1
|
An In Vivo/Ex Vivo Study Design to Investigate Effects of Chronic Conditions and Therapeutic Compounds on Adipose Stem Cells in Animal Models. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2138:101-118. [PMID: 32219742 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0471-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the dramatic rise in the global prevalence of obesity and lack of success at addressing this public health issue, there is an urgency to develop new tools with which to study obesity and putative weight-loss products. Pre-adipocyte cell lines have been widely used as a model for adipocyte biology and obesity over the past four decades, but the applicability of results from these cell lines is limited. This chapter will describe an in vivo/ex vivo study design that can be employed to examine the effects of diets and other chronic physiological or pathophysiological conditions on the biology of adipose stem cells (ASCs), as a model for the progression and management of obesity. This type of study design is superior to short-term in vitro experiments in pre-adipocyte cell lines or ASCs, as chronic in vivo conditions cannot be recapitulated in cell culture. Rather, this in vivo/ex vivo study design provides researchers the opportunity to assess the progressive effects of long-term insults or interventions on the reprogramming of ASC behavior. In addition, this model allows us to study the metabolic effects of chronic conditions and therapeutic compounds at a systemic level as well as at the level of adipose tissue and ASCs, in order to provide a whole-body context for the findings.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kato T, Khanh VC, Sato K, Kimura K, Yamashita T, Sugaya H, Yoshioka T, Mishima H, Ohneda O. Elevated Expression of Dkk-1 by Glucocorticoid Treatment Impairs Bone Regenerative Capacity of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:85-99. [PMID: 29084466 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones used as anti-inflammatory treatments. However, this strong immunomodulation causes undesirable side effects that impair bones, such as osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid therapy is a major risk factor for developing steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femur head (ONFH). Since ONFH is incurable, therapy with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that can differentiate into osteoblasts are a first-line choice. Bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) are often used as a source of stem cell therapy for ONFH, but their proliferative activity is impaired after steroid treatment. Adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AT-MSCs) may be an attractive alternative source; however, it is unknown whether AT-MSCs from steroid-induced ONFH (sAT-MSCs) have the same differentiation ability as BM-MSCs or normal AT-MSCs (nAT-MSCs). In this study, we demonstrate that nAT-MSCs chronically exposed to glucocorticoids show lower alkaline phosphatase activity leading to reduced osteogenic differentiation ability. This impaired osteogenesis is mediated by high expression of Dickkopf1 (Dkk-1) that inhibits wnt/β-catenin signaling. Increased Dkk-1 also causes impaired osteogenesis along with reductions in bone regenerative capacity in sAT-MSCs. Of note, plasma Dkk-1 levels are elevated in steroid-induced ONFH patients. Collectively, our findings suggest that glucocorticoid-induced expression of Dkk-1 could be a key factor in modulating the differentiation ability of MSCs used for ONFH and other stem cell therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Kato
- 1 Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan .,2 School of Integrative Global Majors, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Vuong Cat Khanh
- 1 Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Sato
- 1 Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kimura
- 1 Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamashita
- 1 Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sugaya
- 3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan .,4 Division of Regenerative Medicine for Musculoskeletal System, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshioka
- 3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan .,4 Division of Regenerative Medicine for Musculoskeletal System, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hajime Mishima
- 3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohneda
- 1 Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang YL, Yin JH, Ding H, Zhang W, Zhang CQ, Gao YS. Protective effect of VK2 on glucocorticoid-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. Int J Mol Med 2016; 39:160-166. [PMID: 27909721 PMCID: PMC5179185 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) contribute to the increased incidence of secondary osteoporosis and osteonecrosis, and medications for the prevention and treatment of these complications have been investigated for many years. Vitamin K2 (VK2) has been proven to promote bone formation both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we examined the effects of VK2 on dexamethasone (DEX)-treated MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. We observed that VK2 promoted the proliferation and enhanced the survival of dexamethasone-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, VK2 upregulated the expression levels of osteogenic marker proteins, such as Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin, which were significantly inhibited by dexamethasone. On the whole, our findings indicate that VK2 has the potential to antagonize the effects of GCs on MC3T3-E1 cells, and may thus prove to be a promising agent for the prevention and treatment of GC-induced osteoporosis and osteonecrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hui Yin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - You-Shui Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jacobs FA, Sadie-Van Gijsen H, van de Vyver M, Ferris WF. Vanadate Impedes Adipogenesis in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Different Depots within Bone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:108. [PMID: 27536268 PMCID: PMC4971437 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) is associated with an increase in bone marrow adiposity, which skews the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) progenitors away from osteoblastogenesis and toward adipogenesis. We have previously found that vanadate, a non-specific protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, prevents GIO in rats, but it was unclear whether vanadate directly influenced adipogenesis in bone-derived MSCs. For the present study, we investigated the effect of vanadate on adipogenesis in primary rat MSCs derived from bone marrow (bmMSCs) and from the proximal end of the femur (pfMSCs). By passage 3 after isolation, both cell populations expressed the MSC cell surface markers CD90 and CD106, but not the hematopoietic marker CD45. However, although variable, expression of the fibroblast marker CD26 was higher in pfMSCs than in bmMSCs. Differentiation studies using osteogenic and adipogenic induction media (OM and AM, respectively) demonstrated that pfMSCs rapidly accumulated lipid droplets within 1 week of exposure to AM, while bmMSCs isolated from the same femur only formed lipid droplets after 3 weeks of AM treatment. Conversely, pfMSCs exposed to OM produced mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM) after 3 weeks, compared to 1 week for OM-treated bmMSCs. Vanadate (10 μM) added to AM resulted in a significant reduction in AM-induced intracellular lipid accumulation and expression of adipogenic gene markers (PPARγ2, aP2, adipsin) in both pfMSCs and bmMSCs. Pharmacological concentrations of glucocorticoids (1 μM) alone did not induce lipid accumulation in either bmMSCs or pfMSCs, but resulted in significant cell death in pfMSCs. Our findings demonstrate the existence of at least two fundamentally different MSC depots within the femur and highlights the presence of MSCs capable of rapid adipogenesis within the proximal femur, an area prone to osteoporotic fractures. In addition, our results suggest that the increased bone marrow adiposity observed in GIO may not be solely due to direct effect of glucocorticoids on bone-derived MSCs, and that an increase in femur lipid content may also arise from increased adipogenesis in MSCs residing outside of the bone marrow niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frans Alexander Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Hanél Sadie-Van Gijsen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Mari van de Vyver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - William Frank Ferris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- *Correspondence: William Frank Ferris,
| |
Collapse
|