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de Paula Filho FJ, Teixeira YN, Bacurau VP, Zhong Fan A, Menezes JMC, Oliveira TMBF, Teixeira RNP, Coutinho HDM, do Nascimento RF. Adsorption of phosphate in aqueous solution by ash from the fruit peel of Caryocar coriaceum Wittm: adsorption characteristics and behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:40117-40132. [PMID: 37402045 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
High phosphate concentrations in natural waters are associated with eutrophication problems that negatively affect the fauna and flora of ecosystems. As an alternative solution to this problem, we evaluated the adsorptive capacity of the fruit peel ash (PPA) of Caryocar coriaceum Wittm and its efficiency in removing phosphate (PO43-) from aqueous solutions. PPA was produced under an oxidative atmosphere and calcinated at 500 °C. The XRF and EDS analyses of PPA after contact with an aqueous PO43- solution showed an increase in its PO43- content, thus confirming the adsorption of PO43-. The Elovich and Langmuir models are the ones fitting the kinetics and the equilibrium state of the process, respectively. The highest PO43- adsorption capacity was approximately 79.50 mg g-1 at 10 °C. PO43- adsorption by PPA is a spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic process involving structural changes. The highest removal efficiency was 97.08% using a 100 mg.L-1 PO43- solution. In sight of this, PPA has shown potential as an excellent natural bioadsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José de Paula Filho
- Agrarian Sciences and Biodiversity Center, Federal University of Cariri, R. Ícaro Moreira de Sousa, 126, Crato, CE, 63130-025, Brazil.
- Science and Technology Center, Federal University of Cariri, Av. Ten. Raimundo Rocha, 1639, Juazeiro Do Norte, CE, 63048-080, Brazil.
| | - Yago Neco Teixeira
- Agrarian Sciences and Biodiversity Center, Federal University of Cariri, R. Ícaro Moreira de Sousa, 126, Crato, CE, 63130-025, Brazil
- Science and Technology Center, Federal University of Cariri, Av. Ten. Raimundo Rocha, 1639, Juazeiro Do Norte, CE, 63048-080, Brazil
- Biological Chemistry Department, Regional University of Cariri, R. Cel. Antonio Luis, 1161, Crato, CE, 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Pereira Bacurau
- Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Anderson Zhong Fan
- Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Jorge Marcell Coelho Menezes
- Science and Technology Center, Federal University of Cariri, Av. Ten. Raimundo Rocha, 1639, Juazeiro Do Norte, CE, 63048-080, Brazil
- Biological Chemistry Department, Regional University of Cariri, R. Cel. Antonio Luis, 1161, Crato, CE, 63105-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Biological Chemistry Department, Regional University of Cariri, R. Cel. Antonio Luis, 1161, Crato, CE, 63105-000, Brazil
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ALHAJALİ O, ALİ - NİZAM A, ALMOSTAFA R. Application of Pistacia atlantica Leaves Powder as Natural Material To Remove Nitrate and Phosphate Ions From Domestic Wastewater by Characterization, Bio-removal, and Phytotoxicity Studies. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1026262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of Pistacia atlantica Leaves Powder as Natural Material To Remove Nitrate and Phosphate Ions From Domestic Wastewater by Characterization, Bio-removal, and Phytotoxicity StudiesObaida Alhajali1* , Adnan Ali-Nizam1 , Rasha Almostafa2 1Damascus University, Department of Plant Biology, Damascus, Syria.2International University for Science and Technology, Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Syria. Abstract: Description of Pistacia leaves powder using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), specific surface area according to nitrogen adsorption (SBET) and methylene Blue (MB), and point of zero charge determination (pHpzc). A series of batch adsorption tests were conducted to study effect of various factors (plant powders dose, contact time, temperature, pH) on the percentage of nitrate and phosphate removal from domestic wastewater. The adsorption kinetics, regeneration ability test of plant powder, and phytotoxicity tests for treated water and spent powder on germination were studied. Results of SBET analysis showed that Pistacia leaves powders have a low surface area and microscopic pores, SEM images revealed rough surfaces with uneven cavities, EDX analysis showed that there are high percentages of carbon and oxygen, good percentages for nitrogen, and few percentages of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, sulfur and chlorine, and FTIR analysis showed that there are more than five distinct absorption peaks. The maximum value of nitrate and phosphate removal was 76.47% and 52.20%, respectively, at powder dose of 2 g/L, temperature 25 °C, and pH 5, and the percentage of nitrate and phosphate removal increased with increasing contact time until equilibrium was reached after 120 min for nitrate and 180 min for phosphate, and It was found that adsorption of ions follows kinetics of reaction from pseudo-second-order model, and powders can be Regeneration and used for two successive cycles with a slight decrease in removal efficiency. Germination tests on Lepidium sativum indicate no phytotoxicity. That is, Pistacia leaves powder is one of the natural products that are effective in removing nitrate and phosphate from domestic wastewater.
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Kim S, Park YH, Choi YE. Amination of Non-Functional Polyvinyl Chloride Polymer Using Polyethyleneimine for Removal of Phosphorus from Aqueous Solution. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091645. [PMID: 35566815 PMCID: PMC9104884 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The eutrophication of freshwater environments caused by an excess inflow of phosphorus has become a serious environmental issue because it is a crucial factor for the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in essential water resources. The adsorptive removal of phosphorus from discharged phosphorus containing effluents has been recognized as one of the most promising solutions in the prevention of eutrophication. In the present study, a polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-polyethyleneimine (PEI) composite fiber (PEI-PVC) was suggested as a stable and recoverable adsorbent for the removal of phosphorus from aqueous phases. The newly introduced amine groups of the PEI-PVC were confirmed by a comparison between the FT-IR and XPS results of the PVC and PEI-PVC. The phosphorus sorption on the PEI-PVC was pH dependent. At the optimum pH for phosphorus adsorption (pH 5), the maximum adsorption capacity of the PEI-PVC fiber was estimated to be 11.2 times higher (19.66 ± 0.82 mg/g) than that of conventional activated carbon (1.75 ± 0.4 mg/g) using the Langmuir isotherm model. The phosphorus adsorption equilibrium of the PEI-PVC was reached within 30 min at pH 5. From the phosphorus-loaded PEI-PVC, 97.4% of the adsorbed amount of phosphorus on the PEI-PVC could be recovered by employing a desorption process using 1M HCl solution without sorbent destruction. The regenerated PEI-PVC through the desorption process maintained a phosphorus sorption capacity almost equal to that of the first use. In addition, consistently with the PVC fiber, the PEI-PVC fiber did not elute any toxic chlorines into the solution during light irradiation. Based on these results, the PEI-PVC fiber can be suggested as a feasible and stable adsorbent for phosphorus removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.H.P.)
- OJeong Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yun Hwan Park
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.H.P.)
| | - Yoon-E Choi
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.H.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Aryal RL, Bhurtel KP, Poudel BR, Pokhrel MR, Paudyal H, Ghimire KN. Sequestration of phosphate from water onto modified watermelon waste loaded with Zr(IV). SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2021.1884878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Lochan Aryal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Chemistry, Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Khem Prasad Bhurtel
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bhoj Raj Poudel
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Megh Raj Pokhrel
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Hari Paudyal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kedar Nath Ghimire
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Wei Y, Salih KAM, Hamza MF, Fujita T, Rodríguez-Castellón E, Guibal E. Synthesis of a New Phosphonate-Based Sorbent and Characterization of Its Interactions with Lanthanum (III) and Terbium (III). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1513. [PMID: 34066682 PMCID: PMC8125837 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-tech applications require increasing amounts of rare earth elements (REE). Their recovery from low-grade minerals and their recycling from secondary sources (as waste materials) are of critical importance. There is increasing attention paid to the development of new sorbents for REE recovery from dilute solutions. A new generation of composite sorbents based on brown algal biomass (alginate) and polyethylenimine (PEI) was recently developed (ALPEI hydrogel beads). The phosphorylation of the beads strongly improves the affinity of the sorbents for REEs (such as La and Tb): by 4.5 to 6.9 times compared with raw beads. The synthesis procedure (epicholorhydrin-activation, phosphorylation and de-esterification) is investigated by XPS and FTIR for characterizing the grafting route but also for interpreting the binding mechanism (contribution of N-bearing from PEI, O-bearing from alginate and P-bearing groups). Metal ions can be readily eluted using an acidic calcium chloride solution, which regenerates the sorbent: the FTIR spectra are hardly changed after five successive cycles of sorption and desorption. The materials are also characterized by elemental, textural and thermogravimetric analyses. The phosphorylation of ALPEI beads by this new method opens promising perspectives for the recovery of these strategic metals from mild acid solutions (i.e., pH ~ 4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.W.); (K.A.M.S.); (T.F.)
- Guangdong Institute of Rare Metals, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510651, China
| | - Khalid A. M. Salih
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.W.); (K.A.M.S.); (T.F.)
| | - Mohammed F. Hamza
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.W.); (K.A.M.S.); (T.F.)
- Nuclear Materials Authority, El-Maadi, Cairo POB 530, Egypt
| | - Toyohisa Fujita
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.W.); (K.A.M.S.); (T.F.)
| | | | - Eric Guibal
- Polymers Composites & Hybrids (PCH), IMT—Mines Ales, 30100 Alès, France;
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Nguyen TAH, Ngo HH, Guo WS, Nguyen TT, Vu ND, Soda S, Nguyen THH, Nguyen MK, Tran TVH, Dang TT, Nguyen VH, Cao TH. White hard clam (Meretrix lyrata) shells as novel filter media to augment the phosphorus removal from wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140483. [PMID: 32615439 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well recognized that filter media play a crucial role in constructed wetlands (CWs) for decontamination of phosphorus (P)-rich wastewater. This study investigates the suitability of raw white hard clam shells (WHC) and white hard clam shells thermally modified at 800 °C (WHC-M800) as potential media to enhance P treatment performance in CWs. The results indicated that both WHC and WHC-M800 displayed appropriate physicochemical properties, such as high porosity, excellent hydraulic conductivity, and rich Ca content. WHC-M800 exhibited a superior P adsorption capacity (38.7 mg/g) to WHC (12.8 mg/g). However, the practical utilization of WHC-M800 as filter media in CWs may be compromised, due to certain limitations, for example: extremely high pH values in the post-adsorption solutions; high weight losses during calcination and adsorption processes; low mechanical strength; and intensive energy consumption. In contrast, the WHC demonstrated significant advantages of reasonably high P adsorption capacity, locally abundant availability, low cost, and marginal side effects. The fractionation of inorganic P of WHC and WHC-M800 revealed that Ca-bounded P was the most dominant binding form, followed by loosely bound P, Fe-P, occluded P, and Al-P. The present study demonstrates that recycling of WHC shells as a potential substrate in CWs provides a feasible method for upgrading P removal in CWs. Additionally, it helps to reduce waste WHC shells in a simple, cheap, and eco-friendly way, thus can double environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A H Nguyen
- Vietnam Japan University (VJU), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), Luu Huu Phuoc St., Nam Tu Liem Dist., Hanoi 101000, Vietnam
| | - H H Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - W S Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia
| | - T T Nguyen
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University (RITs), Biwako-Kusatsu Campus, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - N D Vu
- University of Science (HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Rd., Thanh Xuan Dist., Hanoi 120106, Vietnam; Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), 334 Nguyen Trai Rd., Thanh Xuan Trung Ward, Thanh Xuan Dist., Hanoi 120106, Vietnam
| | - S Soda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University (RITs), Biwako-Kusatsu Campus, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - T H H Nguyen
- University of Science (HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Rd., Thanh Xuan Dist., Hanoi 120106, Vietnam
| | - M K Nguyen
- University of Science (HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Rd., Thanh Xuan Dist., Hanoi 120106, Vietnam
| | - T V H Tran
- Vietnam Japan University (VJU), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), Luu Huu Phuoc St., Nam Tu Liem Dist., Hanoi 101000, Vietnam
| | - T T Dang
- Vietnam Japan University (VJU), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), Luu Huu Phuoc St., Nam Tu Liem Dist., Hanoi 101000, Vietnam
| | - V H Nguyen
- Research Center for Environmental Monitoring and Modeling, VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), 334 Nguyen Trai Rd., Thanh Xuan Trung Ward, Thanh Xuan Dist., Hanoi 120106, Vietnam
| | - T H Cao
- Vietnam Japan University (VJU), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), Luu Huu Phuoc St., Nam Tu Liem Dist., Hanoi 101000, Vietnam; Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), 334 Nguyen Trai Rd., Thanh Xuan Trung Ward, Thanh Xuan Dist., Hanoi 120106, Vietnam
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Letshwenyo MW, Sima TV. Phosphorus removal from secondary wastewater effluent using copper smelter slag. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04134. [PMID: 32577557 PMCID: PMC7303565 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the use of copper smelter slag for the removal of phosphorus from secondary wastewater effluent through batch tests. The media was physically and chemically characterized and showed presence of Fe2O3 (45.22%), SiO2 (14.98%), Al2O3 (3.21%), CaO (1.99%), SO3 (1.77%) and MgO (1.33%). Scanning electron microscopy monographs revealed smooth and flat surface and no heterogeneity on the surface of the slag with visible micro pores before the experiment and less visible after the experiment. The point of zero charge of the media was 5.0. Equilibrium was reached after 4 h at 29.5 ± 0.71% phosphorus removal efficiency and media dosage of 0.4/100 mL. The kinetic data was best described by Pseudo second order equation. More than one mechanisms were involved in the adsorption of phosphorus onto copper smelter slag as suggested by multi-linearity of intra particle diffusion model. Ninety seven percent (97.5 ± 0.0%) removal efficiency was achieved at an equilibrium dosage of 160 gL-1. The equilibrium isotherm was described better by Langmuir equation with observed maximum adsorption capacity of 0.16 mg P g-1 media and the experimental maximum adsorption capacity was 0.26 mg P g-1 media. Regeneration studies showed low performance with maximum efficiency of 11.7% revealed during the first regeneration trial therefore low practical benefits. Copper smelter slag is a poor adsorbent for phosphorus and further studies on the media should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moatlhodi Wise Letshwenyo
- Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineerimg and Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Thandie Veronicah Sima
- Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineerimg and Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
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Agbovi HK, Wilson LD, Tabil LG. Biopolymer Flocculants and Oat Hull Biomass To Aid the Removal of Orthophosphate in Wastewater Treatment. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry K. Agbovi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Lee D. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Lope G. Tabil
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada
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Tolba AA, Mohamady SI, Hussin SS, Akashi T, Sakai Y, Galhoum AA, Guibal E. Synthesis and characterization of poly(carboxymethyl)-cellulose for enhanced La(III) sorption. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 157:1809-1820. [PMID: 27987899 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The grafting of amino and carboxylic acid groups on cellulose increased La(III) sorption efficiency of cellulose: maximum sorption capacity increased from 38mgLag-1 for cellulose to 101 and 170mgLag-1 for amino derivative (PAC) and amino-carboxylic derivative (PCMC). Langmuir equation successfully fits sorption isotherms while uptake kinetics are effectively modeled using the pseudo-first order rate equation (though resistance to intraparticle diffusion plays a significant role in the control of metal recovery). Uptake equilibrium occurred within 150-180min. The thermodynamic study shows that the reaction is spontaneous, endothermic and entropic. Nitric acid solutions (0.5M concentration) can be efficiently used for metal recovery and sorbent can be recycled for at least 5 cycles with limited decrease in sorption performance for the three sorbents. The materials were characterized by elemental analysis, acid-base titration, FTIR spectrometry, x-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, SEM-EDX analysis and also by TGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Tolba
- Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O. Box 530, El-Maadi, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Said I Mohamady
- Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O. Box 530, El-Maadi, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa S Hussin
- Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O. Box 530, El-Maadi, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Takaya Akashi
- Hosei University, Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Japan.
| | - Yuka Sakai
- Hosei University, Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Japan.
| | - Ahmed A Galhoum
- Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O. Box 530, El-Maadi, Cairo, Egypt; Hosei University, Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Japan; Ecole des mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France.
| | - Eric Guibal
- Ecole des mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France.
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