1
|
Mélida H, Kappel L, Ullah SF, Bulone V, Srivastava V. Quantitative proteomic analysis of plasma membranes from the fish pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica reveals promising targets for disease control. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0034824. [PMID: 38888349 PMCID: PMC11302233 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00348-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The phylum Oomycota contains economically important pathogens of animals and plants, including Saprolegnia parasitica, the causal agent of the fish disease saprolegniasis. Due to intense fish farming and banning of the most effective control measures, saprolegniasis has re-emerged as a major challenge for the aquaculture industry. Oomycete cells are surrounded by a polysaccharide-rich cell wall matrix that, in addition to being essential for cell growth, also functions as a protective "armor." Consequently, the enzymes responsible for cell wall synthesis provide potential targets for disease control. Oomycete cell wall biosynthetic enzymes are predicted to be plasma membrane proteins. To identify these proteins, we applied a quantitative (iTRAQ) mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to the plasma membrane of the hyphal cells of S. parasitica, providing the first complete plasma membrane proteome of an oomycete species. Of significance is the identification of 65 proteins enriched in detergent-resistant microdomains (DRMs). In silico analysis showed that DRM-enriched proteins are mainly involved in molecular transport and β-1,3-glucan synthesis, potentially contributing to pathogenesis. Moreover, biochemical characterization of the glycosyltransferase activity in these microdomains further supported their role in β-1,3-glucan synthesis. Altogether, the knowledge gained in this study provides a basis for developing disease control measures targeting specific plasma membrane proteins in S. parasitica.IMPORTANCEThe significance of this research lies in its potential to combat saprolegniasis, a detrimental fish disease, which has resurged due to intensive fish farming and regulatory restrictions. By targeting enzymes responsible for cell wall synthesis in Saprolegnia parasitica, this study uncovers potential avenues for disease control. Particularly noteworthy is the identification of several proteins enriched in membrane microdomains, offering insights into molecular mechanisms potentially involved in pathogenesis. Understanding the role of these proteins provides a foundation for developing targeted disease control measures. Overall, this research holds promise for safeguarding the aquaculture industry against the challenges posed by saprolegniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mélida
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, CBH School, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Kappel
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, CBH School, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sadia Fida Ullah
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, CBH School, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, CBH School, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, CBH School, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yeon J, Park AR, Nguyen HTT, Gwak H, Kim J, Sang MK, Kim JC. Inhibition of Oomycetes by the Mixture of Maleic Acid and Copper Sulfate. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:960-965. [PMID: 34705489 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-21-1559-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the protective activity of the Bordeaux mixture against plant disease caused by oomycetes was discovered, copper compounds have been used for more than a century as an effective plant protection strategy. However, the application of excessive copper can cause adverse effects through long-term heavy metal accumulation in soils. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new strategies to reduce or replace copper in pesticides based on organic and low-input farming systems. Organic acids are eco-friendly. In this study, we tested the antifungal and anti-oomycete activity of maleic acid (MA) and copper sulfate (CS) against 13 plant pathogens. Treatment with a mixture of MA and CS showed strong anti-oomycetes activity against Phytophthora xcambivora, P. capsici, and P. cinnamomi. Moreover, the concentration of CS in the activated mixture of MA and CS was lower than that in the activated CS only, and the mixture showed synergy or partial synergy effects on the anti-oomycete activity. Application of a wettable powder formulation of MA and CS mixture (MCS 30WP; 26.67% MA and 3.33% CS) had excellent protective activity in pot experiments with control values of 73% Phytophthora blight on red pepper, 91% damping-off on cucumber, and 84% Pythium blight on creeping bentgrass, which are similar to those of the CS wettable powder formulation (6.67% CS) containing two times the CS content of MCS 30WP. These observations suggest that the synergistic effect of the MA and CS combination is a sustainable alternative for effective management of destructive oomycete diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jehyeong Yeon
- Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Ran Park
- Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanna Gwak
- Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Division of Agricultural Microbiology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agricultural & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Kyung Sang
- Division of Agricultural Microbiology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tandel RS, Dash P, Hussain Bhat RA, Thakuria D, Sawant PB, Pandey N, Chandra S, Chadha NK. Anti-oomycetes and immunostimulatory activity of natural plant extract compounds against Saprolegnia spp.: Molecular docking and in-vitro studies. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:65-81. [PMID: 33895254 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of five natural plant extract compounds Curcumin (CUR); Eugenol (EUG), Cinnamaldehyde (CIN), Stigmasterol (ST) and Morin (MOR), on two species of Saprolegnia; Saprolegnia parasitica and S. australis. Selective compounds were screened for the minimum inhibitory concentration, first for anti-oomycetes activity and then mycelium growth inhibition, spore germination inhibition and colonisation test. Nitric oxide production and myeloperoxidase activity of the compounds were tested in head kidney leukocytes of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss to assess the immunostimulatory potential. Molecular docking of effective compounds was carried out with effector proteins of S. parasitica to investigate the target binding sites. Among all, CUR could completely inhibit zoospore production and significantly (p ≤ .05) inhibit hyphal growth at 16 mg l-1 against S. parasitica and S. australis. CIN at the concentration of 50 mg l-1 completely inhibited hyphal growth of both Saprolegnia spp., although the zoospore production of S. parasitica and S. australis was reduced at 25 mg l-1 and 10 mg l-1. In the case of EUG, significant inhibition of the hyphal growth and germination of S. parasitica zoospores was observed at 50 mg l-1. ST and MOR did not show antioomycetes activity. The molecular docking results were consistent with in vitro studies, possibly due to the binding with the vital proteins (Plasma membrane ATPase, V-type proton ATPase, TKL protein kinase, Host targeting protein 1) of S. parasitica and ultimately inhibiting their activity. CUR and CIN showed increased nitric oxide production at the highest concentration of 250 and 256 mg l-1 but the value was not significant (p ≤ .05) with control. CUR showed significantly higher peroxidase activity (p ≤ .05) at a concentration of 256 mg l-1 though values were significantly similar with concentration from 16 to 128 mg l-1. The nitric oxide and total peroxidase activity of rainbow trout leukocytes in the case of CIN showed a significant difference only at 250 mg l-1 against the control. The results conclude that CUR, CIN showed the better anti-Saprolegnia activity and could be used as phyto-additives in aquaculture. Among all, the inclusion of CUR as phyto-additives will provide additional immunostimulatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Shantilal Tandel
- ICAR- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India; ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Andheri, Mumbai, 400036, India.
| | - Pragyan Dash
- ICAR- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Raja Aadil Hussain Bhat
- ICAR- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Dimpal Thakuria
- ICAR- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | | | - Nityanand Pandey
- ICAR- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Suresh Chandra
- ICAR- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar S, Mandal RS, Bulone V, Srivastava V. Identification of Growth Inhibitors of the Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica Using in silico Subtractive Proteomics, Computational Modeling, and Biochemical Validation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:571093. [PMID: 33178154 PMCID: PMC7596660 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.571093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Stramenopile species belonging to oomycetes from the genus Saprolegnia infect fish, amphibians, and crustaceans in aquaculture farms and natural ecosystems. Saprolegnia parasitica is one of the most severe fish pathogens, responsible for high losses in the aquaculture industry worldwide. Most of the molecules reported to date for the control of Saprolegnia infections either are inefficient or have negative impacts on the health of the fish hosts or the environment resulting in substantial economic losses. Until now, the whole proteome of S. parasitica has not been explored for a systematic screening of novel inhibitors against the pathogen. The present study was designed to develop a consensus computational framework for the identification of potential target proteins and their inhibitors and subsequent experimental validation of selected compounds. Comparative analysis between the proteomes of Saprolegnia, humans and fish species identified proteins that are specific and essential for the survival of the pathogen. The DrugBank database was exploited to select food and drug administration (FDA)-approved inhibitors whose high binding affinity to their respective protein targets was confirmed by computational modeling. At least six of the identified compounds significantly inhibited the growth of S. parasitica in vitro. Triclosan was found to be most effective with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC100) of 4 μg/ml. Optical microscopy showed that the inhibitors affect the morphology of hyphal cells, with hyper-branching being commonly observed. The inhibitory effects of the compounds identified in this study on Saprolegnia’s mycelial growth indicate that they are potentially usable for disease control against this class of oomycete pathogens. Similar approaches can be easily adopted for the identification of potential inhibitors against other plant and animal pathogenic oomycete infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Kumar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rahul Shubhra Mandal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The oomycetes are a class of ubiquitous, filamentous microorganisms that include some of the biggest threats to global food security and natural ecosystems. Within the oomycete class are highly diverse species that infect a broad range of animals and plants. Some of the most destructive plant pathogens are oomycetes, such as Phytophthora infestans, the agent of potato late blight and the cause of the Irish famine. Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the number of sequenced oomycete genomes. Here we review the latest developments in oomycete genomics and some of the important insights that have been gained. Coupled with proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, oomycete genome sequences have revealed tremendous insights into oomycete biology, evolution, genome organization, mechanisms of infection, and metabolism. We also present an updated phylogeny of the oomycete class using a phylogenomic approach based on the 65 oomycete genomes that are currently available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie McGowan
- Genome Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland; Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - David A Fitzpatrick
- Genome Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland; Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chahed A, Nesler A, Navazio L, Baldan B, Busato I, Ait Barka E, Pertot I, Puopolo G, Perazzolli M. The Rare Sugar Tagatose Differentially Inhibits the Growth of Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora cinnamomi by Interfering With Mitochondrial Processes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:128. [PMID: 32117150 PMCID: PMC7015900 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare sugars are monosaccharides with limited availability in nature and their biological functions are largely unknown. Among them, tagatose was developed as a low-calorie sweetener and showed beneficial effects on human health. Tagatose is metabolized by only certain microbial taxa and inhibits the growth of important crop pathogens (e.g., Phytophthora infestans), but its mode of action and the microbial responses are unknown. The aim of this study was to understand the tagatose mode of action against Phytophthora spp., with the final aim of developing new plant protection products. Tagatose inhibited P. infestans growth in vitro and caused severe ultrastructural alterations, with the formation of circular and concentric mitochondrial cristae. Decreased ATP content and reduced oxygen consumption rate (OCR) were found in tagatose-incubated P. infestans as compared to the control, with the consequent accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of genes related to apoptosis and oxidative stress response. On the other hand, tagatose did not, or only slightly, affect the growth, cellular ultrastructure and mitochondrial processes in Phytophthora cinnamomi, indicating a species-specific response to this rare sugar. The mode of action of tagatose against P. infestans was mainly based on the inhibition of mitochondrial processes and this rare sugar seems to be a promising active substance for the further development of eco-friendly fungicides, thanks to its anti-nutritional properties on some phytopathogens and low risk for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdessalem Chahed
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Biological Products for Agriculture (Bi-PA), Londerzeel, Belgium.,Department of Plant Induced Resistance and Bioprotection, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Andrea Nesler
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Biological Products for Agriculture (Bi-PA), Londerzeel, Belgium
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Botanical Garden, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Baldan
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Botanical Garden, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Isabella Busato
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Essaid Ait Barka
- Department of Plant Induced Resistance and Bioprotection, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shin S, Kulatunga DCM, Dananjaya SHS, Nikapitiya C, Lee J, De Zoysa M. Saprolegnia parasitica Isolated from Rainbow Trout in Korea: Characterization, Anti- Saprolegnia Activity and Host Pathogen Interaction in Zebrafish Disease Model. MYCOBIOLOGY 2017; 45:297-311. [PMID: 29371797 PMCID: PMC5780361 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2017.45.4.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Saprolegniasis is one of the most devastating oomycete diseases in freshwater fish which is caused by species in the genus Saprolegnia including Saprolegnia parasitica. In this study, we isolated the strain of S. parasitica from diseased rainbow trout in Korea. Morphological and molecular based identification confirmed that isolated oomycete belongs to the member of S. parasitica, supported by its typical features including cotton-like mycelium, zoospores and phylogenetic analysis with internal transcribed spacer region. Pathogenicity of isolated S. parasitica was developed in embryo, juvenile, and adult zebrafish as a disease model. Host-pathogen interaction in adult zebrafish was investigated at transcriptional level. Upon infection with S. parasitica, pathogen/antigen recognition and signaling (TLR2, TLR4b, TLR5b, NOD1, and major histocompatibility complex class I), pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-6, IL-8, interferon γ, IL-12, and IL-10), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP9 and MMP13), cell surface molecules (CD8+ and CD4+) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase) related genes were differentially modulated at 3- and 12-hr post infection. As an anti-Saprolegnia agent, plant based lawsone was applied to investigate on the susceptibility of S. parasitica showing the minimum inhibitory concentration and percentage inhibition of radial growth as 200 μg/mL and 31.8%, respectively. Moreover, natural lawsone changed the membrane permeability of S. parasitica mycelium and caused irreversible damage and disintegration to the cellular membranes of S. parasitica. Transcriptional responses of the genes of S. parasitica mycelium exposed to lawsone were altered, indicating that lawsone could be a potential anti-S. parasitica agent for controlling S. parasitica infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangyeop Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - D C M Kulatunga
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - S H S Dananjaya
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Chamilani Nikapitiya
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tomada S, Sonego P, Moretto M, Engelen K, Pertot I, Perazzolli M, Puopolo G. Dual RNA-Seq of Lysobacter capsici
AZ78 - Phytophthora infestans
interaction shows the implementation of attack strategies by the bacterium and unsuccessful oomycete defense responses. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4113-4125. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Selena Tomada
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); San Michele all'Adige Italy
- Agricultural Science and Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences; University of Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Department of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); San Michele all'Adige Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Department of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); San Michele all'Adige Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- Department of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); San Michele all'Adige Italy
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); San Michele all'Adige Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment; University of Trento; San Michele all'Adige Italy
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); San Michele all'Adige Italy
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); San Michele all'Adige Italy
| |
Collapse
|