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Strength training alters the tissue fatty acids profile and slightly improves the thermogenic pathway in the adipose tissue of obese mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6913. [PMID: 35484170 PMCID: PMC9050661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10688-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a disease characterized by the exacerbated increase of adipose tissue. A possible way to decrease the harmful effects of excessive adipose tissue is to increase the thermogenesis process, to the greater energy expenditure generated by the increase in heat in the body. In adipose tissue, the thermogenesis process is the result of an increase in mitochondrial work, having as substrate H+ ions, and which is related to the increased activity of UCP1. Evidence shows that stress is responsible for increasing the greater induction of UCP1 expression via β-adrenergic receptors. It is known that physical exercise is an important implement for sympathetic stimulation promoting communication between norepinephrine/epinephrine with membrane receptors. Thus, the present study investigates the influence of short-term strength training (STST) on fatty acid composition, lipolysis, lipogenesis, and browning processes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (sWAT) of obese mice. For this, Swiss mice were divided into three groups: lean control, obesity sedentary, and obese strength training (OBexT). Obese animals were fed a high-fat diet for 14 weeks. Trained obese animals were submitted to 7 days of strength exercise. It was demonstrated that STST sessions were able to reduce fasting glycemia. In the sWAT, the STST was able to decrease the levels of the long-chain fatty acids profile, saturated fatty acid, and palmitic fatty acid (C16:0). Moreover, it was showed that STST did not increase protein levels responsible for lipolysis, the ATGL, ABHD5, pPLIN1, and pHSL. On the other hand, the exercise protocol decreased the expression of the lipogenic enzyme SCD1. Finally, our study demonstrated that the STST increased browning process-related genes such as PGC-1α, PRDM16, and UCP1 in the sWAT. Interestingly, all these biomolecular mechanisms have been observed independently of changes in body weight. Therefore, it is concluded that short-term strength exercise can be an effective strategy to initiate morphological changes in sWAT.
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Yildirim Z, Baboo S, Hamid SM, Dogan AE, Tufanli O, Robichaud S, Emerton C, Diedrich JK, Vatandaslar H, Nikolos F, Gu Y, Iwawaki T, Tarling E, Ouimet M, Nelson DL, Yates JR, Walter P, Erbay E. Intercepting IRE1 kinase-FMRP signaling prevents atherosclerosis progression. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15344. [PMID: 35191199 PMCID: PMC8988208 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202115344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Mental Retardation protein (FMRP), widely known for its role in hereditary intellectual disability, is an RNA‐binding protein (RBP) that controls translation of select mRNAs. We discovered that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces phosphorylation of FMRP on a site that is known to enhance translation inhibition of FMRP‐bound mRNAs. We show ER stress‐induced activation of Inositol requiring enzyme‐1 (IRE1), an ER‐resident stress‐sensing kinase/endoribonuclease, leads to FMRP phosphorylation and to suppression of macrophage cholesterol efflux and apoptotic cell clearance (efferocytosis). Conversely, FMRP deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of IRE1 kinase activity enhances cholesterol efflux and efferocytosis, reducing atherosclerosis in mice. Our results provide mechanistic insights into how ER stress‐induced IRE1 kinase activity contributes to macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and suggests IRE1 inhibition as a promising new way to counteract atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Yildirim
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Nanotechnology Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sabyasachi Baboo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Syed M Hamid
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Asli E Dogan
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Nanotechnology Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Tufanli
- Lagone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sabrina Robichaud
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Heart Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Emerton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Heart Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hasan Vatandaslar
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fotis Nikolos
- Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yanghong Gu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Elizabeth Tarling
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mireille Ouimet
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Heart Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David L Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ebru Erbay
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Increased expression of Fragile X mental retardation protein in malformative lesions of patients with focal cortical dysplasia. Neuroreport 2020; 31:1036-1041. [PMID: 32833881 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) accounts for nearly half of all cases of medically refractory epilepsy in the pediatric and adult patient populations. This neurological disorder stems from localized malformations in cortical brain tissue due to impaired neuronal proliferation, differentiation, and migration patterns. Recent studies in animal models have highlighted the potential role of the Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) levels in FCD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of FMRP activation in cortical brain tissues surgically resected from patients with FCD. In parallel, this study also investigated protein levels within the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and canonical Wnt signaling pathways. METHODS Pathologic tissue from malformative lesions of FCD patients with medically refractory epilepsy was compared to relatively normal control non-epileptic tissue from patients with intracranial neoplasms. A series of western blotting assays were performed to assess key proteins in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, canonical Wnt signaling pathways, and FMRP. RESULTS There was suppression of S235/236-phosphorylated S6, GSK3α, and GSK3β protein levels in samples derived from FCD patients, compared to non-epileptic controls. FCD samples also had significantly greater levels of total and S499-phosphorylated FMRP. CONCLUSION These findings support our hypothesis that malformative lesions associated with FCD are characterized by high levels of FMRP activation along with dysregulation of both PI3K/AKT/mTOR and canonical Wnt signaling. These novel clinical findings extend previous work in animal models, further suggesting a potential unforeseen role of GSK3α and GSK3β in the pathophysiology of FCD and refractory epilepsy.
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Mammalian FMRP S499 Is Phosphorylated by CK2 and Promotes Secondary Phosphorylation of FMRP. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0092-16. [PMID: 27957526 PMCID: PMC5116651 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0092-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is an mRNA-binding regulator of protein translation that associates with 4-6% of brain transcripts and is central to neurodevelopment. Autism risk genes’ transcripts are overrepresented among FMRP-binding mRNAs, and FMRP loss-of-function mutations are responsible for fragile X syndrome, the most common cause of monogenetic autism. It is thought that FMRP-dependent translational repression is governed by the phosphorylation of serine residue 499 (S499). However, recent evidence suggests that S499 phosphorylation is not modulated by metabotropic glutamate receptor class I (mGluR-I) or protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), two molecules shown to regulate FMRP translational repression. Moreover, the mammalian FMRP S499 kinase remains unknown. We found that casein kinase II (CK2) phosphorylates murine FMRP S499. Further, we show that phosphorylation of FMRP S499 permits phosphorylation of additional, nearby residues. Evidence suggests that these nearby residues are modulated by mGluR-I and PP2A pathways. These data support an alternative phosphodynamic model of FMRP that is harmonious with prior studies and serves as a framework for further investigation.
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