Expression Profile of Genes Related to Drug Metabolism in Human Brain Tumors

Comprehensive analysis of the prognostic value of glutathione S-transferases Mu family members in breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) remains a significant public health concern globally, with a high number of reported cases and a substantial number of deaths every year. Accumulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress are related to BC and the Glutathione S-transferases Mu (GSTM) family is one of the most important enzymatic detoxifiers associated with many cancers. In this study, UALCAN, Kaplan-Meier plotter, bc-GenExMiner, cBioPortal, STRING, Enrichr, and TIMER databases were employed to carry out a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis and provide new insight into the prognostic value of GSTMs in BC. GSTM2-5 genes in mRNA and protein levels were found to be expressed at lower levels in breast tumors compared to normal tissues, and reduction in mRNA levels is linked to shorter overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS). The lower mRNA levels of GSTMs were strongly associated with the worse Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) grades (p < 0.0001). The mRNA levels of all five GSTMs were substantially higher in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and progesterone receptor (PR)-positive compared to ER-negative and PR-negative BC patients. As well, when nodal status was compared, GSTM1, GSTM3, and GSTM5 were significantly higher in nodal-positive BC patients (p < .01). Furthermore, GSTM4 had the most gene alteration (4%) among other family members, and GSTM5 showed the strongest correlation with CD4+ T cells (Cor= .234, p = 2.22e-13). In conclusion, our results suggest that GSTM family members may be helpful as biomarkers for prognosis and as therapeutic targets in BC.

Discovery of novel glioma serum biomarkers by proximity extension assay

BACKGROUND

Gliomas are among the most malignant tumors, with a very poor prognosis. Early diagnosis is highly desirable since it can help implement more effective treatments for smaller tumors, which have not yet extensively metastasized. Improving early diagnosis may facilitate access of patients to clinical trials and prepare them for the future availability of new disease-modifying treatments.

METHODS

We analyzed retrospective samples collected at diagnosis (before therapy initiation), with PEA (Olink Proteomics), quantifying about 3000 proteins. We utilized 30 plasmas from gliomas (20 glioblastomas, 5 anaplastic astrocytomas, 5 anaplastic oligodendrogliomas) and 20 meningiomas (as controls). We then analyzed the data to identify proteins which either alone, or in combination, could discriminate gliomas from meningiomas, or correlate with clinical and molecular alterations.

RESULTS

We identified 8 plasma proteins which were increased in gliomas vs. meningiomas (GFAP, NEFL, EDDM3B, PROK1, MMP3, CTRL, GP2, SPINT3) and 4 proteins which were decreased in gliomas vs. meningiomas (FABP4, ALDH3A1, IL-12B and OXT). Partition algorithms and logistic regression algorithms with two biomarkers (GFAP and FABP4) achieved sensitivity of 83% and 93% at 100% and 90% specificity, respectively. The strongest single marker was GFAP with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.86. The AUC for the GFAP-FABP4 combination was 0.98.

CONCLUSION

PEA is a powerful new proteomic technology for biomarker discovery. GFAP and a handful of other plasma biomarkers may be useful for early glioma detection and probably, prognosis.

STATEMENT

Detecting gliomas as early as possible is highly desirable since it can significantly improve the chances of effective treatments. Reliable glioma biomarkers can timely inform glioma patients about the efficacy of their prescribed treatment. Our results reveal some novel putative glioma markers that may prove valuable, when used alone or in combination, towards improved clinical care of gliomas. In order to better appreciate the potential usefulness of these markers, their performance needs to be further validated in a larger cohort of samples.

Identification and validation of a risk model and molecular subtypes based on tryptophan metabolism-related genes to predict the clinical prognosis and tumor immune microenvironment in lower-grade glioma

Background

Lower-grade glioma (LGG) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the central nervous system (CNS). Accumulating evidence have demonstrated that tryptophan metabolism is significant in tumor. Therefore, this study aims to comprehensively clarify the relationship between tryptophan metabolism-related genes (TRGs) and LGGs.

Methods

The expression level of TRGs in LGG and normal tissues was first analyzed. Next, the key TRGs with prognostic value and differential expression in LGGs were identified using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis. Subsequently, a risk model was constructed and Consensus clustering analysis was conducted based on the expression level of key TRGs. Then, the prognostic value, clinicopathological factors, and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) characteristics between different risk groups and molecular subtypes were analyzed. Finally, the expression, prognosis, and TIME of each key TRGs were analyzed separately in LGG patients.

Results

A total of 510 patients with LGG from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset and 1,152 normal tissues from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) dataset were included to evaluate the expression level of TRGs. After LASSO regression analysis, we identified six key TRGs and constructed a TRGs risk model. The survival analysis revealed that the risk model was the independent predictor in LGG patients. And the nomogram containing risk scores and independent clinicopathological factors could accurately predict the prognosis of LGG patients. In addition, the results of the Consensus cluster analysis based on the expression of the six TRGs showed that it could classify the LGG patients into two distinct clusters, with significant differences in prognosis, clinicopathological factors and TIME between these two clusters. Finally, we validated the expression, prognosis and immune infiltration of six key TRGs in patients with LGG.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that tryptophan metabolism plays an important role in the progression of LGG. In addition, the risk model and the molecular subtypes we constructed not only could be used as an indicator to predict the prognosis of LGG patients but also were closely related to the clinicopathological factors and TIME of LGG patients. Overall, our study provides theoretical support for the ultimate realization of precision treatment for patients with LGG.

Transitioning pre-clinical glioblastoma models to clinical settings with biomarkers identified in 3D cell-based models: A systematic scoping review

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains incurable despite the overwhelming discovery of 2-dimensional (2D) cell-based potential therapeutics since the majority of them have met unsatisfactory results in animal and clinical settings. Incremental empirical evidence has laid the widespread need of transitioning 2D to 3-dimensional (3D) cultures that better mimic GBM's complex and heterogenic nature to allow better translation of pre-clinical results. This systematic scoping review analyses the transcriptomic data involving 3D models of GBM against 2D models from 22 studies identified from four databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Medline, and Embase). From a total of 499 genes reported in these studies, 313 (63%) genes were upregulated across 3D models cultured using different scaffolds. Our analysis showed that 4 of the replicable upregulated genes are associated with GBM stemness, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), hypoxia, and migration-related genes regardless of the type of scaffolds, displaying close resemblances to primitive undifferentiated tumour phenotypes that are associated with decreased overall survival and increased hazard ratio in GBM patients. The upregulation of drug response and drug efflux genes (e.g. cytochrome P450s and ABC transporters) mirrors the GBM genetic landscape that contributes to in vivo and clinical treatment resistance. These upregulated genes displayed strong protein-protein interactions when analysed using an online bioinformatics software (STRING). These findings reinforce the need for widespread transition to 3D GBM models as a relatively inexpensive humanised pre-clinical tool with suitable genetic biomarkers to bridge clinical gaps in potential therapeutic evaluations.

Risk of Colorectal Carcinoma May Predispose to the Genetic Variants of the GST, CYP450, and TP53 Genes Among Nonsmokers in the Saudi Community

PURPOSE

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) represents a considerable public health burden in Saudi Arabia. Several candidate genes and genetic variants have been associated with morbidity and mortality among patients with CRC. We explored whether allelic variants of the GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP450 (rs4646903 and rs1048943), and TP53 (rs1042522) genes predisposed nonsmoking Saudi individuals to increased risk for CRC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

DNA from buccal cells of 158 participants (80 with CRC and 78 healthy controls) were analyzed for five SNPs using conventional PCR and TaqMan genotyping assays. The SNPStats software was utilized to choose the best interactive inheritance mode for selected SNPs (https://www.snpstats.net).

RESULTS

The mean age of diagnosis was 62.4±13.5 years (range, 40-83 years), with those aged 71-80 years and those aged 40-50 years accounting for the most diagnoses (35.7% and 28.6% of diagnosis, respectively). The GSTM1 and TP53 rs1042522 SNPs were associated with CRC (OR= 3.7; P< 0.0001, and OR= 1.6; P= 0.033, respectively). A plausible contribution to CRC was observed for the GSTM1 and TP53 rs1042522 SNPs (x ² _Yates= 14.7; P= 0.00013, and x ² _Yates= 11.2; P= 0.0008, respectively), while the GSTT1 null variant did not affect risk. Heterozygosity in the CYP450 (rs4646903 and rs1048943 SNPs) was associated with a significant risk for CRC. The GSTM1/GSTT1 and CYP450 rs4646903/rs1048943 SNP pairs were in linkage disequilibrium, and the associations were statistically significant (P= 0.01 and P= 4.6x10^‒7, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The GSTM1 and TP53 rs1042522 variants can increase the development of CRC in Saudi nonsmokers. Even the presence of one copy of a variant allele in the CYP1A1 gene can predispose CRC risk. Additional studies should also examine other SNP combinations with lifestyle factors that may help prevent, rather than facilitate, colorectal tumorigenesis.

Thidiazuron decreases epithelial-mesenchymal transition activity through the NF-kB and PI3K/AKT signalling pathways in breast cancer

Breast cancer is the major type among the women population globally. The treatment of cancer metastasis has made modest progress due to multiple factors. Thidiazuron (TDZ) is a novel plant growth regulator that has been shown to have anticancer effects. Therefore, we explored the anti-metastatic potentials of TDZ in cell lines by assessing its potential to suppress the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We pretreated the BEAS-2B and breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells with TDZ and deliberated alteration in a cell viability, mammosphere, migration, NF-кB signalling, PI3K/AKT signalling and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and analysed the EMT induction by TGF-β/TNF-α-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. Treatment with TDZ (5-50 μmol) diminished the migration and invasion of the extremely metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, TDZ treatment led to down-regulation of uPAR, uPA, VEGF and MMP-2/-9 expression and up-regulation of TIMP-1/2 expression in these cells. Furthermore, TDZ treatment blocked invasion and EMT in non-tumorigenic BEAS-2B epithelial cells stimulated with TGF-β/TNF-α.TDZ prevents EMT and may thus block metastasis of breast cancer cells.

Expression profile of cytochrome P450s and effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and antiepileptic drugs on CYP1 expression in MOG-G-CCM cells

AIMS

This study was performed to investigate the expression profile of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms and effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and antiepileptic drugs on CYP1 expression in human astrocytoma MOG-G-CCM cells.

MAIN METHODS

CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry.

KEY FINDINGS

MOG-G-CCM cells expressed various CYP isoforms. Among the CYP isoforms analyzed, CYP1B1 showed the highest expression level, followed by CYP1A1. Furthermore, CYP1B1 was localized in both the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. 3-Methylcholanthrene (3-MC), benz[a]anthracene (B[a]A), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and valproic acid (VPA) increased the expression of CYP1B1 and CYP1A1. The potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist GNF351 significantly suppressed the 3-MC- and VPA-mediated upregulation of CYP1B1 and CYP1A1. In addition, VPA potentiated the induction of CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 by 3-MC, B[a]A, and B[a]P, although the augmentation of CYP1A1 was more remarkable than that of CYP1B1. In contrast, other antiepileptic drugs (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, phenytoin) did not affect the 3-MC-mediated upregulation of CYP1B1 and CYP1A1. VPA is known to act as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Therefore, the effects of trichostatin A, a representative HDAC inhibitor, on CYP1 induction by 3-MC were examined. Trichostatin A enhanced the 3-MC-mediated upregulation of CYP1A1 but not CYP1B1.

SIGNIFICANCE

These results partially indicated that VPA may augment the PAH-mediated induction of CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 through the activation of transcription by HDAC inhibition.

Transcriptomic Profiling of 3D Glioblastoma Tumoroids for the Identification of Mechanisms Involved in Anticancer Drug Resistance

BACKGROUND/AIM

Among various types of brain tumors, glioblastoma is the most malignant and highly aggressive brain tumor that possesses a high resistance against anticancer drugs. To understand the underlined mechanisms of tumor drug resistance, a new and more effective research approach is required. The three dimensional (3D) in vitro cell culture models could be a potential approach to study cancer features and biology, as well as screen for anti-cancer agents due to the close mimicry of the 3D tumor microenvironments.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

With our developed 3D alginate scaffolds, Ilumina RNA-sequencing was used to transcriptomically analyze and compare the gene expression profiles between glioblastoma cells in traditional 2-dimensional (2D) monolayer and in 3D Ca-alginate scaffolds at day 14. To verify the reliability and accuracy of Illumina RNA-Sequencing data, ATP-binding cassette transporter genes were chosen for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) verification.

RESULTS

The results showed that 7,411 and 3,915 genes of the 3D glioblastoma were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, compared with the 2D-cultured glioblastoma. Furthermore, the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that genes related to the cell cycle and DNA replication were enriched in the group of down-regulated gene. On the other hand, the genes involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, autophagy, drug metabolism through cytochrome P450, and ATP-binding cassette transporter were found in the up-regulated gene collection.

CONCLUSION

3D glioblastoma tumoroids might potentially serve as a powerful platform for exploring glioblastoma biology. They can also be valuable in anti-glioblastoma drug screening, as well as the identification of novel molecular targets in clinical treatment of human glioblastoma.

The Multifarious Link between Cytochrome P450s and Cancer

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Cytochrome P450s (P450s) play an important role in the metabolism of endogenous as well as exogenous substances, especially drugs. Moreover, many P450s can serve as targets for disease therapy. Increasing reports of epidemiological, diagnostic, and clinical research indicate that P450s are enzymes that play a major part in the formation of cancer, prevention, and metastasis. The purposes of this review are to shed light on the current state of knowledge about the cancer molecular mechanism involving P450s and to summarize the link between the cancer effects and the participation of P450s.

Glutathione S-Transferases and Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Expression in Patients with Intracranial Tumors: Preliminary Report of 55 Patients

OBJECTIVE

Intracranial tumors are one of the most frightening and difficult-to-treat tumor types. In addition to surgery, protocols such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy also take place in the treatment. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are prominent drug-metabolizing enzymes in the human body. The aim of this study is to show the expression of GSTP1, GSTM1, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1 in different types of brain tumors and compare our results with those in the literature.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

The expression of GSTP1, GSTM1, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1 was analyzed using immunostaining in 55 patients with intracranial tumors in 2016-2017. For GST and CYP expression in normal brain tissue, samples of a portion of surrounding normal brain tissue as well as a matched far neighbor of tumor tissue were used. The demographic features of the patients were documented and the expression results compared.

RESULTS

The mean age of the patients was 46.72 years; 29 patients were female and 26 were male. Fifty-seven specimens were obtained from 55 patients. Among them, meningioma was diagnosed in 12, metastases in 12, glioblastoma in 9, and pituitary adenoma in 5. The highest GSTP1, GSTM1, and CYP-1A1 expressions were observed in pituitary adenomas. The lowest GSTP1 expression was detected in glioblastomas and the lowest CYP1B1 expression in pituitary adenomas.

CONCLUSION

GSTP1 and CYP expression is increased in intracranial tumors. These results should be confirmed with a larger series and different enzyme subtypes.

Combinatorial effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), vorinostat and entinostat, and adaphostin are characterized by distinct redox alterations

PURPOSE

Amongst the epigenetically targeted therapies, targeting of the histone deacetylases (HDACs) has yielded numerous drugs for clinical use in hematological malignancies, but none as yet for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Single agent activity of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) has been elusive in ALL, and has prompted study of combinatorial strategies. Because several HDACi raise levels of intracellular oxidative stress, we evaluated combinations of two structurally distinct HDACi with the redox active compound adaphostin in ALL.

METHODS

The HDACi vorinostat and entinostat were tested in combination with adaphostin in human ALL cell lines. DNA fragmentation, caspase activation, mitochondrial disruption and levels of  intracellular peroxides, superoxide and glutathione were measured in cells treated with the HDACi/adaphostin combinations. Antioxidant blockade of cell death induction and gene expression profiling of cells treated with vorinostat/adaphostin versus entinostat/adaphostin combinations were evaluated.

RESULTS

Both combinations synergistically induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation, which was preceded by an increase in superoxide levels, a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, and an increase in caspase-9 activation. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) blocked superoxide generation and prevented reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential. NAC decreased DNA fragmentation and caspase activity in cells treated with adaphostin and vorinostat, but not in those treated with adaphostin and entinostat. Gene expression arrays revealed differential regulation of several redox genes prior to cell death induction.

CONCLUSIONS

A redox modulatory agent, adaphostin, enhances efficacy of two HDACi, vorinostat or entinostat, but via different mechanisms indicating a point of divergence in the mechanisms of synergy between the two distinct HDACi and adaphostin.

Overexpression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signalling pathway in human meningioma

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand activated transcription factor and involved in tumorigenesis of many cancers. However there are no reports on AHR in human meningioma. Therefore we examined the status of the AHR and its signalling molecules in human meningioma by using tumor biopsy samples and autopsy control meninges. We report the up regulation of AHR pathway genes like aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), aldehyde dehydrogenase1family memberA3 (ALDH1A3), cytochrome P450, family1, subfamily A polypeptide1 (CYP1A1) and TCCD induced poly ADP ribose polymerase (TIPARP) gene expression in human meningioma. Further, AHR protein expression was found to be up regulated in all grades of human meningioma. We found that AHR localized in the nucleus for high grade anaplastic meningioma through immunohistochemical analysis. Since AHR signalling pathway was known to involve in inhibition of apoptosis in cancer cells, we evaluated the cyclophilin D levels which maintains mitochondrial permeability transition pore a critical event during apoptosis. We report that cyclophilin D levels were upregulated in all grades of human meningioma compared to control meninges. Finally we also evaluated c-Fos protein levels as its levels were regulated by AHR. Here we report that c-Fos protein levels were down regulated in all grades of human meningioma compared to control meninges. To sum-up we found that AHR signalling pathway components were upregulated, as the grade of the meningioma progresses from low to high grade, suggesting an important role of AHR signalling pathway in human meningioma.