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Han Y, Liu Z, Lu L, Wang B, Li W, Yuan X, Ding J, Zhang H, Liu J. Tetrabromobisphenol A reduces male rats reproductive organ coefficients and disrupting sexual hormone by causing oxidative stress. Toxicology 2024; 505:153837. [PMID: 38763426 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) has become a topic of public attention due to its pervasive detection in the environment and organisms in recent decades. However, limited information is available regarding the toxicity of TBBPA on reproductive ability of male mammals. Herein, the reproductive toxicity of TBBPA was investigated in male rats to fill the knowledge gap. In this study, male rats were exposed to TBBPA (0, 10, 100, and 1000 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. Subsequently, body and organ indexes, histopathological evaluation of testis and epididymis, ultrastructural observation of sperm, testosterone and progesterone levels, and oxidative stress indicators were conducted to reveal corresponding mechanisms. Results obtained showed that compare to the control group, the body weight, testes weight, epididymis weight, seminal vesicle and coagulation glands weight of rats in the 1000 mg/kg group lost 8.30%, 16.84%, 20.16%, 19.72% and 26.42%, respectively. Intriguingly, exposure to TBBPA (10, 100, 100 mg/kg) resulted in substantial pathological damage in testis, epididymis and sperm. TBBPA exposure also increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents, as well as superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in testicular tissue. What's more, the testosterone and progesterone levels in male rat serum were significantly decreased after exposure to TBBPA for 6 weeks. Meanwhile, results of molecular docking showed that TBBPA has a strong affinity with estrogen receptors (ERs). These findings demonstrated that TBBPA exposure negatively impacts the reproductive ability of male rats, thus providing new insights for risk assessment for reproductive health under TBBPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Liping Lu
- School of Public Health Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Binhao Wang
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Wenbing Li
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xia Yuan
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jiafeng Ding
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
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Suzuki H, Makino W, Takahashi S, Urabe J. Assessment of toxic effects of imidacloprid on freshwater zooplankton: An experimental test for 27 species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172378. [PMID: 38604362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The neonicotinoid pesticide imidacloprid has been used worldwide since 1992. As one of the most important chemicals used in pest control, there have been concerns that its run-off into rivers and lakes could adversely affect aquatic ecosystems, where zooplankton play a central role in the energy flow from primary to higher trophic levels. However, studies assessing the effects of pesticides at the species level have relied on a Daphnia-centric approach, and no studies have been conducted using species-level assessments on a broad range of zooplankton taxa. In the present study, we therefore investigated the acute toxicity of imidacloprid on 27 freshwater crustacean zooplankton (18 cladocerans, 3 calanoid copepods and 6 cyclopoid copepods). The experiment showed that a majority of calanoid copepods and cladocerans were not affected at all by imidacloprid, with the exception of one species each of Ceriodaphnia and Diaphasoma, while all six cyclopoid copepods showed high mortality rates, even at concentrations of imidacloprid typically found in nature. In addition, we found a remarkable intra-taxonomic variation in susceptibility to this chemical. As many cyclopoid copepods are omnivorous, they act as predators as well as competitors with other zooplankton. Accordingly, their susceptibility to imidacloprid is likely to cause different responses at the community level through changes in predation pressure as well as changes in competitive interactions. The present results demonstrate the need for species-level assessments of various zooplankton taxa to understand the complex responses of aquatic communities to pesticide disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Wataru Makino
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shinji Takahashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jotaro Urabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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Liu F, Cao X, Tian F, Jiang J, Lin K, Cheng J, Hu X. Continuous and discontinuous multi-generational disturbances of tetrabromobisphenol A on longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 251:114522. [PMID: 36628875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is one of the most prevalently used brominated flame retardants. Due to its persistence, it is predominantly found in environmental matrices and has the potential to generate multi-generational toxicity. However, knowledge of its adaptive response or long-term residual effect in multi-generations, and molecular mechanisms remain understudied. In the current study, the model animal nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was exposed to TBBPA at environmentally realistic concentrations (0.1-1000 μg L-1) for four consecutive generations (G0 to G3). Degenerative age-related multiple endpoints including lifespan, locomotion behaviors, growth, reproduction, oxidative stress-related biochemical responses, cell apoptosis, and stress related gene expressions were assessed in the continuous exposure generations (G0 and G3) and the discontinuously exposed generations (T3 and T'3). The results showed that changes in degenerative age-related response monitored four generations varied in direction and magnitude depending on the TBBPA concentrations, and the response intensify ranked as G0 > T'3/G3 > T3. TBBPA at 1 μg L-1 dosage was detected as the lowest observed effect concentration in multi-biomarkers. The underlying mechanism of aging phenotypes was that reactive oxygen species accumulation led to cell apoptosis regulated by gene ape-1, and confirmed catalase enzyme and superoxide dismutase activity played a crucial role in the detoxification process of TBBPA at the molecular level. This study provided insights into the underlying mechanism of TBBPA-interfered longevity and its environmental multi-generational potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuwen Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xue Cao
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Fuxiang Tian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Jingxian Jiang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junjie Cheng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.
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Zhang Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang X, Sun Y. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Hexabromocyclododecane in Marine Biota from China: A Review. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10100620. [PMID: 36287900 PMCID: PMC9610277 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants for its persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, and pose significant adverse effects on natural environments and human health. HBCDs are ubiquitously found in marine environments worldwide and can be biomagnified in marine organisms with a high trophic level. In the present study, we reviewed the available data on contamination of HBCDs in the marine biota from China, including mollusks, crustaceans, fish and mammals. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of HBCDs in the marine food web were summarized as well. This study also prospected the future research of HBCDs, including the transport and fluxes of HBCDs to and within the marine environment, the biomagnification of HBCDs in different ecosystems, and the metabolism of HBCDs in different marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Yafeng Zhang
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Yezi Chen
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Xutao Wang
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou 510611, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Khabib MNH, Sivasanku Y, Lee HB, Kumar S, Kue CS. Alternative animal models in predictive toxicology. Toxicology 2022; 465:153053. [PMID: 34838596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity testing relies heavily on animals, especially rodents as part of the non-clinical laboratory testing of substances. However, the use of mammalians and the number of animals employed in research has become a concern for institutional ethics committees. Toxicity testing involving rodents and other mammals is laborious and costly. Alternatively, non-rodent models are used as replacement, as they have less ethical considerations and are cost-effective. Of the many alternative models that can be used as replacement models, which ones can be used in predictive toxicology? What is the correlation between these models and rodents? Are there standardized protocols governing the toxicity testing of these commonly used predictive models? This review outlines the common alternative animal models for predictive toxicology to address the importance of these models, the challenges, and their standard testing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nur Hamizan Khabib
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yogeethaa Sivasanku
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hong Boon Lee
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University Lakesike Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Siang Kue
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Tapia-Salazar M, Diaz-Sosa VR, Cardenas-Chavez DL. Toxicological effect and enzymatic disorder of non-studied emerging contaminants in Artemia salina model. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:210-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Liu F, Zaman WQ, Peng H, Li C, Cao X, Huang K, Cui C, Zhang W, Lin K, Luo Q. Ecotoxicity of Caenorhabditis elegans following a step and repeated chronic exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:273-281. [PMID: 30453175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), its effects on the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans were investigated. Following a step and repeated chronic exposure from L4-larvae to day-10 adult, physiology endpoints (growth and locomotion behaviors including head thrashes, body bends and pumping rate), biochemical endpoints (reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase activity, catalase activity), and molecular stress-related gene expression were tested at environmentally relevant concentrations of TBBPA (0.01-100 µg/L). The results showed that concentrations of TBBPA greater than 10 µg/L, clearly influenced the physiology behaviors (growth and locomotion endpoints). Under repeated exposure, C. elegans exhibited adaptive responses in head thrashes and pumping rate. Compared to toxicity evaluation following repeated chronic exposure, a significantly greater response was induced at the same concentration following a step chronic exposure. Reactive oxygen species production was significantly enhanced following a step and repeated TBBPA exposure at the concentrations of 1 and 10 µg/L, respectively. qRT-PCR showed that ctl-1, ctl-2, ctl-3 and sod-3 expression significantly increased, which was obviously correlated with physiological and biochemical behaviors under both treatment conditions according to Pearson correlation test analysis. sod-3 and ctl-2 mutations were more sensitive than the wild-type N2 under a step chronic TBBPA exposure at a level of 10 µg/L. Thus, chronic exposure to TBBPA induces an oxidative stress response in C. elegans, with ctl-2 and sod-3 playing a vital role in TBBPA-induced toxicity in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuwen Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Waqas Qamar Zaman
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hongjiang Peng
- Branch of Shanghai, Longking Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200331, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xue Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kai Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Changzheng Cui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Qishi Luo
- Branch of Shanghai, Yonker Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200051, China.
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Lin W, Li X, Yang M, Lee K, Chen B, Zhang BH. Brominated Flame Retardants, Microplastics, and Biocides in the Marine Environment: Recent Updates of Occurrence, Analysis, and Impacts. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 81:167-211. [PMID: 30471656 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) may pose adverse effects on the marine ecosystem and human health. Based on the analysis of publications filed in recent years, this paper provides a comprehensive overview on three prominent groups of ECs, i.e., brominated flame retardants, microplastics, and biocides. It includes detailed discussions on: (1) the occurrence of ECs in seawater, sediment, and biota; (2) analytical detection and monitoring approaches for these target ECs; and (3) the biological impacts of the ECs on humans and other trophic levels. This review provides a summary of recent advances in the field and remaining knowledge gaps to address, to enable the assessment of risk and support the development of regulations and mitigation technologies for the control of ECs in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Lin
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Xixi Li
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Min Yang
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Ecosystem Science, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bing Chen
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Baiyu Helen Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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Dong H, Lu G, Yan Z, Liu J, Yang H, Nkoom M. Bioconcentration and effects of hexabromocyclododecane exposure in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:313-324. [PMID: 29404869 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As a cycloaliphatic brominated flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) has been widely used in building thermal insulation and fireproof materials. However, there is little information on the bioconcentration as well as effects with respect to HBCD exposure in the aquatic environment. To investigate the bioconcentration of HBCD in tissues (muscle and liver) and its biochemical and behavioural effects, juvenile crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were exposed to different concentrations of technical HBCD (nominal concentrations, 2, 20, 200 μg/L) for 7 days, using a flow-through exposure system. HBCD was found to concentrate in the liver and muscle with a terminal concentration of 0.60 ± 0.22 μg/g lw (lipid weight) and 0.18 ± 0.02 μg/g lw, respectively, at an environmentally-relevant concentration (2 μg/L). The total thyroxine and total triiodothyronine in the fish plasma were lowered as a result of exposure to the HBCD. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain was increased, while swimming activity was inhibited and shoaling inclination was enhanced after exposure to 200 μg/L HBCD. Feeding rate was suppressed in the 20 and 200 μg/L treatment groups. In summary, HBCD concentrations 10-100× higher than the current environmentally-relevant exposures induced adverse effects in the fish species tested in this study. These results suggest that increasing environmental concentrations and/or species with higher sensitivity than carp might be adversely affected by HBCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huike Dong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China.
- Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, 860000, Linzhi, China.
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Haohan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Matthew Nkoom
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
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Shi D, Lv D, Liu W, Shen R, Li D, Hong H. Accumulation and developmental toxicity of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) on the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:155-162. [PMID: 27718427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, widely distributed in aquatic systems including the marine environment and marine organisms. HBCDs are toxic to the development of both freshwater and marine fish. However, the impacts of HBCDs on marine invertebrates are not well known. In this study, the marine copepod, Tigriopus japonicus, was used to assess the bioaccumulation and developmental toxicity of technical HBCD (tHBCD) through water-borne exposure. The uptake rate constant of tHBCD by T. japonicus was high, which resulted in high bioaccumulation potential. The bioconcentration factors of tHBCD were 8.73 × 104 and 6.34 × 104 L kg-1 in T. japonicus, calculated using the kinetic and steady-state methods, respectively. Exposure of T. japonicus nauplii to tHBCD caused significant growth delay. The lowest-observable-effect-concentrations of tHBCD induced developmental delay were 30 and 8 μg L-1 for the F0 and F1 generations, respectively, which suggested that the F1 generation was more sensitive to tHBCD than the F0 generation and warranted multiple-generation toxicity tests for future studies. Furthermore, exposure of the adult copepods to tHBCD induced the transcription of oxidative stress response genes and apoptotic genes, e.g., SOD,CAT, GST, OGG1, P53 and Caspase-3. It was therefore speculated that tHBCD exposure induced the generation of reactive oxygen species in T. japonicus, which activated the oxidative stress defense genes and meanwhile resulted in oxidative DNA damage. The damaged DNA activated the transcription of p53 and triggered the caspase-mediated apoptosis pathway, which may be the reason for the tHBCD induced developmental delay in T. japonicus nauplii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Dongmei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wanxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Rong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Haizheng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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