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R PA, Anbarasu A. Antimicrobial Peptides as Immunomodulators and Antimycobacterial Agents to Combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a Critical Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1539-1566. [PMID: 36576687 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-10018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a devastating disease foisting a significantly high morbidity, prepotent in low- and middle-income developing countries. Evolution of drug resistance among Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, has made the TB treatment more complicated. The protracted nature of present TB treatment, persistent and tolerant Mtb populations, interaction with antiretroviral therapy and existing toxicity concerned with conventional anti-TB drugs are the four major challenges inflicted with emergence of drug-resistant mycobacterial strains, and the standard medications are unable to combat these strains. These factors emphasize an exigency to develop new drugs to overcome these barriers in current TB therapy. With this regard, antimycobacterial peptides derived from various sources such as human cells, bacterial sources, mycobacteriophages, fungal, plant and animal sources could be considered as antituberculosis leads as most of these peptides are associated with dual advantages of having both bactericidal activity towards Mtb as well as immuno-regulatory property. Some of the peptides possess the additional advantage of interacting synergistically with antituberculosis medications too, thereby increasing their efficiency, underscoring the vigour of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as best possible alternative therapeutic candidates or adjuvants in TB treatment. Albeit the beneficiary features of these peptides, few obstacles allied with them like cytotoxicity and proteolytic degradation are matter of concerns too. In this review, we have focused on structural hallmarks, targeting mechanisms and specific structural aspects contributing to antimycobacterial activity and discovered natural and synthetic antimycobacterial peptides along with their sources, anti-TB, immuno-regulatory properties, merits and demerits and possible delivery methods of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi A R
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Bio-Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India
- Department of Biotechnology, SBST, VIT, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Anbarasu
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Bio-Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, SBST, VIT, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Polinário G, Primo LMDG, Rosa MABC, Dett FHM, Barbugli PA, Roque-Borda CA, Pavan FR. Antimicrobial peptides as drugs with double response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfections in lung cancer. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1183247. [PMID: 37342560 PMCID: PMC10277934 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1183247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis and lung cancer are, in many cases, correlated diseases that can be confused because they have similar symptoms. Many meta-analyses have proven that there is a greater chance of developing lung cancer in patients who have active pulmonary tuberculosis. It is, therefore, important to monitor the patient for a long time after recovery and search for combined therapies that can treat both diseases, as well as face the great problem of drug resistance. Peptides are molecules derived from the breakdown of proteins, and the membranolytic class is already being studied. It has been proposed that these molecules destabilize cellular homeostasis, performing a dual antimicrobial and anticancer function and offering several possibilities of adaptation for adequate delivery and action. In this review, we focus on two important reason for the use of multifunctional peptides or peptides, namely the double activity and no harmful effects on humans. We review some of the main antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactive peptides and highlight four that have anti-tuberculosis and anti-cancer activity, which may contribute to obtaining drugs with this dual functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Polinário
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Paula Aboud Barbugli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Krahn N, Söll D, Vargas-Rodriguez O. Diversification of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities via genomic duplication. Front Physiol 2022; 13:983245. [PMID: 36060688 PMCID: PMC9437257 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.983245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intricate evolutionary events enabled the emergence of the full set of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) families that define the genetic code. The diversification of aaRSs has continued in organisms from all domains of life, yielding aaRSs with unique characteristics as well as aaRS-like proteins with innovative functions outside translation. Recent bioinformatic analyses have revealed the extensive occurrence and phylogenetic diversity of aaRS gene duplication involving every synthetase family. However, only a fraction of these duplicated genes has been characterized, leaving many with biological functions yet to be discovered. Here we discuss how genomic duplication is associated with the occurrence of novel aaRSs and aaRS-like proteins that provide adaptive advantages to their hosts. We illustrate the variety of activities that have evolved from the primordial aaRS catalytic sites. This precedent underscores the need to investigate currently unexplored aaRS genomic duplications as they may hold a key to the discovery of exciting biological processes, new drug targets, important bioactive molecules, and tools for synthetic biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Krahn
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Dieter Söll
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Oscar Vargas-Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Oscar Vargas-Rodriguez,
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4
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Chen Y, Zhai W, Zhang K, Liu H, Zhu T, Su L, Bermudez L, Chen H, Guo A. Small RNA Profiling in Mycobacterium Provides Insights Into Stress Adaptability. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:752537. [PMID: 34803973 PMCID: PMC8600241 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.752537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria encounter a number of environmental changes during infection and respond using different mechanisms. Small RNA (sRNA) is a post-transcriptionally regulatory system for gene functions and has been investigated in many other bacteria. This study used Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection models and sequenced whole bacterial RNAs before and after host cell infection. A comparison of differentially expressed sRNAs using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and target prediction was carried out. Six pathogenically relevant stress conditions, growth rate, and morphology were used to screen and identify sRNAs. From these data, a subset of sRNAs was differentially expressed in multiple infection groups and stress conditions. Many were found associated with lipid metabolism. Among them, ncBCG427 was significantly downregulated when BCG entered into macrophages and was associated with increased biofilm formation. The reduction of virulence possibility depends on regulating lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kailun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luiz Bermudez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Bouz G, Zitko J. Inhibitors of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases as antimycobacterial compounds: An up-to-date review. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104806. [PMID: 33799176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are crucial for the correct assembly of amino acids to cognate tRNA to maintain the fidelity of proteosynthesis. AaRSs have become a hot target in antimicrobial research. Three aaRS inhibitors are already in clinical practice; antibacterial mupirocin inhibits the synthetic site of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase, antifungal tavaborole inhibits the editing site of leucyl-tRNA synthetase, and antiprotozoal halofuginone inhibits proline-tRNA synthetase. According to the World Health Organization, tuberculosis globally remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. The rising incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is alarming and urges the search for new antimycobacterial compounds, preferably with yet unexploited mechanism of action. In this literature review, we have covered the up-to-date state in the field of inhibitors of mycobacterial aaRSs. The most studied aaRS in mycobacteria is LeuRS with at least four structural types of inhibitors, followed by TyrRS and AspRS. Inhibitors of MetRS, LysRS, and PheRS were addressed in a single significant study each. In many cases, the enzyme inhibition activity translated into micromolar or submicromolar inhibition of growth of mycobacteria. The most promising aaRS inhibitor as an antimycobacterial compound is GSK656 (compound 8), the only aaRS inhibitor in clinical trials (Phase IIa) for systemic use against tuberculosis. GSK656 is orally available and shares the oxaborole tRNA-trapping mechanism of action with antifungal tavaborole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Bouz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University
| | - Jan Zitko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University.
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Reamtong O, Indrawattana N, Rungruengkitkun A, Thiangtrongjit T, Duangurai T, Chongsa-Nguan M, Pumirat P. Altered proteome of a Burkholderia pseudomallei mutant defective in short-chain dehydrogenase affects cell adhesion, biofilm formation and heat stress tolerance. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8659. [PMID: 32219018 PMCID: PMC7085900 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacillus that causes melioidosis and is recognized as an important public health problem in southeast Asia and northeast Australia. The treatment of B. pseudomallei infection is hampered by resistance to a wide range of antimicrobial agents and no vaccine is currently available. At present, the underlying mechanisms of B. pseudomallei pathogenesis are poorly understood. In our previous study, we reported that a B. pseudomallei short-chain dehydrogenase (SDO; BPSS2242) mutant constructed by deletion mutagenesis showed reduced B. pseudomallei invasion and initial intracellular survival. This indicated that SDO is associated with the pathogenesis of melioidosis. In the present study, the role of B. pseudomallei SDO was further investigated using the SDO deletion mutant by a proteomic approach. The protein profiles of the SDO mutant and wild-type K96243 were investigated through gel-based proteomic analysis. Quantitative intensity analysis of three individual cultures of the B. pseudomallei SDO mutant revealed significant down-regulation of five protein spots compared with the wild-type. Q-TOF MS/MS identified the protein spots as a glutamate/aspartate ABC transporter, prolyl-tRNA synthetase, Hsp70 family protein, quinone oxidoreductase and a putative carboxypeptidase. Functional assays were performed to investigate the role of these differentially expressed proteins in adhesion to host cells, biofilm induction and survival under heat stress conditions. The SDO deletion mutant showed a decreased ability to adhere to host cells. Moreover, biofilm formation and the survival rate of bacteria under heat stress conditions were also reduced in the mutant strain. Our findings provide insight into the role of SDO in the survival and pathogenesis of B. pseudomallei at the molecular level, which may be applied to the prevention and control of B. pseudomallei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics/Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology/Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amporn Rungruengkitkun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology/Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics/Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taksaon Duangurai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology/Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manas Chongsa-Nguan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology/Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpan Pumirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology/Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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7
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Behra PRK, Pettersson BMF, Das S, Dasgupta S, Kirsebom LA. Comparative genomics of Mycobacterium mucogenicum and Mycobacterium neoaurum clade members emphasizing tRNA and non-coding RNA. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:124. [PMID: 31215393 PMCID: PMC6582537 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacteria occupy various ecological niches and can be isolated from soil, tap water and ground water. Several cause diseases in humans and animals. To get deeper insight into our understanding of mycobacterial evolution focusing on tRNA and non-coding (nc)RNA, we conducted a comparative genome analysis of Mycobacterium mucogenicum (Mmuc) and Mycobacterium neoaurum (Mneo) clade members. Results Genome sizes for Mmuc- and Mneo-clade members vary between 5.4 and 6.5 Mbps with the complete MmucT (type strain) genome encompassing 6.1 Mbp. The number of tRNA genes range between 46 and 79 (including one pseudo tRNA gene) with 39 tRNA genes common among the members of these clades, while additional tRNA genes were probably acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Selected tRNAs and ncRNAs (RNase P RNA, tmRNA, 4.5S RNA, Ms1 RNA and 6C RNA) are expressed, and the levels for several of these are higher in stationary phase compared to exponentially growing cells. The rare tRNAIleTAT isoacceptor and two for mycobacteria novel ncRNAs: the Lactobacillales-derived GOLLD RNA and a homolog to the antisense Salmonella typhimurium phage Sar RNA, were shown to be present and expressed in certain Mmuc-clade members. Conclusions Phages, IS elements, horizontally transferred tRNA gene clusters, and phage-derived ncRNAs appears to have influenced the evolution of the Mmuc- and Mneo-clades. While the number of predicted coding sequences correlates with genome size, the number of tRNA coding genes does not. The majority of the tRNA genes in mycobacteria are transcribed mainly from single genes and the levels of certain ncRNAs, including RNase P RNA (essential for the processing of tRNAs), are higher at stationary phase compared to exponentially growing cells. We provide supporting evidence that Ms1 RNA represents a mycobacterial 6S RNA variant. The evolutionary routes for the ncRNAs RNase P RNA, tmRNA and Ms1 RNA are different from that of the core genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1447-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phani Rama Krishna Behra
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B M Fredrik Pettersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarbashis Das
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif A Kirsebom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Li M, Wen F, Zhao S, Wang P, Li S, Zhang Y, Zheng N, Wang J. Exploring the Molecular Basis for Binding of Inhibitors by Threonyl-tRNA Synthetase from Brucella abortus: A Virtual Screening Study. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1078. [PMID: 27447614 PMCID: PMC4964454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS) of Brucella abortus is a promising approach to developing small-molecule drugs against bovine brucellosis. Using the BLASTp algorithm, we identified ThrRS from Escherichia coli (EThrRS, PDB ID 1QF6), which is 51% identical to ThrRS from Brucella abortus (BaThrRS) at the amino acid sequence level. EThrRS was used as the template to construct a BaThrRS homology model which was optimized using molecular dynamics simulations. To determine the residues important for substrate ATP binding, we identified the ATP-binding regions of BaThrRS, docked ATP to the protein, and identified the residues whose side chains surrounded bound ATP. We then used the binding site of ATP to virtually screen for BaThrRS inhibitors and got seven leads. We further characterized the BaThrRS-binding site of the compound with the highest predicted inhibitory activity. Our results should facilitate future experimental effects to find novel drugs for use against bovine brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fang Wen
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Songli Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Nan Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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