knowledge of the biology of EBV infection and the signaling activities of targeted cellular factors dysregulated on infection. Furthermore, these insights may lead to identification of therapeutic targets and agents for clinical interventions. Here, we review the spectrum of EBV-associated diseases, the role of the encoded latent antigens, and the switch to latency or lytic replication which occurs in EBV infected cells. Furthermore, we describe the cellular processes and critical factors which contribute to cell transformation. We also describe the fate of B-cells and epithelial cells after EBV infection and the expected consequences which contribute to establishment of viral-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem C Jha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Yonggang Pei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
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