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Garon-Carrier G, Tiraboschi GA, Bernard JY, Matte-Gagné C, Laurent A, Lemieux A, Fitzpatrick C. Unraveling the effects of maternal breastfeeding duration and exclusive breast milk on children's cognitive abilities in early childhood. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1225719. [PMID: 38106907 PMCID: PMC10722166 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1225719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the putative associations between mothers' use of exclusive breast milk and the duration of breastfeeding with child cognitive development. Methods This study is based on 2,210 Canadian families with children assessed longitudinally from age 4 to 7 years on their memory-span and math skills. These cognitive abilities were measured with standardized tasks. Breastfeeding practices were collected via maternal reports. We applied propensity scores to control the social selection bias for breastfeeding. Results Results adjusted for propensity scores and sample weight revealed no significant differences between non-breastfed children with those being non-exclusively breastfed for 5 months or less, and with children being exclusively breastfed for 9.2 months on average, on their early math skills and memory-span. We found that children who were non-exclusively breastfed for 6.8 months on average had a slightly higher levels of memory-span at age 4 than children who were never breastfed, and this small but significant difference lasted up to age 7. Conclusion Our findings suggest no significant differences between children being exclusively breastfed and those fed with formula on their early math skills and memory-span. The encouragement of breastfeeding to promote child cognitive school readiness may, in some case (non-exclusive breastfeeding for more than 5 months), show a small but long-lasting advantage in early memory-span.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Arantes Tiraboschi
- Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Département d’enseignement au préscolaire et primaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Y. Bernard
- Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS)Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Paris, France
| | | | - Angélique Laurent
- Département d’enseignement au préscolaire et primaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Lemieux
- Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Fitzpatrick
- Département d’enseignement au préscolaire et primaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of childhood education, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Rajagopalan V, Hsu E, Luo S. Long-term benefits of breastfeeding on brain and body development among 9-10-year-olds: modulated by socioeconomic environment. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.01.06.23284287. [PMID: 36711726 PMCID: PMC9882490 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.06.23284287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Importance It is yet unknown if breastfeeding (bf) benefits, to brain and body development of children, persist into peri-adolescence and vary by socioeconomic environments (SEEs). Objective We aim to investigate SEE-independent and SEE-modulated relationships between bf duration and child brain structure and adiposity markers during peri-adolescence. Design setting and participants This was a cross-sectional study of children aged 9-10 enrolled in the multi-center Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. Exposures Bf duration was self-reported. Neighborhood-level SEE was assessed using area deprivation index (ADI). Main Outcomes T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess global brain measures: volumes of white, cortical, and subcortical gray matter (GM), cortical thickness, and surface area (SA). Adiposity markers included age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI z- scores), waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Mixed effects models examined associations of bf duration with brain structure and adiposity markers controlling for sociodemographic, pre- and post-natal covariates. Stratified analysis was performed by tertiles of ADI. Results The sample consisted of 7,511 children (51.7% males; 18.8% no bf, 35.3% 1-6 months, 24.9% 7-12 months, 21.0% >12 months). Child's total SA (β (95% CI) = 0.053 (0.033, 0.074); FDR corrected P <0.001), cortical (β (95% CI) = 0.021 (0.010, 0.032); FDR corrected P <0.001) and subcortical GM volume (β (95% CI) = 0.016 (0.003, 0.030); FDR corrected P <0.001) increased monotonically with bf duration, after controlling for covariates. Child's BMI z -scores (β (95% CI) = -0.040 (-0.063, -0.016); FDR corrected P =0.001), waist circumference (β (95% CI) = -0.037 (-0.060, -0.014), FDR corrected P =0.002) and WHtR (β (95% CI) = -0.040 (-0.064, -0.018), FDR corrected P =0.001) decreased monotonically with increased bf duration, after controlling for covariates. Bf duration was inversely associated with adiposity in children from high- and medium-ADI neighborhoods. Bf duration was positively associated with SA across ADI tertiles. Conclusions and Relevance Our results imply that long-term benefits of bf on body and brain development in offspring increase as bf duration increases, particularly in children from low SEEs. Policies and social support aimed to incremental increases in bf duration among women from low SEEs would confer long-term benefits for offspring. Key Points Question: Do benefits of breastfeeding(bf), on children's brain and body development, persist long-term and are these benefits uniform across socioeconomic environments (SEEs)?Findings: Longer bf duration is associated with lower adiposity, greater cortical and subcortical gray matter volume, and cortical surface area in 9-10-year-old children. Children from lower SEEs showed stronger negative relationships between bf duration and adiposity. Children across all SEEs demonstrated positive relationships between bf duration and surface area.Meaning: Our results imply that long-term benefits to child brain and body development increase with bf duration; and children from lower SEEs benefited more from longer bf duration.
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Pereyra-Elías R, Quigley MA, Carson C. To what extent does confounding explain the association between breastfeeding duration and cognitive development up to age 14? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267326. [PMID: 35613097 PMCID: PMC9132301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breastfeeding duration is associated with improved cognitive development in children, but it is unclear whether this is a causal relationship or due to confounding. This study evaluates whether the observed association is explained by socioeconomic position (SEP) and maternal cognitive ability. Methods Data from 7,855 singletons born in 2000–2002 and followed up to age 14 years within the UK Millennium Cohort Study were analysed. Mothers reported breastfeeding duration, and children’s cognitive abilities were assessed at 5, 7, 11, and 14 years using validated measures. Standardised verbal (age 5 to 14) and spatial (age 5 to 11) cognitive scores were compared across breastfeeding duration groups using multivariable linear mixed-effects models (repeated outcome measures). Results At all ages, longer breastfeeding durations were associated with higher cognitive scores after accounting for the child’s own characteristics. Adjustment for SEP approximately halved the effect sizes. Further adjustment for maternal cognitive scores removed the remaining associations at age 5, but not at ages 7, 11 and 14 (e.g.: verbal scores, age 14; breastfed ≥12 months vs never breastfed: 0.26 SD; 95%CI: 0.18, 0.34). Conclusion The associations between breastfeeding duration and cognitive scores persist after adjusting for SEP and maternal cognitive ability, however the effect was modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reneé Pereyra-Elías
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria A. Quigley
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Carson
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Kukeba MW, Callery P, Fallon D. Factors impacting on childhood nutrition: The experience of mothers in a rural Ghanaian community. Appetite 2021; 167:105617. [PMID: 34343609 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite globally recommended infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, inadequate Child feeding remains a global challenge and the root cause of undernutrition. Most mothers who primarily feed children in most developing settings appear to have received information on the IYCF practices. We explored mothers' limitations to provide children optimally in a rural Ghanaian community. We interviewed 42 family members, including parents and grandparents of thirty-two children under five years, from fifteen households using an ethnographic fieldwork approach. We observed and participated in food preparation and child feeding and interviewed religious leader, diviners. Households' decision-making arrangements, mothers, emerging roles and inconsistency of fathers' roles, competing sources of knowledge poverty, food insecurity and the nature of the community's social interactions and policing of women's child feeding practices are issues mothers have to navigate to feed children in the study community. Cultural custodians should be given child nutrition and providing information. Mothers should be empowered to manage child feeding and emerging roles.
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Williams PP, Washio Y, Myers B, Jaspan H, Browne FA, Wechsberg WM, Parry C. Cannabis use and breastfeeding: do we know enough? SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 50:7-10. [PMID: 34334838 DOI: 10.1177/0081246319893934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petal Petersen Williams
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yukiko Washio
- Substance Use, Gender and Applied Research, RTI International, USA
| | - Bronwyn Myers
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather Jaspan
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Global Health, University of Washington, USA.,Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Felicia A Browne
- Substance Use, Gender and Applied Research, RTI International, USA.,UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, USA
| | - Wendee M Wechsberg
- Substance Use, Gender and Applied Research, RTI International, USA.,UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, USA.,Psychology in the Public Interest, North Carolina State University, USA.,Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Charles Parry
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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Cando RI, DíazSilva A, Guerendiain M. The cognitive performance of indigenous schoolchildren in relation to their feeding during infancy. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 32:e23326. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Isabel Cando
- School of Clinical PsychologyFaculty of Health Sciences, National University of Chimborazo Riobamba Ecuador
- Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders Research GroupFaculty of Health Sciences, National University of Chimborazo Riobamba Ecuador
| | - Alicia DíazSilva
- Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders Research GroupFaculty of Health Sciences, National University of Chimborazo Riobamba Ecuador
| | - Marcela Guerendiain
- Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders Research GroupFaculty of Health Sciences, National University of Chimborazo Riobamba Ecuador
- Research Area, School of NutritionUniversity of the Republic Montevideo Uruguay
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Krol KM, Grossmann T. Psychological effects of breastfeeding on children and mothers. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2019; 61:977-985. [PMID: 29934681 PMCID: PMC6096620 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
While the nutritional and physical health benefits of breastfeeding are well established, accumulating research demonstrates the far-reaching psychological effects of breastfeeding on children and their mothers. Here, we provide a non-exhaustive review of the empirical evidence, showing that breastfeeding impacts children's brain, cognitive, and socio-emotional development. In mothers, research is presented indicating that breastfeeding influences mood, affect, stress, and maternal care. The current review aims to provide a broad overview of existing findings on the psychological effects of breastfeeding, highlighting the important role that breastfeeding plays across several dimensions of psychological functioning. We also discuss the potential mechanisms that may underpin the observed effects, provide a constructive commentary on the limitations of the existing work, and put forth some considerations when evaluating this line of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Krol
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road, 22903, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tobias Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road, 22903, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
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Might the Mothers of Premature Babies Feed Them and Devote Some Milk to the Milk Bank? Int J Pediatr 2018; 2018:3628952. [PMID: 30631373 PMCID: PMC6304568 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3628952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The breast milk is the gold standard food for the feeding of the premature baby: it is the natural way to provide excellent nutritional, immunological, and biological nutriment so as to facilitate a healthy growth and the development of the infants. When the breast milk is not available, the alternative is represented by the donated milk. The mothers of premature infants are important opportunity if we consider the fact that they could devote some milk both because they provide a food which is closer to the needs of the vulnerable category of newborns and because it is, for the mothers, a way to overcome the detachment and the psychological trauma of a premature birth. There are no data on this kind of donation. The aim of the study is to evaluate the contribution of the milk donation to the HMB of CSS by women who gave birth to premature infants of gestational age <35 weeks and to analyze the macronutrient composition of the "preterm" donated milk. The CSS HMB has recruited 659 donors totalling 2236 liters of donated milk over a period of 7 years. 38 donors (5.7%) gave birth to a gestational age <35 weeks. Almost 20% of the donated milk comes from mothers of premature babies and this is a very important fact because it shows the huge potential belonging to this category of mothers. Taking into account the parameter regarding the birth weight, it was found that VLBW mothers contributed for 56% to preterm donation while ELBW mothers contributed for 41%. By evaluating the variable gestational age, about 40% of the average total donation derives from mothers who gave birth before the 25 weeks, while a contribution of 46% is attributable to the category of newborns with a GA between 25 and 32 weeks. Besides, some other exceptional examples can be outlined. Regarding the correlation analysis DM resulted in negative correlation with GA weeks (r=-0.31, p=0.058) and with BW g (r=-0.30, p=0.068) achieving values which are very close to the significance. The comparison between the donor volume averages of the preterm and full-term groups is statistically significant. The composition data are in line with the literature: there is an increase by 18 % in the protein component of the milk deriving from the mothers of the premature infants; the gap in carbohydrates is less significant (5-6%) and the gap in calories is similarly low being only 2% higher than the single donor milk and 11% more than the pooled milk. The data on the lipids line up to single donor term milk, while it grows by 24% compared to the pooled one. The study shows that even at very low or extreme gestational age it is possible to obtain an appropriate production of breast milk. This awareness becomes a fundamental starting point for the activation in a standardized way of all the strategies of promotion and support of food that have proven effective with the HM in NICU.
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Mohammadi MM, Poursaberi R. The Effect of Stress Inoculation Training on Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy and Perceived Stress of Mothers With Low Birth Weight Infants: A Clinical Trial. J Family Reprod Health 2018; 12:160-168. [PMID: 31223322 PMCID: PMC6571443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Mothers with low birth weight infants experience more stress, which results in reduced breastfeeding self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding; In this regard, stress Inoculation Training (SIT) is one of the effective ways for inoculation against stress and psychological distress; Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of SIT on breastfeeding self-efficacy and perceived stress of mothers with low birth weight infants. Materials and methods: This clinical trial study was conducted from October to December 2017 on 100 mothers with low birth weight infants; the infants had been hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Kermanshah, Iran. The eligible mothers were randomly divided into two groups, i.e., intervention (n = 50) and control (n = 50) groups. Results: The mean score of breastfeeding self-efficacy, before SIT (33.82 ± 8.92) compared to after SIT (42.02 ± 8.83), significantly increased (p < 0.001), though no statistically significant difference was reported in the control group (p > 0.05). The mean score of perceived stress was significantly reduced after SIT (26.29 ± 6.49) compared to values before SIT (31.25 ± 5.82) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study showed that on the one hand, SIT can effectively increase the breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers with low birth weight infants; on the other hand, it can reduce their perceived stress. Therefore, the need for holding in-service training courses is felt in order to train the caregiving personnel, especially nurses, in applying the SIT technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Mohammadi
- Students Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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von Stumm S. Socioeconomic status amplifies the achievement gap throughout compulsory education independent of intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fiocchi A, Dahda L, Dupont C, Campoy C, Fierro V, Nieto A. Cow's milk allergy: towards an update of DRACMA guidelines. World Allergy Organ J 2016; 9:35. [PMID: 27895813 PMCID: PMC5109783 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-016-0125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2010, the diagnosis and treatment of IgE-mediated CMA were systematized in a GRADE guideline. OBJECTIVES & METHODS After 6 years, the state of the knowledge in diagnosis and treatment of CMA has largely evolved. We summarize here the main advances, and exemplify indicating some specific points: studies aimed at better knowledge of the effects of breastfeeding and the production of new special formulae intended for the treatment of CMA. The literature (PubMed/MEDLINE) was searched using the following algorithms: (1) [milk allergy] AND diagnosis; (2) [milk allergy] AND [formul*] OR [breast*], setting the search engine [6-years] time and [human] limits. The authors drew on their collective clinical experience to restrict retrieved studies to those of relevance to a pediatric allergy practice. RESULTS Several clinical studies did address the possibility to diagnose CMA using new tools in vitro and in vivo, or to diagnose it without any evaluation of sensitization. Some studies also addressed the clinical role of formulae based on milk hydrolysates, soy, or rice hydrolysates in the treatment of CMA. Many studies have elucidated the effects of selective nutrients in breastfed infants on their immunologic and neurologic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Evidence-based diagnostic criteria should be identified for non-IgE-mediated CMA. Debate is ongoing about the best substitute for infants with CMA. In particular, Hydrolyzed Rice Formulae have been widely assessed in the last six years. In the substitute choice, clinicians should be aware of recent studies that can modify the interpretation of the current recommendations. New systematic reviews and metanalyses are needed to confirm or modify the current DRACMA recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fiocchi
- Division of Allergy, University Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Vatican City Italy
| | - Lamia Dahda
- Division of Allergy, University Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Vatican City Italy
| | - Christophe Dupont
- Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Digestives Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker, Université Paris-Descartes, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Department of Paediatrics, Centre of Excellence for Paediatric Research EURISTIKOS, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. De Madrid 11, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, Avda. de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Fierro
- Division of Allergy, University Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Vatican City Italy
| | - Antonio Nieto
- Pediatric Pulmonology & Allergy Unit, Children’s Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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