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Follmer ML, Isner T, Ozekin YH, Levitt C, Bates EA. Depolarization induces calcium-dependent BMP4 release from mouse embryonic palate mesenchyme. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598333. [PMID: 38915514 PMCID: PMC11195066 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Ion channels are essential for proper morphogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unknown. Loss of the Kcnj2 potassium channel disrupts Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling within the developing palate. BMP signaling is essential for the correct development of several skeletal structures, including the palate, though little is known about the mechanisms that govern BMP secretion. We introduce a tool to image the release of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) from mammalian cells. Using this tool, we show that depolarization induces BMP4 release from mouse embryonic palate mesenchyme cells in a calcium-dependent manner. We show native transient changes in intracellular calcium occur in cranial neural crest cells, the cells from which embryonic palate mesenchyme derives. Waves of transient changes in intracellular calcium suggest that these cells are electrically coupled and may temporally coordinate BMP release. These transient changes in intracellular calcium persist in palate mesenchyme cells from embryonic day (E) 9.5 to 13.5 mice. Disruption of Kcnj2 significantly decreases the amplitude of calcium transients and the ability of cells to secrete BMP. Together, these data suggest that temporal control of developmental cues is regulated by ion channels, depolarization, and changes in intracellular calcium for mammalian craniofacial morphogenesis. SUMMARY We show that embryonic palate mesenchyme cells undergo transient changes in intracellular calcium. Depolarization of these cells induces BMP4 release suggesting that ion channels are a node in BMP4 signaling.
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Corano Scheri K, Liang X, Dalal V, Le Poole IC, Varga J, Hayashida T. SARA suppresses myofibroblast precursor transdifferentiation in fibrogenesis in a mouse model of scleroderma. JCI Insight 2022; 7:160977. [PMID: 36136606 PMCID: PMC9675568 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) plays a critical role in maintaining epithelial cell phenotype. Here, we show that SARA suppressed myofibroblast precursor transdifferentiation in a mouse model of scleroderma. Mice overexpressing SARA specifically in PDGFR-β+ pericytes and pan-leukocytes (SARATg) developed significantly less skin fibrosis in response to bleomycin injection compared with wild-type littermates (SARAWT). Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis of skin PDGFR-β+ cells implicated pericyte subsets assuming myofibroblast characteristics under fibrotic stimuli, and SARA overexpression blocked the transition. In addition, a cluster that expresses molecules associated with Th2 cells and macrophage activation was enriched in SARAWT mice, but not in SARATg mice, after bleomycin treatment. Th2-specific Il-31 expression was increased in skin of the bleomycin-treated SARAWT mice and patients with scleroderma (or systemic sclerosis, SSc). Receptor-ligand analyses indicated that lymphocytes mediated pericyte transdifferentiation in SARAWT mice, while with SARA overexpression the myofibroblast activity of pericytes was suppressed. Together, these data suggest a potentially novel crosstalk between myofibroblast precursors and immune cells in the pathogenesis of SSc, in which SARA plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Corano Scheri
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Pediatric Nephrology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vidhi Dalal
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Pediatric Nephrology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - I. Caroline Le Poole
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John Varga
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tomoko Hayashida
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Pediatric Nephrology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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The Rab11-regulated endocytic pathway and BDNF/TrkB signaling: Roles in plasticity changes and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 171:105796. [PMID: 35728773 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells that rely on the intracellular transport of organelles. This process is regulated by molecular motors such as dynein and kinesins and the Rab family of monomeric GTPases that together help move cargo along microtubules in dendrites, somas, and axons. Rab5-Rab11 GTPases regulate receptor trafficking along early-recycling endosomes, which is a process that determines the intracellular signaling output of different signaling pathways, including those triggered by BDNF binding to its tyrosine kinase receptor TrkB. BDNF is a well-recognized neurotrophic factor that regulates experience-dependent plasticity in different circuits in the brain. The internalization of the BDNF/TrkB complex results in signaling endosomes that allow local signaling in dendrites and presynaptic terminals, nuclear signaling in somas and dynein-mediated long-distance signaling from axons to cell bodies. In this review, we briefly discuss the organization of the endocytic pathway and how Rab11-recycling endosomes interact with other endomembrane systems. We further expand upon the roles of the Rab11-recycling pathway in neuronal plasticity. Then, we discuss the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathways and their functional relationships with the postendocytic trafficking of BDNF, including axonal transport, emphasizing the role of BDNF signaling endosomes, particularly Rab5-Rab11 endosomes, in neuronal plasticity. Finally, we discuss the evidence indicating that the dysfunction of the early-recycling pathway impairs BDNF signaling, contributing to several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Rozés-Salvador V, Wilson C, Olmos C, Gonzalez-Billault C, Conde C. Fine-Tuning the TGFβ Signaling Pathway by SARA During Neuronal Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:550267. [PMID: 33015054 PMCID: PMC7494740 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.550267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural development is a complex process that involves critical events, including cytoskeleton dynamics and selective trafficking of proteins to defined cellular destinations. In this regard, Smad Anchor for Receptor Activation (SARA) is an early endosome resident protein, where perform trafficking- associated functions. In addition, SARA is also involved in cell signaling, including the TGFβ-dependent pathway. Accordingly, SARA, and TGFβ signaling are required for proper axonal specification and migration of cortical neurons, unveiling a critical role for neuronal development. However, the cooperative action between the TGFβ pathway and SARA to this process has remained understudied. In this work, we show novel evidence suggesting a cross-talk between SARA and TGFβ pathway needed for proper polarization, axonal specification, growth and cortical migration of central neurons both in vitro and in vivo. Using microscopy tools and cultured hippocampal neurons, we show a local interaction between SARA and TβRI (TGFβ I receptor) at endosomes. In addition, SARA loss of function, induced by the expression of the dominant-negative SARA-F728A, over-activates the TGFβ pathway, most likely by preserving phosphorylated TβRI. Consequently, SARA-mediated activation of TGFβ pathway impacts on neuronal development, promoting axonal growth and cortical migration of neurons during brain development. Moreover, our data suggests that SARA basally prevents the activation of TβRI through the recruitment of the inhibitory complex PP1c/GADD34 in polarizing neurons. Together, these results propose that SARA is a negative regulator of the TGFβ pathway, being critical for a proper orchestration for neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Rozés-Salvador
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos Wilson
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristina Olmos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.,The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Cecilia Conde
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
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Mestres I, Einsiedel M, Möller J, Cardoso de Toledo B. Smad anchor for receptor activation nuclear localization during development identifies Layers V and VI of the neocortex. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2161-2173. [PMID: 32037591 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA, zfyve9) has been classically observed in early endosomes of different cells types where it regulates vesicular transport of proteins and membrane components. Very few other members of the zinc finger FYVE domain-containing family (zfyve) have different functions other than controlling membrane trafficking. By analyzing SARA localization throughout mouse embryonic brain development, we detected that besides the endosomal localization it also targets neuronal nuclei, specifically of the cortical layers V/VI. These findings were confirmed in human brain organoids. When evaluating neuronal cell lines, we found that SARA accumulates in nuclei of PC-12 cells, but not Neuro-2a, highlighting its specificity. SARA functions as a specific marker of the deep cortical layers until the first postnatal week. This temporal regulation corresponds with the final phases of neuron differentiation, such as soma ventral translocation and axonal targeting. In sum, here we report that SARA localization during brain development is temporarily regulated, and layer specific. This defined pattern helps in the identification of early born cortical neurons. We further show that other zfyve family members (FYCO1, WDFY3, Hrs) also distribute to nuclei of different cells in the brain cortex, which raises the possibility that this might be an extended feature within the protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mestres
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maximilian Einsiedel
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - June Möller
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Beatriz Cardoso de Toledo
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Siri SO, Rozés-Salvador V, de la Villarmois EA, Ghersi MS, Quassollo G, Pérez MF, Conde C. Decrease of Rab11 prevents the correct dendritic arborization, synaptic plasticity and spatial memory formation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118735. [PMID: 32389643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that Rab11 recycling endosomes (REs Rab11) are essential for several neuronal processes, including the proper functioning of growth cones, synapse architecture regulation and neuronal migration. However, several aspects of REs Rab11 remain unclear, such as its sub-cellular distribution across neuronal development, contribution to dendritic tree organization and its consequences in memory formation. In this work we show a spatio-temporal correlation between the endogenous localization of REs Rab11 and developmental stage of neurons. Furthermore, Rab11-suppressed neurons showed an increase on dendritic branching (without altering total dendritic length) and misdistribution of dendritic proteins in cultured neurons. In addition, suppression of Rab11 in adult rat brains in vivo (by expressing shRab11 through lentiviral infection), showed a decrease on both the sensitivity to induce long-term potentiation and hippocampal-dependent memory acquisition. Taken together, our results suggest that REs Rab11 expression is required for a proper dendritic architecture and branching, controlling key aspects of synaptic plasticity and spatial memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian O Siri
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Av. Haya de la Torre s/n Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martıín Ferreyra (INIMEC-CONICET-UNC), Av. Friuli 2434, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victoria Rozés-Salvador
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Av. Haya de la Torre s/n Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina
| | - Emilce Artur de la Villarmois
- IFEC, CONICET, Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC, Haya de la Torre Y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marisa S Ghersi
- IFEC, CONICET, Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC, Haya de la Torre Y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Quassollo
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Av. Haya de la Torre s/n Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martıín Ferreyra (INIMEC-CONICET-UNC), Av. Friuli 2434, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariela F Pérez
- IFEC, CONICET, Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC, Haya de la Torre Y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Conde
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Av. Haya de la Torre s/n Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martıín Ferreyra (INIMEC-CONICET-UNC), Av. Friuli 2434, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina.
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New Player in Endosomal Trafficking: Differential Roles of Smad Anchor for Receptor Activation (SARA) Protein. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00446-18. [PMID: 30275343 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00446-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and maintenance of multicellular organisms require specialized coordination between external cellular signals and the proteins receiving stimuli and regulating responses. A critical role in the proper functioning of these processes is played by endosomal trafficking, which enables the transport of proteins to targeted sites as well as their return to the plasma membrane through its essential components, the endosomes. During this trafficking, signaling pathways controlling functions related to the endosomal system are activated both directly and indirectly. Although there are a considerable number of molecules participating in these processes, some are more known than others for their specific functions. Toward the end of the 1990s, Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein was described to be controlling and to facilitate the localization of Smads to transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptors during TGF-β signaling activation, and, strikingly, SARA was also identified to be one of the proteins that bind to early endosomes (EEs) participating in membrane trafficking in several cell models. The purpose of this review is to analyze the state of the art of the contribution of SARA in different cell types and cellular contexts, focusing on the biological role of SARA in two main processes, trafficking and cellular signaling, both of which are necessary for intercellular coordination, communication, and development.
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Endosomal Trafficking During Mitosis and Notch-Dependent Asymmetric Division. ENDOCYTOSIS AND SIGNALING 2018; 57:301-329. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Mestres I, Sung CH. Nervous system development relies on endosomal trafficking. NEUROGENESIS 2017; 4:e1316887. [PMID: 28573151 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2017.1316887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating findings have begun to unveil the important role of the endosomal machinery in the nervous system development. Endosomes have been linked to the differential segregation of cell fate determining molecules in asymmetrically dividing progenitors during neurogenesis. Additionally, the precise removal and reinsertion of membrane components through endocytic trafficking regulates the spatial and temporal distribution of signaling receptors and adhesion molecules, which determine the morphology and motility of migrating neurons. Emerging evidence suggests that the role of the endosomal sorting adaptors is dependent upon cell type and developmental stage. The repertoire of the signaling receptors and/or adhesion molecules sorted by the endosome during these processes remains to be explored. In this commentary, we will briefly address the progress in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mestres
- DFG-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Cluster of Excellence, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ching-Hwa Sung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.,Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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Mestres I, Chuang JZ, Calegari F, Conde C, Sung CH. SARA regulates neuronal migration during neocortical development through L1 trafficking. Development 2016; 143:3143-53. [PMID: 27471254 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that endocytic trafficking of adhesion proteins plays a crucial role in neuronal migration during neocortical development. However, molecular insights into these processes remain elusive. Here, we study the early endosomal protein Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) in the developing mouse brain. SARA is enriched at the apical endfeet of radial glia of the neocortex. Although SARA knockdown did not lead to detectable neurogenic phenotypes, SARA-suppressed neurons exhibited impaired orientation and migration across the intermediate zone. Mechanistically, we show that SARA knockdown neurons exhibit increased surface expression of the L1 cell adhesion molecule. Neurons ectopically expressing L1 phenocopy the migration and orientation defects caused by SARA knockdown and display increased contact with neighboring neurites. L1 knockdown effectively rescues SARA suppression-induced phenotypes. SARA knockdown neurons eventually overcome their migration defect and enter later into the cortical plate. Nevertheless, these neurons localize at more superficial cortical layers than their control counterparts. These results suggest that SARA regulates the orientation, multipolar-to-bipolar transition and the positioning of cortical neurons via modulating surface L1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Mestres
- INIMEC, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba UNC, Friuli 2434-5016, Córdoba, Argentina DFG-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Cluster of Excellence, TU-Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Jen-Zen Chuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Federico Calegari
- DFG-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Cluster of Excellence, TU-Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Cecilia Conde
- INIMEC, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba UNC, Friuli 2434-5016, Córdoba, Argentina Instituto Universitario Ciencias Biomédicas Córdoba (IUCBC), Córdoba 5016, Argentina
| | - Ching-Hwa Sung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Villarroel-Campos D, Bronfman FC, Gonzalez-Billault C. Rab GTPase signaling in neurite outgrowth and axon specification. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:498-507. [PMID: 27124121 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells that contain specialized subcellular domains involved in information transmission in the nervous system. Specifically, the somatodendritic compartment receives neuronal inputs while the axons convey information through the synapse. The establishment of asymmetric domains requires a specific delivery of components, including organelles, proteins, and membrane. The Rab family of small GTPases plays an essential role in membrane trafficking. Signaling cascades triggered by extrinsic and intrinsic factors tightly regulate Rab functions in cells, with Rab protein activation depending on GDP/GTP binding to establish a binary mode of action. This review summarizes the contributions of several Rab family members involved in trans-Golgi, early/late endosomes, and recycling endosomes during neurite development and axonal outgrowth. The regulation of some Rabs by guanine exchanging factors and GTPase activating proteins will also be addressed. Finally, discussion will be provided on how specific effector-mediated Rab activation modifies several molecules essential to neuronal differentiation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Villarroel-Campos
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad De Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca C Bronfman
- MINREB And Center for Ageing and Regeneration (CARE), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad De Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
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