1
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Holder T, Coad M, Allan G, Hogarth PJ, Vordermeier HM, Jones GJ. Vaccination of calves with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Danish strain 1331 results in a duration of immunity of at least 52 weeks. Vaccine 2023; 41:7290-7296. [PMID: 37925317 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Danish strain 1331 (CattleBCG) is currently the lead vaccine candidate for the control of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle in GB, where prior vaccination has shown to result in a significant reduction in bovine TB pathology induced by infection with Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). A critical knowledge gap in our understanding of CattleBCG is the duration of immunity post vaccination at the minimum intended vaccine dose. To this end, we performed an experiment where calves were vaccinated with a targeted dose of 106 CFU and, after a period of 52 weeks, experimentally infected with M. bovis. Post mortem examination performed 13 weeks after infection revealed a statistically significant reduction in the severity of TB pathology in the CattleBCG vaccinated group compared with the unvaccinated control group. Additionally, this study allowed us to further assess the diagnostic performance of a defined antigen DIVA reagent (DST-F) developed to detect infected amongst vaccinated animals. Our results demonstrate that when used in a skin test format, DST-F showed high specificity (100 %) in BCG-vaccinated animals when tested prior to infection, whilst detecting all infected animals when re-tested after infection. Furthermore, we also present results supporting the use of the DST-F reagent in an interferon-gamma release assay. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate a 52-week duration of immunity following administration of a minimum dose of CattleBCG. This evidence will be a fundamental component in our efforts to apply for UK marketing authorisation to enable vaccination of cattle as a significant additional control measure in the ongoing fight against bovine TB in GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Holder
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Coad
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Allan
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip J Hogarth
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gareth J Jones
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom.
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2
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Milián-Suazo F, González-Ruiz S, Contreras-Magallanes YG, Sosa-Gallegos SL, Bárcenas-Reyes I, Cantó-Alarcón GJ, Rodríguez-Hernández E. Vaccination Strategies in a Potential Use of the Vaccine against Bovine Tuberculosis in Infected Herds. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233377. [PMID: 36496897 PMCID: PMC9735741 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease of cattle that represents a risk to public health and causes severe economic losses to the livestock industry. Recently, one of the strategies recommended for reducing the prevalence of the disease in animals is the use of the BCG vaccine, alone or in combination with proteins. It has been shown that the vaccine elicits a strong immune response, downsizes the number of animals with visible lesions, and reduces the rate of infection as well as the bacillary count. This paper, based on scientific evidence, makes suggestions about some practical vaccination alternatives that can be used in infected herds to reduce bTB prevalence, considering BCG strains, vaccine doses, routes of application, and age of the animals. Our conclusion is that vaccination is a promising alternative to be included in current control programs in underdeveloped countries to reduce the disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feliciano Milián-Suazo
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Sara González-Ruiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | | | | | - Isabel Bárcenas-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | | | - Elba Rodríguez-Hernández
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Ajuchitlán 76280, Mexico
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3
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Correia CN, McHugo GP, Browne JA, McLoughlin KE, Nalpas NC, Magee DA, Whelan AO, Villarreal-Ramos B, Vordermeier HM, Gormley E, Gordon SV, MacHugh DE. High-resolution transcriptomics of bovine purified protein derivative-stimulated peripheral blood from cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis across an experimental time course. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2022; 136:102235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Palmer MV, Kanipe C, Boggiatto PM. The Bovine Tuberculoid Granuloma. Pathogens 2022; 11:61. [PMID: 35056009 PMCID: PMC8780557 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The bovine tuberculoid granuloma is the hallmark lesion of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) due to Mycobacterium bovis infection. The pathogenesis of bTB, and thereby the process of bovine tuberculoid granuloma development, involves the recruitment, activation, and maintenance of cells under the influence of antigen, cytokines and chemokines in affected lungs and regional lymph nodes. The granuloma is key to successful control of bTB by preventing pathogen dissemination through containment by cellular and fibrotic layers. Paradoxically, however, it may also provide a niche for bacterial replication. The morphologic and cellular characteristics of granulomas have been used to gauge disease severity in bTB pathogenesis and vaccine efficacy studies. As such, it is critical to understand the complex mechanisms behind granuloma initiation, development, and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell V. Palmer
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.K.); (P.M.B.)
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5
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Boosting BCG with recombinant influenza A virus tuberculosis vaccines increases pulmonary T cell responses but not protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259829. [PMID: 34793507 PMCID: PMC8601556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine provides inconsistent protection against pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunity induced by subcutaneous immunization with BCG wanes and does not promote early recruitment of T cell to the lungs after M. tuberculosis infection. Delivery of Tuberculosis (TB) vaccines to the lungs may increase and prolong immunity at the primary site of M. tuberculosis infection. Pulmonary immunization with recombinant influenza A viruses (rIAVs) expressing an immune-dominant M. tuberculosis CD4+ T cell epitope (PR8-p25 and X31-p25) stimulates protective immunity against lung TB infection. Here, we investigated the potential use of rIAVs to improve the efficacy of BCG using simultaneous immunization (SIM) and prime-boost strategies. SIM with parenteral BCG and intranasal PR8-p25 resulted in equivalent protection to BCG alone against early, acute and chronic M. tuberculosis infection. Boosting BCG with rIAVs increased the frequency of IFN-γ-secreting specific T cells (p<0.001) and polyfunctional CD4+ T cells (p<0.05) in the lungs compared to the BCG alone, however, this did not result in a significant increase in protection against M. tuberculosis compared to BCG alone. Therefore, sequential pulmonary immunization with these rIAVs after BCG increased M. tuberculosis-specific memory T cell responses in the lung, but not protection against M. tuberculosis infection.
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6
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Tazerart F, Saad J, Sahraoui N, Yala D, Niar A, Drancourt M. Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Mycobacterium bovis Cattle Isolates, Algeria. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070802. [PMID: 34202816 PMCID: PMC8308521 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), a Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex species responsible for tuberculosis in cattle and zoonotic tuberculosis in humans, is present in Algeria. In Algeria however, the M. bovis population structure is unknown, limiting understanding of the sources and transmission of bovine tuberculosis. In this study, we identified the whole genome sequence (WGS) of 13 M. bovis strains isolated from animals exhibiting lesions compatible with tuberculosis, which were slaughtered and inspected in five slaughterhouses in Algeria. We found that six isolates were grouped together with reference clinical strains of M. bovis genotype-Unknown2. One isolate was related to M. bovis genotype-Unknown7, one isolate was related to M. bovis genotype-Unknown4, three isolates belonged to M. bovis genotype-Europe 2 and there was one new clone for two M. bovis isolates. Two isolates from Blida exhibited no pairwise differences in single nucleotide polymorphisms. None of these 13 isolates were closely related to four zoonotic M. bovis isolates previously characterized in Algeria. In Algeria, the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in cattle is partly driven by cross border movements of animals and animal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatah Tazerart
- Laboratoire d’Agro Biotechnologie et de Nutrition des Zones Semi Arides, Université Ibn Khaldoun, Tiaret 14000, Algeria;
- Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université de Blida 1, Blida 09000, Algeria;
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Jamal Saad
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille-Université, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Naima Sahraoui
- Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université de Blida 1, Blida 09000, Algeria;
| | - Djamel Yala
- Laboratoire National de Référence pour la Tuberculose et Mycobactéries, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Alger 16015, Algeria;
| | - Abdellatif Niar
- Laboratoire de Reproduction des Animaux de la Ferme, Université Ibn Khaldoun, Tiaret 14000, Algeria;
| | - Michel Drancourt
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille-Université, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
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7
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McLoughlin KE, Correia CN, Browne JA, Magee DA, Nalpas NC, Rue-Albrecht K, Whelan AO, Villarreal-Ramos B, Vordermeier HM, Gormley E, Gordon SV, MacHugh DE. RNA-Seq Transcriptome Analysis of Peripheral Blood From Cattle Infected With Mycobacterium bovis Across an Experimental Time Course. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:662002. [PMID: 34124223 PMCID: PMC8193354 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.662002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis, caused by infection with members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, particularly Mycobacterium bovis, is a major endemic disease affecting cattle populations worldwide, despite the implementation of stringent surveillance and control programs in many countries. The development of high-throughput functional genomics technologies, including RNA sequencing, has enabled detailed analysis of the host transcriptome to M. bovis infection, particularly at the macrophage and peripheral blood level. In the present study, we have analysed the transcriptome of bovine whole peripheral blood samples collected at −1 week pre-infection and +1, +2, +6, +10, and +12 weeks post-infection time points. Differentially expressed genes were catalogued and evaluated at each post-infection time point relative to the −1 week pre-infection time point and used for the identification of putative candidate host transcriptional biomarkers for M. bovis infection. Differentially expressed gene sets were also used for examination of cellular pathways associated with the host response to M. bovis infection, construction of de novo gene interaction networks enriched for host differentially expressed genes, and time-series analyses to identify functionally important groups of genes displaying similar patterns of expression across the infection time course. A notable outcome of these analyses was identification of a 19-gene transcriptional biosignature of infection consisting of genes increased in expression across the time course from +1 week to +12 weeks post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E McLoughlin
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carolina N Correia
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John A Browne
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David A Magee
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicolas C Nalpas
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin Rue-Albrecht
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adam O Whelan
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - H Martin Vordermeier
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen V Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David E MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Srinivasan S, Conlan AJK, Easterling LA, Herrera C, Dandapat P, Veerasami M, Ameni G, Jindal N, Raj GD, Wood J, Juleff N, Bakker D, Vordermeier M, Kapur V. A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination Against Bovine Tuberculosis: Is Perfect the Enemy of Good? Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637580. [PMID: 33681334 PMCID: PMC7930010 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 50 million cattle are likely exposed to bovine tuberculosis (bTB) worldwide, highlighting an urgent need for bTB control strategies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and other regions where the disease remains endemic and test-and-slaughter approaches are unfeasible. While Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was first developed as a vaccine for use in cattle even before its widespread use in humans, its efficacy against bTB remains poorly understood. To address this important knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the direct efficacy of BCG against bTB challenge in cattle, and performed scenario analyses with transmission dynamic models incorporating direct and indirect vaccinal effects (“herd-immunity”) to assess potential impact on herd level disease control. The analysis shows a relative risk of infection of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.82) in 1,902 vaccinates as compared with 1,667 controls, corresponding to a direct vaccine efficacy of 25% (95% CI: 18, 32). Importantly, scenario analyses considering both direct and indirect effects suggest that disease prevalence could be driven down close to Officially TB-Free (OTF) status (<0.1%), if BCG were introduced in the next 10-year time period in low to moderate (<15%) prevalence settings, and that 50–95% of cumulative cases may be averted over the next 50 years even in high (20–40%) disease burden settings with immediate implementation of BCG vaccination. Taken together, the analyses suggest that BCG vaccination may help accelerate control of bTB in endemic settings, particularly with early implementation in the face of dairy intensification in regions that currently lack effective bTB control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Andrew J K Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laurel A Easterling
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christian Herrera
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Premanshu Dandapat
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Gopal Dhinakar Raj
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biological, Tamil Nadu University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - James Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Juleff
- The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Technical Consultant and Independent Researcher, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom.,Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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9
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Martini V, Paudyal B, Chrun T, McNee A, Edmans M, Atangana Maze E, Clark B, Nunez A, Dolton G, Sewell A, Beverley P, MacLoughlin R, Townsend A, Tchilian E. Simultaneous Aerosol and Intramuscular Immunization with Influenza Vaccine Induces Powerful Protective Local T Cell and Systemic Antibody Immune Responses in Pigs. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:652-663. [PMID: 33328212 PMCID: PMC7812058 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A vaccine providing both powerful Ab and cross-reactive T cell immune responses against influenza viruses would be beneficial for both humans and pigs. In this study, we evaluated i.m., aerosol (Aer), and simultaneous systemic and respiratory immunization (SIM) by both routes in Babraham pigs, using the single cycle candidate influenza vaccine S-FLU. After prime and boost immunization, pigs were challenged with H1N1pdm09 virus. i.m.-immunized pigs generated a high titer of neutralizing Abs but poor T cell responses, whereas Aer induced powerful respiratory tract T cell responses but a low titer of Abs. SIM pigs combined high Ab titers and strong local T cell responses. SIM showed the most complete suppression of virus shedding and the greatest improvement in pathology. We conclude that SIM regimes for immunization against respiratory pathogens warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Martini
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; .,Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Basu Paudyal
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Tiphany Chrun
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Adam McNee
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Edmans
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Beckie Clark
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- UK Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Beverley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Alain Townsend
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Elma Tchilian
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom;
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10
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Smith AA, Villarreal-Ramos B, Mendum TA, Williams KJ, Jones GJ, Wu H, McFadden J, Vordermeier HM, Stewart GR. Genetic screening for the protective antigenic targets of BCG vaccination. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 124:101979. [PMID: 32814303 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an important animal health problem and the predominant cause of zoonotic tuberculosis worldwide. It results in serious economic burden due to losses in productivity and the cost of control programmes. Control could be greatly improved by the introduction of an efficacious cattle vaccine but the most likely candidate, BCG, has several limitations including variable efficacy. Augmentation of BCG with a subunit vaccine booster has been shown to increase protection but the selection of antigens has hitherto been left largely to serendipity. In the present study, we take a rational approach to identify the protective antigens of BCG, selecting a BCG transposon mutant library in naïve and BCG-vaccinated cattle. Ten mutants had increased relative survival in vaccinated compared to naïve cattle, consistent with loss of protective antigen targets making the mutants less visible to the BCG immune response. The immunogenicity of three putative protective antigens, BCG_0116, BCG_0205 (YrbE1B) and BCG_1448 (PPE20) was investigated using peptide pools and PBMCs from BCG vaccinated cattle. BCG vaccination induced PBMC to release elevated levels of IP10, IL-17a and IL-10 in response to all three antigens. Taken together, the data supports the further study of these antigens for use in subunit vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- Cattle
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA Transposable Elements
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology
- Mutation
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/prevention & control
- Vaccination/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Smith
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK; Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3DA, UK.
| | - Tom A Mendum
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kerstin J Williams
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Gareth J Jones
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Huihai Wu
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Johnjoe McFadden
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - H Martin Vordermeier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK; Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3DA, UK.
| | - Graham R Stewart
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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11
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Balseiro A, Thomas J, Gortázar C, Risalde MA. Development and Challenges in Animal Tuberculosis Vaccination. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060472. [PMID: 32549360 PMCID: PMC7350370 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) constituted a major advance in the prevention of human tuberculosis (TB) in the beginning of the past century. BCG has also a clear potential for use in animals and, in particular, in the main domestic species subjected to TB control programs, cattle. Nowadays, the use of BCG vaccination against TB in cattle is not permitted by European Union legislation because BCG can induce a cellular immune response producing diagnostic interference in the eradication programs based on tuberculin single and comparative intradermal tests imposed worldwide. In this review we recall the history of TB vaccination as well as different vaccine trials and the response to vaccination in both domestic and wild animals. Promising potential inactivated vaccines are also reviewed. Research studies are mainly focused to improve vaccine efficacy, and at the same time to ensure its easy administration, safety and stability in the environment. Great challenges remain, particularly in terms of vaccine candidates and also in the acceptance of vaccination. Vaccination should be included in a strategic plan for integrated control of TB under a "one health" perspective, which also includes other measures such as improved biosafety on farms to avoid or decrease contact between domestic and wild animals or control of wildlife reservoirs to avoid overabundance that may favor infection maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Finca Marzanas, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-98-729-1331
| | - Jobin Thomas
- SaBio-Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (J.T.); (C.G.)
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio-Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (J.T.); (C.G.)
| | - María A. Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14014 Córdoba, Spain;
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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12
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Stylianou E, Paul MJ, Reljic R, McShane H. Mucosal delivery of tuberculosis vaccines: a review of current approaches and challenges. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1271-1284. [PMID: 31876199 PMCID: PMC6961305 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1692657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat and it is now clear that the current vaccine, BCG, is unable to arrest the global TB epidemic. A new vaccine is needed to either replace or boost BCG so that a better level of protection could be achieved. The route of entry of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative organism, is via inhalation making TB primarily a respiratory disease. There is therefore good reason to hypothesize that a mucosally delivered vaccine against TB could be more effective than one delivered via the systemic route. Areas covered: This review summarizes the progress that has been made in the area of TB mucosal vaccines in the last few years. It highlights some of the strengths and shortcomings of the published evidence and aims to discuss immunological and practical considerations in the development of mucosal vaccines. Expert opinion: There is a growing body of evidence that the mucosal approach to vaccination against TB is feasible and should be pursued. However, further key studies are necessary to both improve our understanding of the protective immune mechanisms operating in the mucosa and the technical aspects of aerosolized delivery, before such a vaccine could become a feasible, deployable strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Tooting, London, UK
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Tooting, London, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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13
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Characterization of local and circulating bovine γδ T cell responses to respiratory BCG vaccination. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15996. [PMID: 31690788 PMCID: PMC6831659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is administered parenterally to infants and young children to prevent tuberculosis (TB) infection. However, the protection induced by BCG is highly variable and the vaccine does not prevent pulmonary TB, the most common form of the illness. Until improved TB vaccines are available, it is crucial to use BCG in a manner which ensures optimal vaccine performance. Immunization directly to the respiratory mucosa has been shown to promote greater protection from TB in animal models. γδ T cells play a major role in host defense at mucosal sites and are known to respond robustly to mycobacterial infection. Their positioning in the respiratory mucosa ensures their engagement in the response to aerosolized TB vaccination. However, our understanding of the effect of respiratory BCG vaccination on γδ T cell responses in the lung is unknown. In this study, we used a calf model to investigate the immunogenicity of aerosol BCG vaccination, and the phenotypic profile of peripheral and mucosal γδ T cells responding to vaccination. We observed robust local and systemic M. bovis-specific IFN-γ and IL-17 production by both γδ and CD4 T cells. Importantly, BCG vaccination induced effector and memory cell differentiation of γδ T cells in both the lower airways and peripheral blood, with accumulation of a large proportion of effector memory γδ T cells in both compartments. Our results demonstrate the potential of the neonatal calf model to evaluate TB vaccine candidates that are to be administered via the respiratory tract, and suggest that aerosol immunization is a promising strategy for engaging γδ T cells in vaccine-induced immunity against TB.
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14
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Guerra-Maupome M, Palmer MV, McGill JL, Sacco RE. Utility of the Neonatal Calf Model for Testing Vaccines and Intervention Strategies for Use against Human RSV Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010007. [PMID: 30626099 PMCID: PMC6466205 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of pediatric respiratory tract infections. It is estimated that two-thirds of infants are infected with RSV during the first year of life and it is one of the leading causes of death in this age group worldwide. Similarly, bovine RSV is a primary viral pathogen in cases of pneumonia in young calves and plays a significant role in bovine respiratory disease complex. Importantly, naturally occurring infection of calves with bovine RSV shares many features in common with human RSV infection. Herein, we update our current understanding of RSV infection in cattle, with particular focus on similarities between the calf and human infection, and the recent reports in which the neonatal calf has been employed for the development and testing of vaccines and therapeutics which may be applied to hRSV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Guerra-Maupome
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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15
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Coad M, Doyle M, Steinbach S, Gormley E, Vordermeier M, Jones G. Simultaneous measurement of antigen-induced CXCL10 and IFN-γ enhances test sensitivity for bovine TB detection in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:1-6. [PMID: 30827373 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a disease of economic and zoonotic importance caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis. In addition to the tuberculin skin test, an interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) blood test has been incorporated in the BTB control programs of numerous countries as an ancillary test to the skin test. A potential disadvantage of the IGRA assay is that it relies solely on the measurement of a single readout (i.e. IFN-γ) for the detection of BTB. In this study we have assessed the practical use of CXCL10 as an additional biomarker for the diagnosis of BTB in the setting of the current testing approach alongside IGRA. To do so, we have assessed both IFN-γ and CXCL10 readouts in blood cultures from a variety of different BTB cattle groups stimulated with standard tuberculin reagents and also with more specific defined antigens (ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv3615c). When using a tuberculin based whole blood assay, CXCL10 alone could not substitute for IFN-γ as the analyte measured in the test without reducing the sensitivity of detecting BTB animals. However, when used as an additional test readout, CXCL10 identified BTB animals that failed to induce IFN-γ responses. When tested in non-infected animals, the use of the dual biomarker system had the potential to lower overall test specificity, however this could be overcome by raising the cut-off values for CXCL10 test positivity. Taken together, the results demonstrate that in particular settings, measurement of CXCL10 has the potential to complement the current use of IFN-γ in blood assays to maximise the detection of BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Coad
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Mairead Doyle
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sabine Steinbach
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Jones
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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16
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Buddle BM, Vordermeier HM, Chambers MA, de Klerk-Lorist LM. Efficacy and Safety of BCG Vaccine for Control of Tuberculosis in Domestic Livestock and Wildlife. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:259. [PMID: 30417002 PMCID: PMC6214331 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) continues to be an intractable problem in many countries, particularly where "test and slaughter" policies cannot be implemented or where wildlife reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis infection serve as a recurrent source of infection for domestic livestock. Alternative control measures are urgently required and vaccination is a promising option. Although the M. bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been used in humans for nearly a century, its use in animals has been limited, principally as protection against TB has been incomplete and vaccination may result in animals reacting in the tuberculin skin test. Valuable insights have been gained over the past 25 years to optimise protection induced by BCG vaccine in animals and in the development of tests to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). This review examines factors affecting the efficacy of BCG vaccine in cattle, recent field trials, use of DIVA tests and the effectiveness of BCG vaccine in other domestic livestock as well as in wildlife. Oral delivery of BCG vaccine to wildlife reservoirs of infection such as European badgers, brushtail possums, wild boar, and deer has been shown to induce protection against TB and could prove to be a practical means to vaccinate these species at scale. Testing of BCG vaccine in a wide range of animal species has indicated that it is safe and vaccination has the potential to be a valuable tool to assist in the control of TB in both domestic livestock and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark A Chambers
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Pretoria, South Africa
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17
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Garcia-Jimenez WL, Villarreal-Ramos B, Grainger D, Hewisnon RG, Vordermeier HM, Salguero FJ. The expression of Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is reduced in granulomas from BCG vaccinated cattle compared to granulomas from unvaccinated controls after experimental challenge with Mycobacterium bovis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 203:52-56. [PMID: 30243373 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), is a major economic disease of livestock worldwide. Vaccination is considered as a potentially sustainable adjunct to the current control strategy. Cattle vaccination with the live attenuated M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) confers variable protection; the reasons for this variability are not understood. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), through the catalysis of tryptophan, is thought to have an immunoregulatory role in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). In this work, we used immunohistochemistry and digital image analysis to evaluate the presence of IDO in granulomas at different stages of development in cattle that had been BCG-vaccinated or not and then challenged with M. bovis. Our results show that the expression of IDO in granulomas from non-vaccinated M. bovis challenged animals is higher than in granulomas from BCG-vaccinated M. bovis challenged animals. Thus, it is possible that vaccination with BCG prevents the induction of what are thought to be host immunosuppressive pathways by M. bovis, which contribute to pathology during the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldo L Garcia-Jimenez
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- TB Research Group, Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, AHVLA-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Grainger
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - R Glyn Hewisnon
- TB Research Group, Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, AHVLA-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Hans M Vordermeier
- TB Research Group, Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, AHVLA-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; TB Research Group, Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, AHVLA-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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18
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Morgan SB, Holzer B, Hemmink JD, Salguero FJ, Schwartz JC, Agatic G, Cameroni E, Guarino B, Porter E, Rijal P, Townsend A, Charleston B, Corti D, Tchilian E. Therapeutic Administration of Broadly Neutralizing FI6 Antibody Reveals Lack of Interaction Between Human IgG1 and Pig Fc Receptors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:865. [PMID: 29740451 PMCID: PMC5928291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is a significant global health threat. Because of the lack of cross-protective universal vaccines, short time window during which antivirals are effective and drug resistance, new therapeutic anti-influenza strategies are required. Broadly, cross-protective antibodies that target conserved sites in the hemagglutinin (HA) stem region have been proposed as therapeutic agents. FI6 is the first proven such monoclonal antibody to bind to H1-H16 and is protective in mice and ferrets. Multiple studies have shown that Fc-dependent mechanisms are essential for FI6 in vivo efficacy. Here, we show that therapeutic administration of FI6 either intravenously or by aerosol to pigs did not reduce viral load in nasal swabs or broncho-alveolar lavage, but aerosol delivery of FI6 reduced gross pathology significantly. We demonstrate that pig Fc receptors do not bind human IgG1 and that FI6 did not mediate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) with pig PBMC, confirming that ADCC is an important mechanism of protection by anti-stem antibodies in vivo. Enhanced respiratory disease, which has been associated with pigs with cross-reactive non-neutralizing anti-HA antibodies, did not occur after FI6 administration. Our results also show that in vitro neutralizing antibody responses are not a robust correlate of protection for the control of influenza infection and pathology in a natural host model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emily Porter
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Pramila Rijal
- Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Townsend
- Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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19
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Yao Y, Lai R, Afkhami S, Haddadi S, Zganiacz A, Vahedi F, Ashkar AA, Kaushic C, Jeyanathan M, Xing Z. Enhancement of Antituberculosis Immunity in a Humanized Model System by a Novel Virus-Vectored Respiratory Mucosal Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:135-145. [PMID: 28531291 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The translation of preclinically promising novel tuberculosis vaccines to ultimate human applications has been challenged by the lack of animal models with an immune system equivalent to the human immune system in its genetic diversity and level of susceptibility to tuberculosis. Methods We have developed a humanized mice (Hu-mice) tuberculosis model system to investigate the clinical relevance of a novel virus-vectored (VV) tuberculosis vaccine administered via respiratory mucosal or parenteral route. Results We find that VV vaccine activates T cells in Hu-mice as it does in human vaccinees. The respiratory mucosal route for delivery of VV vaccine in Hu-mice, but not the parenteral route, significantly reduces the humanlike lung tuberculosis outcomes in a human T-cell-dependent manner. Conclusions Our results suggest that the Hu-mouse can be used to predict the protective efficacy of novel tuberculosis vaccines/strategies before they proceed to large, expensive human trials. This new vaccine testing system will facilitate the global pace of clinical tuberculosis vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Yao
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rocky Lai
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sam Afkhami
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Siamak Haddadi
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Zganiacz
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Vahedi
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Roy A, Risalde MA, Casal C, Romero B, de Juan L, Menshawy AM, Díez-Guerrier A, Juste RA, Garrido JM, Sevilla IA, Gortázar C, Domínguez L, Bezos J. Oral Vaccination with Heat-Inactivated Mycobacterium bovis Does Not Interfere with the Antemortem Diagnostic Techniques for Tuberculosis in Goats. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:124. [PMID: 28824927 PMCID: PMC5545688 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against tuberculosis (TB) is prohibited in cattle or other species subjected to specific TB eradication campaigns, due to the interference that it may cause with the official diagnostic tests. However, immunization with a heat-inactivated (HI) Mycobacterium bovis vaccine via the oral route has been suggested to overcome this issue. In this study, the main goal was to assess the interference of the HI vaccine by different routes of administration using a previous vaccination and re-vaccination (boosting) protocol. TB-free kid goats were divided into three groups: oral (n = 16), intramuscular (IM; n = 16), and control (n = 16). Results showed that there was a significant difference in the percentage of animals positive to the single intradermal test (SIT) and blood based interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) caused by vaccination when performed in the IM group compared to the oral group (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, no positivity to the SIT or IGRA test was observed in orally vaccinated goats regardless of the different interpretation criteria applied. None of the groups presented positive antibody titers using an in-house ELISA and samples collected 2 months after the boost. These results suggest the potential usefulness of the HI vaccine by the oral route in goats to minimize the interference on diagnostic tests (skin and IGRA tests) and reducing the necessity of defined antigens to replace the traditional purified protein derivatives for diagnosis. Finally, the results pave the way to future efficacy studies in goats using different routes of HI vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Roy
- CZ Veterinaria S.A., Porriño, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - María A Risalde
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carmen Casal
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía de Juan
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ahmed M Menshawy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Alberto Díez-Guerrier
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,MAEVA SERVET S.L., Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon A Juste
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario (SERIDA), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bezos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,MAEVA SERVET S.L., Madrid, Spain
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21
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Abstract
In this article we present experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection models in domestic livestock species and how these models were applied to vaccine development, biomarker discovery, and the definition of specific antigens for the differential diagnosis of infected and vaccinated animals. In particular, we highlight synergies between human and bovine tuberculosis (TB) research approaches and data and propose that the application of bovine TB models could make a valuable contribution to human TB vaccine research and that close alignment of both research programs in a one health philosophy will lead to mutual and substantial benefits.
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22
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Tuberculin Skin Testing Boosts Interferon Gamma Responses to DIVA Reagents in Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00551-16. [PMID: 28331078 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00551-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination sensitizes cattle to bovine tuberculin, which compromises the use of the current bovine tuberculosis (TB) surveillance tests. Although the performance of a blood test (that utilizes antigens expressed by Mycobacterium bovis but not by BCG) capable of discriminating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA interferon gamma test [DIT]) has been evaluated in naturally infected TB field reactors, there is a need to perform similar analysis in a BCG-vaccinated M. bovis-infected population. Furthermore, we explored different scenarios under which a DIT may be implemented alongside BCG vaccination: (i) serial testing to resolve potential false-positive skin test results or (ii) a standalone test to replace the single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) skin test. Our results demonstrated significantly better relative test sensitivity when the DIT was evaluated in a serial test scenario. Direct comparison of pre- and post-skin test blood samples revealed that the SICCT test induced significant boosting of the gamma interferon response in M. bovis-infected animals to both the ESAT-6-CFP-10 and Rv3615c peptide cocktails that comprise the DIT, which persisted for the ESAT-6-CFP-10 reagent for at least 14 days. Importantly, no similar boosting effects were observed in noninfected BCG vaccinates, suggesting that DIVA blood testing after a recent skin test would have minimal impact on test specificity.
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23
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Tchilian E, Holzer B. Harnessing Local Immunity for an Effective Universal Swine Influenza Vaccine. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050098. [PMID: 28475122 PMCID: PMC5454411 DOI: 10.3390/v9050098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infections are a global health threat to humans and are endemic in pigs, contributing to decreased weight gain and suboptimal reproductive performance. Pigs are also a source of new viruses of mixed swine, avian, and human origin, potentially capable of initiating human pandemics. Current inactivated vaccines induce neutralising antibody against the immunising strain but rapid escape occurs through antigenic drift of the surface glycoproteins. However, it is known that prior infection provides a degree of cross-protective immunity mediated by cellular immune mechanisms directed at the more conserved internal viral proteins. Here we review new data that emphasises the importance of local immunity in cross-protection and the role of the recently defined tissue-resident memory T cells, as well as locally-produced, and sometimes cross-reactive, antibody. Optimal induction of local immunity may require aerosol delivery of live vaccines, but it remains unclear how long protective local immunity persists. Nevertheless, a universal vaccine might be extremely useful for disease prevention in the face of a pandemic. As a natural host for influenza A viruses, pigs are both a target for a universal vaccine and an excellent model for developing human influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Tchilian
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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24
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Bezos J, Casal C, Álvarez J, Roy A, Romero B, Rodríguez-Bertos A, Bárcena C, Díez A, Juste R, Gortázar C, Puentes E, Aguiló N, Martín C, de Juan L, Domínguez L. Evaluation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO 2 vaccine using a natural tuberculosis infection model in goats. Vet J 2017; 223:60-67. [PMID: 28671074 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of new vaccines against animal tuberculosis (TB) is a priority for improving the control and eradication of this disease, particularly in those species not subjected to compulsory eradication programmes. In this study, the protection conferred by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO2 experimental vaccine was evaluated using a natural infection model in goats. Twenty-six goats were distributed in three groups: (1) 10 goats served as a control group; (2) six goats were subcutaneously vaccinated with BCG; and (3) 10 goats were subcutaneously vaccinated with SO2. Four months after vaccination, all groups were merged with goats infected with Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium caprae, and tested over a 40 week period using a tuberculin intradermal test and an interferon-γ assay for mycobacterial reactivity. The severity of lesions was determined at post-mortem examination and the bacterial load in tissues were evaluated by culture. The two vaccinated groups had significantly lower lesion and bacterial culture scores than the control group (P<0.05); at the end of the study, the SO2 vaccinated goats had the lowest lesion and culture scores. These results suggest that the SO2 vaccine provides some protection against TB infection acquired from natural exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bezos
- MAEVA SERVET SL, Alameda del Valle, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Casal
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Álvarez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - A Roy
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Romero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Rodríguez-Bertos
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Bárcena
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Díez
- MAEVA SERVET SL, Alameda del Valle, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Juste
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario (SERIDA), Carretera Oviedo, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - C Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - E Puentes
- BIOFABRI SL, Porriño, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - N Aguiló
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Zaragoza, ISS Aragón, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Spain
| | - C Martín
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Zaragoza, ISS Aragón, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Spain
| | - L de Juan
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Domínguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Verreck FAW, Tchilian EZ, Vervenne RAW, Sombroek CC, Kondova I, Eissen OA, Sommandas V, van der Werff NM, Verschoor E, Braskamp G, Bakker J, Langermans JAM, Heidt PJ, Ottenhoff THM, van Kralingen KW, Thomas AW, Beverley PCL, Kocken CHM. Variable BCG efficacy in rhesus populations: Pulmonary BCG provides protection where standard intra-dermal vaccination fails. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 104:46-57. [PMID: 28454649 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
M.bovis BCG vaccination against tuberculosis (TB) notoriously displays variable protective efficacy in different human populations. In non-human primate studies using rhesus macaques, despite efforts to standardise the model, we have also observed variable efficacy of BCG upon subsequent experimental M. tuberculosis challenge. In the present head-to-head study, we establish that the protective efficacy of standard parenteral BCG immunisation varies among different rhesus cohorts. This provides different dynamic ranges for evaluation of investigational vaccines, opportunities for identifying possible correlates of protective immunity and for determining why parenteral BCG immunisation sometimes fails. We also show that pulmonary mucosal BCG vaccination confers reduced local pathology and improves haematological and immunological parameters post-infection in animals that are not responsive to induction of protection by standard intra-dermal BCG. These results have important implications for pulmonary TB vaccination strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A W Verreck
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288-GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Elma Z Tchilian
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.
| | - Richard A W Vervenne
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288-GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia C Sombroek
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288-GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288-GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Okke A Eissen
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288-GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Vinod Sommandas
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288-GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M van der Werff
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288-GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst Verschoor
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288-GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco Braskamp
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288-GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288-GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Langermans
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288-GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Heidt
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288-GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333-ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas W van Kralingen
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333-ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alan W Thomas
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288-GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C L Beverley
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.
| | - Clemens H M Kocken
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288-GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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26
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Afkhami S, Yao Y, Xing Z. Methods and clinical development of adenovirus-vectored vaccines against mucosal pathogens. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 3:16030. [PMID: 27162933 PMCID: PMC4847555 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses represent the most widely used viral-vectored platform for vaccine design, showing a great potential in the fight against intracellular infectious diseases to which either there is a lack of effective vaccines or the traditional vaccination strategy is suboptimal. The extensive understanding of the molecular biology of adenoviruses has made the new technologies and reagents available to efficient generation of adenoviral-vectored vaccines for both preclinical and clinical evaluation. The novel adenoviral vectors including nonhuman adenoviral vectors have emerged to be the further improved vectors for vaccine design. In this review, we discuss the latest adenoviral technologies and their utilization in vaccine development. We particularly focus on the application of adenoviral-vectored vaccines in mucosal immunization strategies against mucosal pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, flu virus, and human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Afkhami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yushi Yao
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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