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Peng X, Yao S, Huang J, Zhao Y, Chen H, Chen L, Yu Z. Alterations in bacterial community dynamics from noncancerous to Gastric cancer. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1138928. [PMID: 36970687 PMCID: PMC10034189 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1138928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric microbiome has been shown to contribute to gastric carcinogenesis, understanding how alterations in gastric microbiome is helpful to the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer (GC). However, few studies have focused on the change of microbiome during the gastric carcinogenesis. In this study, the microbiome of gastric juice samples from healthy control (HC), gastric precancerous lesions (GPL) and gastric cancer (GC) was investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our results showed that the alpha diversity of patients with GC was significantly lower than other groups. Compared to other groups, some genera in GC group were shown to be up-regulated (e.g., Lautropia and Lactobacillus) and down-regulated (e.g., Peptostreptococcus and Parvimonas). More importantly, the emergence of Lactobacillus was closely related to the occurrence and development of GC. Moreover, the microbial interactions and networks in GPL exhibited higher connectivity, complexity and lower clustering property, while GC showed the opposite trend. Taken together, we suggest that changes in the gastric microbiome are associated with GC and perform a key function in maintaining the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, our findings will provide new ideas and references for the treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Peng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siqi Yao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Liyu Chen,
| | - Zheng Yu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng Yu,
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2
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Mathebela P, Damane BP, Mulaudzi TV, Mkhize-Khwitshana ZL, Gaudji GR, Dlamini Z. Influence of the Microbiome Metagenomics and Epigenomics on Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13750. [PMID: 36430229 PMCID: PMC9693604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the major causes of cancer deaths worldwide. The disease is seldomly detected early and this limits treatment options. Because of its heterogeneous and complex nature, the disease remains poorly understood. The literature supports the contribution of the gut microbiome in the carcinogenesis and chemoresistance of GC. Drug resistance is the major challenge in GC therapy, occurring as a result of rewired metabolism. Metabolic rewiring stems from recurring genetic and epigenetic factors affecting cell development. The gut microbiome consists of pathogens such as H. pylori, which can foster both epigenetic alterations and mutagenesis on the host genome. Most of the bacteria implicated in GC development are Gram-negative, which makes it challenging to eradicate the disease. Gram-negative bacterium co-infections with viruses such as EBV are known as risk factors for GC. In this review, we discuss the role of microbiome-induced GC carcinogenesis. The disease risk factors associated with the presence of microorganisms and microbial dysbiosis are also discussed. In doing so, we aim to emphasize the critical role of the microbiome on cancer pathological phenotypes, and how microbiomics could serve as a potential breakthrough in determining effective GC therapeutic targets. Additionally, consideration of microbial dysbiosis in the GC classification system might aid in diagnosis and treatment decision-making, taking the specific pathogen/s involved into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precious Mathebela
- Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Botle Precious Damane
- Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Thanyani Victor Mulaudzi
- Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Zilungile Lynette Mkhize-Khwitshana
- School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 4013, South Africa
- SAMRC Research Capacity Development Division, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7501, South Africa
| | - Guy Roger Gaudji
- Department of Urology, Level 7, Bridge C, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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3
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Li Y, Wang J, Liu B, Yu Y, Yuan T, Wei Y, Gan Y, Shao J, Shao G, Feng Z, Tu Z, Xiong Q. DnaK Functions as a Moonlighting Protein on the Surface of Mycoplasma hyorhinis Cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:842058. [PMID: 35308339 PMCID: PMC8927758 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis is a common pathogen of swine and is also associated with various human tumors. It causes systemic inflammation, typically polyserositis and polyarthritis, in some infected pigs. However, the pathogenic mechanism of M. hyorhinis remains unclear. DnaK is a highly conserved protein belonging to the heat-shock protein 70 family of molecular chaperones, which plays important roles as a moonlighting protein in various bacteria. In the present study, we identified the surface exposure of M. hyorhinis DnaK. Two virulent strains expressed more DnaK on their surface than the avirulent strain. Thereafter, the potential moonlighting functions of DnaK were investigated. Recombinant M. hyorhinis DnaK (rMhr-DnaK) was found to be able to adhere to swine PK-15 cells and human NCI-H292 cells. It also bound to four extracellular matrix components-fibronectin, laminin, type IV collagen, and vitronectin-in a dose-dependent manner. ELISA demonstrated an interaction between rMhr-DnaK and plasminogen, which was significantly inhibited by a lysine analog, ε-aminocaproic acid. rMhr-DnaK-bound plasminogen was activated by tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), and the addition of rMhr-DnaK significantly enhanced the activation. Finally, a DnaK-specific antibody was detected in the serum of pigs immunized with inactivated vaccines, which indicated good immunogenicity of it. In summary, our findings imply that DnaK is an important multifunctional moonlighting protein in M. hyorhinis and likely participates extensively in the infection and pathogenesis processes of M. hyorhinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Beibei Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanna Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yuan Gan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhigang Tu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Nascimento Araujo CD, Amorim AT, Barbosa MS, Alexandre JCPL, Campos GB, Macedo CL, Marques LM, Timenetsky J. Evaluating the presence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Helicobacter pylori in biopsies of patients with gastric cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:70. [PMID: 34949212 PMCID: PMC8705184 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and has been associated with infections that may promote tumour progression. Accordingly, we analysed the presence of Mollicutes, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer tissues and evaluated their correlation with clinicopathological factors. METHODS Using a commercial kit, DNA were extracted from 120 gastric samples embedded in paraffin: 80 from patients with gastric cancer and 40 from cancer free patients, dating from 2006 to 2016. Mollicutes and H. pylori were detected by PCR; F. nucleatum and M. hyorhinis were detected by qPCR, together with immunohistochemistry for the latter bacteria. RESULTS Mollicutes were detected in the case and control groups (12% and 2.5%) and correlated with the papillary histologic pattern (P = 0.003), likely due to cell transformation promoted by Mollicutes. M. hyorhinis was detected in the case and control group but was not considered a cancer risk factor. H. pylori was detected at higher loads in the case compared to the control group (8% and 22%, P = 0.008) and correlated with metastasis (P = 0.024), lymphatic invasion (P = 0.033), tumour of diffused type (P = 0.028), and histopathological grading G1/G2 (P = 0.008). F. nucleatum was the most abundant bacteria in the case group, but was also detected in the control group (26% and 2.5%). It increased the cancer risk factor (P = 0.045, OR = 10.562, CI95% = 1.057-105.521), and correlated with old age (P = 0.030) and tumour size (P = 0.053). Bacterial abundance was significantly different between groups (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Our findings could improve the control and promote our understanding of opportunistic bacteria and their relevance to malignant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila do Nascimento Araujo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ICB/USP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Teixeira Amorim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ICB/USP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maysa Santos Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ICB/USP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Barreto Campos
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ICB/USP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Multidisciplinary Health Institute /Campus Anísio Teixeira, IMS/CAT - UFBA, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Leal Macedo
- Micro - Pathological Anatomy and Cytopathology Service, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ICB/USP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Multidisciplinary Health Institute /Campus Anísio Teixeira, IMS/CAT - UFBA, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ICB/USP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Huang H, Dabrazhynetskaya A, Pluznik J, Zheng J, Wu Y, Chizhikov V, Buehler PW, Yamada KM, Dhawan S. Hemin activation abrogates Mycoplasma hyorhinis replication in chronically infected prostate cancer cells via heme oxygenase-1 induction. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:2727-2739. [PMID: 34375508 PMCID: PMC8487054 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) lacks a cell wall and resists multiple antibiotics. We describe here the striking > 90% inhibitory effect of hemin, a natural inducer of the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), on M. hyorhinis replication in chronically infected LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The role of HO‐1 in interrupting M. hyorhinis replication was confirmed by HO‐1‐specific siRNA suppression of hemin‐induced HO‐1 protein expression, which increased intracellular M. hyorhinis DNA levels in LNCaP cells. Proteomic analysis and transmission electron microscopy of hemin‐treated cells confirmed the complete absence of M. hyorhinis proteins and intact microorganisms, respectively, strongly supporting these findings. Our study is the first to our knowledge suggesting therapeutic potential for activated HO‐1 in cellular innate responses against mycoplasma infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxia Huang
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring
| | - Alena Dabrazhynetskaya
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring
| | - Jacob Pluznik
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring
| | - Yong Wu
- Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring
| | - Vladimir Chizhikov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring
| | - Paul W Buehler
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring.,Department of Pathology, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Subhash Dhawan
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring.,Retired Senior FDA Research & Regulatory Scientist, 9890 Washingtonian Blvd., #703, Gaithersburg, 20878
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6
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Wang J, Li Y, Pan L, Li J, Yu Y, Liu B, Zubair M, Wei Y, Pillay B, Olaniran AO, Chiliza TE, Shao G, Feng Z, Xiong Q. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) moonlights as an adhesin in Mycoplasma hyorhinis adhesion to epithelial cells as well as a plasminogen receptor mediating extracellular matrix degradation. Vet Res 2021; 52:80. [PMID: 34082810 PMCID: PMC8173509 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis infects pigs causing polyserositis and polyarthritis, and has also been reported in a variety of human tumor tissues. The occurrence of disease is often linked with the systemic invasion of the pathogen. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH), one of the key enzymes of glycolysis, was reported as a surface multifunctional molecule in several bacteria. Here, we investigated whether GAPDH could manifest binary functions; as an adhesin to promote colonization as well as a plasminogen receptor functioning in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation to promote systemic invasion. The surface localization of GAPDH was observed in M. hyorhinis with flow cytometry and colony blot analysis. Recombinant GAPDH (rGAPDH) was found to be able to bind porcine-derived PK-15 and human-derived NCI-H292 cells. The incubation with anti-GAPDH antibody significantly decreased the adherence of M. hyorhinis to both cell lines. To investigate its function in recruiting plasminogen, firstly, the interaction between rGAPDH and plasminogen was demonstrated by ELISA and Far-Western blot assay. The activation of the rGAPDH-bound plasminogen into plasmin was proved by using a chromogenic substrate, and furtherly confirmed to degrade extracellular matrix by using a reconstituted ECM. Finally, the ability of rGAPDH to bind different ECM components was demonstrated, including fibronectin, laminin, collagen type IV and vitronectin. Collectively, our data imply GAPDH as an important adhesion factor of M. hyrohinis and a receptor for hijacking host plasminogen to degrade ECM. The multifunction of GAPDH to bind both plasminogen and ECM components is believed to increase the targeting of proteolysis and facilitate the dissemination of M. hyorhinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yao Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Longji Pan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanna Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bala Pillay
- College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Thamsanqa E Chiliza
- College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China. .,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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7
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Mycoplasmas-Host Interaction: Mechanisms of Inflammation and Association with Cellular Transformation. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091351. [PMID: 32899663 PMCID: PMC7565387 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest self-replicating prokaryotes. Located everywhere in nature, they are widespread as parasites of humans, mammals, reptiles, fish, arthropods, and plants. They usually exhibiting organ and tissue specificity. Mycoplasmas belong to the class named Mollicutes (mollis = soft and cutis = skin, in Latin), and their small size and absence of a cell wall contribute to distinguish them from other bacteria. Mycoplasma species are found both outside the cells as membrane surface parasites and inside the cells, where they become intracellular residents as "silent parasites". In humans, some Mycoplasma species are found as commensal inhabitants, while others have a significant impact on the cellular metabolism and physiology. Mollicutes lack typical bacterial PAMPs (e.g., lipoteichoic acid, flagellin, and some lipopolysaccharides) and consequently the exact molecular mechanisms of Mycoplasmas' recognition by the cells of the immune system is the subjects of several researches for its pathogenic implications. It is well known that several strains of Mycoplasma suppress the transcriptional activity of p53, resulting in reduced apoptosis of damaged cells. In addition, some Mycoplasmas were reported to have oncogenic potential since they demonstrated not just accumulation of abnormalities but also phenotypic changes of the cells. Aim of this review is to provide an update of the current literature that implicates Mycoplasmas in triggering inflammation and altering critical cellular pathways, thus providing a better insight into potential mechanisms of cellular transformation.
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8
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Liu X, Rong Z, Shou C. Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection promotes gastric cancer cell motility via β-catenin signaling. Cancer Med 2019; 8:5301-5312. [PMID: 31321908 PMCID: PMC6718539 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously identified that Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection promotes gastric cancer cell motility. The β‐catenin signaling pathway is critical to determining malignant cancer cell phenotypes; however, the association between M hyorhinis and the β‐catenin signaling pathway is unclear. Methods We performed subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence staining to observe β‐catenin accumulation in the nucleus. The expression of downstream β‐catenin genes was detected by quantitative RT‐PCR. Gastric cancer cell motility was examined by transwell chamber migration and wound healing assays, and a co‐immunoprecipitation assay was used to detect the proteins associated with the membrane protein p37 of M hyorhinis. Results We found that M hyorhinis infection promoted nuclear β‐catenin accumulation and enhanced the expression of downstream β‐catenin genes. M hyorhinis‐promoted gastric cancer cell motility was counteracted by treatment with the β‐catenin inhibitor XAV939 or β‐catenin knockdown. We further detected a protein complex containing LRP6, GSK3β, and p37 in M hyorhinis‐infected cells. M hyorhinis also induced LRP6 phosphorylation in a GSK3β‐dependent fashion. Knockdown of LRP6 or GSK3β abolished M hyorhinis‐induced cell motility. Conclusion Our results reveal that the β‐catenin signaling pathway could be activated by M hyorhinis infection, thereby contributing to M hyorhinis‐induced gastric cancer cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuona Rong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chengchao Shou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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9
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Kim MK, Shin SJ, Lee HM, Choi HS, Jeong J, Kim H, Paik SS, Kim M, Choi D, Ryu CJ. Mycoplasma infection promotes tumor progression via interaction of the mycoplasmal protein p37 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2019; 454:44-52. [PMID: 30980864 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. To study how mycoplasma infection affects HCC progression, we investigated the characteristics of mycoplasma-infected tumor tissues and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in HCC patients. The mycoplasmal membrane protein p37 showed significant correlations with higher histologic stages and vascular invasion and predicted poor disease-free survival of HCC patients. p37-positive CTCs were detected in 42 out of 47 HCC patients (89%). p37-positive circulating cells were also detected in 4 out of 10 healthy donors (40%), and all were epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-positive. In HCC patients, most of p37-negative CTCs (95%) showed intermediate phenotype with neither EpCAM nor vimentin expression, but p37-positive CTCs were EpCAM-positive (44%), vimentin-positive (32%), and both negative (24%), suggesting that EpCAM-positive CTCs are enriched with mycoplasma infection. Mycoplasma infection promoted migratory capacity of HCC cells with increased expression of EpCAM. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that p37 associates with EpCAM. The results suggest that mycoplasma infection promotes tumor progression in HCC patients via interaction of the mycoplasmal p37 and EpCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyu Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Shin
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Min Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong Seo Choi
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaemin Jeong
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea; HY Indang Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, South Korea
| | - Hyunsung Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Sam Paik
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mimi Kim
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongho Choi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Chun Jeih Ryu
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Boyarskikh UA, Shadrina AS, Smetanina MA, Tsepilov YA, Oscorbin IP, Kozlov VV, Kel AE, Filipenko ML. Mycoplasma hyorhinis reduces sensitivity of human lung carcinoma cells to Nutlin-3 and promotes their malignant phenotype. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1289-1300. [PMID: 29737431 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE MDM2 inhibitors are promising anticancer agents that induce cell cycle arrest and tumor cells death via p53 reactivation. We examined the influence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection on sensitivity of human lung carcinoma cells NCI-H292 to MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3. In order to unveil possible mechanisms underlying the revealed effect, we investigated gene expression changes and signal transduction networks activated in NCI-H292 cells in response to mycoplasma infection. METHODS Sensitivity of NCI-Н292 cells to Nutlin-3 was estimated by resazurin-based cell viability assay. Genome-wide transcriptional profiles of NCI-H292 and NCI-Н292Myc.h cell lines were determined using Illumina Human HT-12 v3 Expression BeadChip. Search for key transcription factors and key node molecules was performed using the geneXplain platform. Ability for anchorage-independent growth was tested by soft agar colony formation assay. RESULTS NCI-Н292Myc.h cells were shown to be 1.5- and 5.2-fold more resistant to killing by Nutlin-3 at concentrations of 15 and 30 µM than uninfected NCI-Н292 cells (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). Transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of multiple genes involved in cancer progression and metastasis as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, we have shown experimentally that NCI-Н292Myc.h cells were more capable of growing and dividing without binding to a substrate. The most likely mechanism explaining the observed changes was found to be TLR4- and IL-1b-mediated activation of NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that mycoplasma infection is an important factor modulating the effect of MDM2 inhibitors on cancer cells and is able to induce EMT-related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uljana A Boyarskikh
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentjev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Alexandra S Shadrina
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentjev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Mariya A Smetanina
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentjev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Yakov A Tsepilov
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 10 Lavrentjev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Igor P Oscorbin
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentjev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vadim V Kozlov
- Novosibirsk Regional Clinical Oncological Center, 2 Plakhotnogo Street, Novosibirsk, 630108, Russia
| | - Alexander E Kel
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentjev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of Research and Development, geneXplain GmbH, Am Exer 10b, 38302, Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - Maxim L Filipenko
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentjev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We wished to overview recent data on a subset of epigenetic changes elicited by intracellular bacteria in human cells. Reprogramming the gene expression pattern of various host cells may facilitate bacterial growth, survival, and spread. RECENT FINDINGS DNA-(cytosine C5)-methyltransferases of Mycoplasma hyorhinis targeting cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides and a Mycobacterium tuberculosis methyltransferase targeting non-CpG sites methylated the host cell DNA and altered the pattern of gene expression. Gene silencing by CpG methylation and histone deacetylation, mediated by cellular enzymes, also occurred in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. M. tuberculosis elicited cell type-specific epigenetic changes: it caused increased DNA methylation in macrophages, but induced demethylation, deposition of euchromatic histone marks and activation of immune-related genes in dendritic cells. A secreted transposase of Acinetobacter baumannii silenced a cellular gene, whereas Mycobacterium leprae altered the epigenotype, phenotype, and fate of infected Schwann cells. The 'keystone pathogen' oral bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis induced local DNA methylation and increased the level of histone acetylation in host cells. These epigenetic changes at the biofilm-gingiva interface may contribute to the development of periodontitis. SUMMARY Epigenetic regulators produced by intracellular bacteria alter the epigenotype and gene expression pattern of host cells and play an important role in pathogenesis.
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Mapping of a Mycoplasma-Neutralizing Epitope on the Mycoplasmal p37 Protein. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0169091. [PMID: 28036384 PMCID: PMC5201277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown that the mycoplasmal membrane protein p37 enhances cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Previously, we generated 6 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the mycoplasmal protein p37 and showed the presence of mycoplasma-infected circulating tumor cells in the blood of hepatocellular carcinoma patients by using CA27, one of the six MAbs. When mycoplasmas were incubated with cancer cells in the presence of CA27, mycoplasma infection was completely inhibited, suggesting that CA27 is a neutralizing antibody inhibiting mycoplasma infection. To examine the neutralizing epitope of CA27, we generated a series of glutathione S-transferase (GST)-fused p37 deletion mutant proteins in which p37 was partly deleted. To express p37-coding sequences in E.coli, mycoplasmal TGA codons were substituted with TGG in the p37 deletion mutant genes. GST-fused p37 deletion mutant proteins were then screened to identify the epitope targeted by CA27. Western blots showed that CA27 bound to the residues 216–246 on the middle part of the p37 protein while it did not bind to the residues 183–219 and 216–240. Fine mapping showed that CA27 was able to bind to the residues 226–246, but its binding activity was relatively weakened as compared to that to the residues 216–246, suggesting that the residues 226–246 is essential for optimal binding activity of CA27. Interestingly, the treatment of the purified GST-tagged epitopes with urea showed that CA27 binding to the epitope was sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant but urea-sensitive. The same 226–246 residues were also recognized by two other anti-p37 MAbs, suggesting that the epitope is immunodominant. The identification of the novel neutralizing epitope may provide new insight into the interaction between the p37 protein and host receptors.
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Li Y, Jiang Z, Xue D, Deng G, Li M, Liu X, Wang Y. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae induces sheep airway epithelial cell apoptosis through an ERK signalling-mediated mitochondria pathway. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:222. [PMID: 27663303 PMCID: PMC5035462 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) is a species of Mycoplasma bacteria that specifically infects sheep and goat, causing ovine infectious pleuropneumonia. However, the mechanism underlying the pathogen-host interaction between M. ovipneumoniae and airway epithelial cells is unknown. Methods A primary air-liquid interface (ALI) epithelial culture model generated from the bronchial epithelial cells of Ningxia Tan sheep (ovis aries) was employed to explore the potential mechanism of M. ovipneumoniae-induced cell apoptosis by characterizing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) and anti-oxidative enzymes, as well as the mitochondrial membrane potentials, cytochrome C release, and activities of ERK and caspase signalling pathways. Results Increased ROS production and MDA concentration with mitochondrial membrane dysfunction and apoptotic cell death but decreased expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione synthetase (GSS), total superoxide dismutaes (T-SOD) and Mn-SOD were observed in sheep airway epithelial cells infected with M. ovipneumoniae. Mechanistically, the M. ovipneumoniae-induced cell apoptosis and disruption of mitochondrial integrity reflected mechanisms by which pathogen-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling sequentially led to mitochondrial damage and release of Cyt-C into the cytoplasm, which in turn triggered the activation of caspase signalling cascade, resulting in the apoptosis of host cells. Conclusions These results suggest that M. ovipneumoniae-induced ROS and MAPK signalling-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathways might play key roles in the pathogenesis of M. ovipneumoniae infection in sheep lungs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0842-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Zhongjia Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Di Xue
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Guangcun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China. .,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China. .,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China.
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China. .,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.
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