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Korda Ž, Walcher S, Körner C, Benedek M. Internal coupling: Eye behavior coupled to visual imagery. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 165:105855. [PMID: 39153584 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Our eyes do not only respond to visual perception but also to internal cognition involving visual imagery, which can be referred to as internal coupling. This review synthesizes evidence on internal coupling across diverse domains including episodic memory and simulation, visuospatial memory, numerical cognition, object movement, body movement, and brightness imagery. In each domain, eye movements consistently reflect distinct aspects of mental imagery typically akin to those seen in corresponding visual experiences. Several findings further suggest that internal coupling may not only coincide with but also supports internal cognition as evidenced by improved cognitive performance. Available theoretical accounts suggest that internal coupling may serve at least two functional roles in visual imagery: facilitating memory reconstruction and indicating shifts in internal attention. Moreover, recent insights into the neurobiology of internal coupling highlight substantially shared neural pathways in externally and internally directed cognition. The review concludes by identifying open questions and promising avenues for future research such as exploring moderating roles of context and individual differences in internal coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Živa Korda
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Sonja Walcher
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Huang X, Li G, Zhang G, Li Z, Zhao L, Zhu M, Xiang Q, Liu X, Tian M, Zhang H, Buesching CD, Liu D. Friend or foe? Using eye-tracking technology to investigate the visual discrimination ability of giant pandas. Curr Zool 2024; 70:430-439. [PMID: 39176058 PMCID: PMC11336681 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The role that visual discriminative ability plays among giant pandas in social communication and individual discrimination has received less attention than olfactory and auditory modalities. Here, we used an eye-tracker technology to investigate pupil fixation patterns for 8 captive male giant pandas Ailuropoda melanoleuca. We paired images (N = 26) of conspecifics against: 1) sympatric predators (gray wolves and tigers), and non-threatening sympatric species (golden pheasant, golden snub-nosed monkey, takin, and red panda), 2) conspecifics with atypical fur coloration (albino and brown), and 3) zookeepers/non-zookeepers wearing either work uniform or plain clothing. For each session, we tracked the panda's pupil movements and measured pupil first fixation point (FFP), fixation latency, total fixation count (TFC), and duration (TFD) of attention to each image. Overall, pandas exhibited similar attention (FFPs and TFCs) to images of predators and non-threatening sympatric species. Images of golden pheasant, snub-nosed monkey, and tiger received less attention (TFD) than images of conspecifics, whereas images of takin and red panda received more attention, suggesting a greater alertness to habitat or food competitors than to potential predators. Pandas' TFCs were greater for images of black-white conspecifics than for albino or brown phenotypes, implying that familiar color elicited more interest. Pandas reacted differently to images of men versus women. For images of women only, pandas gave more attention (TFC) to familiar combinations (uniformed zookeepers and plain-clothed non-zookeepers), consistent with the familiarity hypothesis. That pandas can use visual perception to discriminate intra-specifically and inter-specifically, including details of human appearance, has applications for panda conservation and captive husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Huang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guo Li
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Sichuan 623004, China
| | - Guiquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Sichuan 623004, China
| | - Zixiang Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengdie Zhu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qinghua Xiang
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technology, Beijing Zoo, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Mei Tian
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hemin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Sichuan 623004, China
| | - Christina D Buesching
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Dingzhen Liu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Yan L, Yu H, Liu Y, Xiang B, Cheng Y, Xu J, Wu Y, Yan F. Brain–Computer Interface Based on Motor Imagery With Visual Guidance and its Application in Control of Simulated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2024; 24:10779-10793. [DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2024.3363754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Yan
- College of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Biao Xiang
- College of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- College of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihong Xu
- College of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yibo Wu
- Wuhan Leishen Special Equipment Company Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Fuwu Yan
- College of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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Liu Y, Hu J. Effect of Object on Kinesthetic Motor Imagery in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study Based on Eye-Tracking Methodology. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:167-183. [PMID: 38282833 PMCID: PMC10822112 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s435258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Social disturbance is a significant autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptom. Action representation, which is a fundamental component of social interaction, can be investigated through kinesthetic motor imagery (KMI). KMI has been commonly studied with the well-developed laterality judgment paradigm, wherein participants are required to discriminate the laterality of a hand rotated by different angles along one or more axes. Here, we investigated the KMI processing in individuals with ASD by hand laterality judgment paradigm with eye-tracking methodology. Methods The current study included 22 participants with ASD and 22 typical developing (TD) peers matched for age, gender, and intelligence. Participants were asked to judge the laterality of hand-with-tooth brush images. Results Compared to the TD controls, individuals with ASD performed KMI with lower accuracy and longer response time in both correct and incorrect action conditions. The incorrect action representation had greater effect on KMI for individuals with ASD. Differences in eye-movement patterns were also observed, characterized by individuals with ASD were more focused on the object area while TD peers were more focused on the hand area. Conclusion Results suggest that while altered KMI performance was observed, the incorrect action representation elicited more engagement of KMI in both groups. The object-centered eye-movement pattern may contribute to the refine of motor simulation intervention for individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinsheng Hu
- Department of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
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Riquelme-Hernández C, Reyes-Barría JP, Vargas A, Gonzalez-Robaina Y, Zapata-Lamana R, Toloza-Ramirez D, Parra-Rizo MA, Cigarroa I. Effects of the Practice of Movement Representation Techniques in People Undergoing Knee and Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10120198. [PMID: 36548495 PMCID: PMC9782171 DOI: 10.3390/sports10120198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the effects of movement representation techniques (MRT) combined with conventional physical therapy (CFT) in people undergoing knee and hip arthroplasty compared to conventional physical therapy alone in terms of results in physical and functionality variables, cognitive function, and quality of life. METHODOLOGY the review was carried out according to the criteria of the PRISMA statement, considering studies in the electronic databases PubMed/Medline, Pubmed Central/Medline, Web of Science, EBSCO, and ScienceDirect. RESULTS MRT plus CFT generated therapeutic effects in some aspects of the physical variables: 100% pain (7 of 7 studies); 100% strength (5 out of 5 studies); range of motion 87.5% (7 out of 8 studies); 100% speed (1 of 1 study), functional variables: 100% gait (7 of 7 studies); functional capacity 87.5% (7 out of 8 studies); cognitive variables: 100% motor visualization ability (2 out of 2 studies); cognitive performance 100% (2 of 2 studies); and quality of life 66.6% (2 of 3 studies). When comparing its effects with conventional physical therapy, the variables that reported the greatest statistically significant changes were motor visualization ability, speed, pain, strength and gait. The most used MRT was motor imagery (MI), and the average time extension of therapies was 3.5 weeks. CONCLUSIONS movement representation techniques combined with conventional physical therapy are an innocuous and low-cost therapeutic intervention with therapeutic effects in patients with knee arthroplasty (KA) and hip arthroplasty (HA), and this combination generates greater therapeutic effects in physical, functional, and cognitive variables than conventional physical therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Pablo Reyes-Barría
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Departamento de Salud, Universidad de los Lagos, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- Clínica Resilient, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | | | | | | | - David Toloza-Ramirez
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Speech Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Maria Antonia Parra-Rizo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Campus of Elche, Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.A.P.-R.); (I.C.)
| | - Igor Cigarroa
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Ángeles 4440000, Chile
- Correspondence: (M.A.P.-R.); (I.C.)
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Differences in motor imagery strategy change behavioral outcome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13868. [PMID: 35974133 PMCID: PMC9381534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesthetic motor imagery (KMI) involves imagining the feeling and experience of movements. We examined the effects of KMI, number visualizing, and KMI with number visualizing on the excitability of spinal motor neurons and a behavioral outcome measure in a pinch force task. Healthy participants (13 men and 8 women; mean age: 24.8 ± 5.5 years) were recruited. We compared the F-waves of the left thenar muscles after stimulating the left median nerve at the wrist during each motor imagery condition after a practice session. The KMI condition consisted of imagining muscle contraction, the number visualizing condition consisted of imagining the pinch force increasing numerically, and the KMI with number visualizing consisted of alternating between the KMI and imagining the pinch force increasing numerically. Before and after motor imagery, the time required to adjust to the target pinch force was compared. The time required to adjust the pinch force was shorter in the KMI with number visualizing condition than in the KMI and number visualizing conditions. There was no difference in the F/M amplitude ratio between each MI strategy condition, indicating the excitability of spinal motor neurons. Numerical information helped to improve the ability of participants to perform KMI.
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Monteiro KB, Cardoso MDS, Cabral VRDC, Santos AOBD, Silva PSD, Castro JBPD, Vale RGDS. Effects of Motor Imagery as a Complementary Resource on the Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105876. [PMID: 34049014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Motor imagery is a technique that can be utilized in the rehabilitation process to improve the lives of patients with a functional disability acquired by this pathology. AIM To evaluate the effects of motor imagery as a complementary intervention for the rehabilitation of stroke patients. METHODS We conducted a systematic review in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PEDro databases. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used motor imagery as a complementary resource for the rehabilitation of patients affected by stroke, who had motor function and functional independence as outcomes. RESULTS Of the 1,473 studies found, ten RCTs were included. Regarding the interventions, motor imagery was associated with traditional rehabilitation, virtual reality, physical practice, structured progressive circuit class therapy, and electromyography. The upper and lower extremity performance were accessed through the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and gait speed, respectively. Although the practice of motor imagery at least twice a week during three weeks showed to be effective in improving the motor performance of post-stroke patients, the studies' protocols present a high heterogeneity, with training session times lasting between 30 to 180 minutes and a post-stroke invention window of one to 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Motor imagery has been shown to be an efficacious technique in the treatment of post-stroke patients when used as a complement to traditional rehabilitation techniques. However, greater standardization of interventions and studies with higher methodological quality are required to determine further conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andressa Oliveira Barros Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise and Sport (LABEES), Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Brandão Pinto de Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise and Sport (LABEES), Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Gomes de Souza Vale
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Estácio de Sá University, Cabo Frio, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise and Sport (LABEES), Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Productivity Research Fellow, Estácio de Sá University, Cabo Frio, RJ, Brazil
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Postural Control during Progressively Increased Balance-Task Difficulty in Athletes with Unilateral Transfemoral Amputation: Effect of Ocular Mobility and Visuomotor Processing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176242. [PMID: 32867306 PMCID: PMC7503799 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined postural control during single leg stance test with progressively increased balance-task difficulty in soccer players with unilateral transfemoral amputation (n = 11) compared to able-bodied soccer players (n = 11). The overall stability index (OSI), the anterior/posterior stability index, and the medial/lateral stability index during three balance tasks with increasing surface instability were estimated. The oculomotor and visuomotor contribution to postural control in disabled athletes was analyzed. Oculomotor function, simple and choice reaction times, and peripheral perception were assessed in a series of visuomotor tests. The variation in OSI demonstrated significantly greater increases during postural tests with increased balance-task difficulty in the able-bodied soccer players compared to amputees (F(2,40) = 3.336, p < 0.05). Ocular mobility index correlated (p < 0.05) with OSI in conditions of increasing balance-task difficulty. Moreover, speed of eye-foot reaction has positive influence (p < 0.05) on stability indexes in tasks with an unstable surface. Amputee soccer players displayed comparable postural stability to able-bodied soccer players. Disabled athletes had better adaptability in restoring a state of balance in conditions of increased balance-task difficulty than the controls. The speed of visuomotor processing, characterized mainly by speed of eye-foot reaction, significantly contributed to these results.
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Lanata A, Sebastiani L, Di Gruttola F, Di Modica S, Scilingo EP, Greco A. Nonlinear Analysis of Eye-Tracking Information for Motor Imagery Assessments. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1431. [PMID: 32009892 PMCID: PMC6974582 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the assessment of motor imagery (MI) ability in humans. Commonly, MI ability is measured through two methodologies: a self-administered questionnaire (MIQ-3) and the mental chronometry (MC), which measures the temporal discrepancy between the actual and the imagined motor tasks. However, both measures rely on subjects' self-assessment and do not use physiological measures. In this study, we propose a novel set of features extracted from the nonlinear dynamics of the eye gaze signal to discriminate between good and bad imagers. To this aim, we designed an experiment where twenty volunteers, categorized as good or bad imagers according to MC, performed three tasks: a motor task (MT), a visual Imagery task (VI), and a kinaesthetic Imagery task (KI). Throughout the experiment, the subjects' eye gaze was continuously monitored using an eye-tracking system. Eye gaze time series were analyzed through recurrence quantification analysis of the reconstructed phase space and compared between the two groups. Statistical results have shown how nonlinear eye behavior can express an inner dynamics of imagery mental process and may be used as a more objective and physiological-based measure of MI ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lanata
- Department of Information Engineering & Research Centre E. Piaggio, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Sebastiani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Gruttola
- Department of Information Engineering & Research Centre E. Piaggio, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Modica
- Department of Information Engineering & Research Centre E. Piaggio, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enzo Pasquale Scilingo
- Department of Information Engineering & Research Centre E. Piaggio, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Greco
- Department of Information Engineering & Research Centre E. Piaggio, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Oculomotor Control in Amputee Soccer Players. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2020; 37:41-55. [PMID: 31837646 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2019-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors investigated the dynamics of saccadic parameters during a stationary oculomotor target task in amputee soccer players (n = 16), able-bodied soccer players (n = 16), and nonathletic control subjects (n = 16). Eye movements during the visual-search tasks were recorded binocularly using a mobile eye-tracking system, and the gaze parameters were analyzed (fixation duration, saccade duration, saccade amplitude, saccade average acceleration, saccade peak deceleration, saccade average velocity, and ocular mobility index). The average saccade acceleration in the amputee soccer players was significantly lower than in the able-bodied players (p = .021). Other saccade characteristics in disabled athletes were comparable to those of the able-bodied groups. Moreover, the able-bodied soccer players presented faster saccadic parameters than nonathletes in terms of saccade acceleration (p = .002), deceleration (p = .015), and velocity (p = .009). The modification of oculomotor functions may result from extensive practice and participation in ball games. The authors' hypothesis that oculomotor functions in amputee soccer players may be impaired was not fully confirmed.
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Callow N, Edwards MG, Jones AL, Hardy L, Connell S. Action dual tasks reveal differential effects of visual imagery perspectives on motor performance. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 72:1401-1411. [PMID: 30352540 DOI: 10.1177/1747021818811464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Imagery research has identified two main visual perspectives, external visual imagery (EVI, third person) and internal visual imagery (IVI, first person). Based upon findings from brain imaging literature showing that different neural substrates are recruited for IVI and EVI perspectives, and that IVI activates motor system brain areas, we hypothesised that a concurrent action dual task would cause greater interference in performance for IVI than EVI. In a first experiment, participants were allocated to either an IVI or an EVI group, and were tasked with moving an onscreen marker towards a target in three blocked conditions: imagery, imagery with a concurrent motor dual-task of sequencing, and a math control. An interaction between imagery group and condition was driven by greater root mean square error for participants in the dual-task condition in the IVI group compared with the EVI group. We replicated the experiment with an eye-tracking objective measure of IVI; the results again showed that participants in the IVI group made more errors in motor movements, and an interference effect in eye movements, during the dual-task sequencing condition compared with the EVI group. The results of the two experiments reveal that a secondary motor task does interfere with IVI, providing behavioural evidence that IVI appears to rely on motor system processes more than EVI. These results have important implications for the use of visual imagery perspectives across a number of domains, with this paper being an essential reference for those conducting visual imagery perspectives research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola Callow
- 1 Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Martin Gareth Edwards
- 2 Institut de Recherches en Sciences Psychologiques, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Alex Lee Jones
- 3 Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Lew Hardy
- 1 Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Stephanie Connell
- 1 Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
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