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Kaur M, Bhat SH, Tiwari R, Kale P, Tripathi DM, Sarin SK, Kaur S, Singh N. Rapid Electrochemical Detection of Bacterial Sepsis in Cirrhotic Patients: A Microscaffold-Based Approach for Early Intervention. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4925-4932. [PMID: 38471137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a dysregulated inflammatory response leading to multiple organ failure. Current methods of sepsis detection are time-consuming, involving nonspecific clinical signs, biomarkers, and blood cultures. Hence, efficient and rapid sepsis detection platforms are of utmost need for immediate antibiotic treatment. In the current study, a noninvasive rapid monitoring electrochemical sensing (ECS) platform was developed for the detection and classification of plasma samples of patients with liver cirrhosis by measuring the current peak shifts using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. A total of 61 hospitalized cirrhotic patients with confirmed (culture-positive) or suspected (culture-negative) sepsis were enrolled. The presence of bacteria in the plasma was observed by growth kinetics, and for rapidness, the samples were co-encapsulated in microscaffolds with carbon nanodots that were sensitive enough to detect redox changes occurring due to the change in the pH of the surrounding medium, causing shifts in current peaks in the voltammograms within 2 h. The percentage area under the curve for confirmed infections was 94 and that with suspected cases was 87 in comparison to 69 and 71 with PCT, respectively. Furthermore, the charge was measured for class identification. The charge for LPS-absent bacteria ranged from -400 to -600 μC, whereas the charge for LPS-containing bacteria class ranged from -290 to -300 μC. Thus, the developed cost-effective system was sensitive enough to detect and identify bacterial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manleen Kaur
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sadam H Bhat
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Rajnish Tiwari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Pratibha Kale
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Dinesh M Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Savneet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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An automated microfluidic system with one-dimensional beads array for multiplexed torch detection at point-of-care testing. Biomed Microdevices 2022; 24:38. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-022-00629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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3
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Hammond RJH, Falconer K, Powell T, Bowness R, Gillespie SH. A simple label-free method reveals bacterial growth dynamics and antibiotic action in real-time. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19393. [PMID: 36371444 PMCID: PMC9653415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the response of bacteria to environmental stress is hampered by the relative insensitivity of methods to detect growth. This means studies of antibiotic resistance and other physiological methods often take 24 h or longer. We developed and tested a scattered light and detection system (SLIC) to address this challenge, establishing the limit of detection, and time to positive detection of the growth of small inocula. We compared the light-scattering of bacteria grown in varying high and low nutrient liquid medium and the growth dynamics of two closely related organisms. Scattering data was modelled using Gompertz and Broken Stick equations. Bacteria were also exposed meropenem, gentamicin and cefoxitin at a range of concentrations and light scattering of the liquid culture was captured in real-time. We established the limit of detection for SLIC to be between 10 and 100 cfu mL-1 in a volume of 1-2 mL. Quantitative measurement of the different nutrient effects on bacteria were obtained in less than four hours and it was possible to distinguish differences in the growth dynamics of Klebsiella pneumoniae 1705 possessing the BlaKPC betalactamase vs. strain 1706 very rapidly. There was a dose dependent difference in the speed of action of each antibiotic tested at supra-MIC concentrations. The lethal effect of gentamicin and lytic effect of meropenem, and slow bactericidal effect of cefoxitin were demonstrated in real time. Significantly, strains that were sensitive to antibiotics could be identified in seconds. This research demonstrates the critical importance of improving the sensitivity of bacterial detection. This results in more rapid assessment of susceptibility and the ability to capture a wealth of data on the growth dynamics of bacteria. The rapid rate at which killing occurs at supra-MIC concentrations, an important finding that needs to be incorporated into pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models. Importantly, enhanced sensitivity of bacterial detection opens the possibility of susceptibility results being reportable clinically in a few minutes, as we have demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. H. Hammond
- grid.11914.3c0000 0001 0721 1626Division of Infection and Global Health, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Oxford, UK
| | - Kerry Falconer
- grid.11914.3c0000 0001 0721 1626Division of Infection and Global Health, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Powell
- grid.11914.3c0000 0001 0721 1626Division of Infection and Global Health, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth Bowness
- grid.7340.00000 0001 2162 1699Department of Mathematical Sciences, Centre for Mathematical Biology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Stephen H. Gillespie
- grid.11914.3c0000 0001 0721 1626Division of Infection and Global Health, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Oxford, UK
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4
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Advances in Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Using Sensors and Biosensors: A Review. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9080232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use and mismanagement of antibiotics over the last eight decades have led to one of the main challenges humanity will have to face in the next twenty years in terms of public health and economy, i.e., antimicrobial resistance. One of the key approaches to tackling antimicrobial resistance is clinical, livestock, and environmental surveillance applying methods capable of effectively identifying antimicrobial non-susceptibility as well as genes that promote resistance. Current clinical laboratory practices involve conventional culture-based antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) methods, taking over 24 h to find out which medication should be prescribed to treat the infection. Although there are techniques that provide rapid resistance detection, it is necessary to have new tools that are easy to operate, are robust, sensitive, specific, and inexpensive. Chemical sensors and biosensors are devices that could have the necessary characteristics for the rapid diagnosis of resistant microorganisms and could provide crucial information on the choice of antibiotic (or other antimicrobial medicines) to be administered. This review provides an overview on novel biosensing strategies for the phenotypic and genotypic determination of antimicrobial resistance and a perspective on the use of these tools in modern health-care and environmental surveillance.
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Developing Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Motile/Non-Motile Bacteria Treated with Antibiotics Covering Five Bactericidal Mechanisms on the Basis of Bead-Based Optical Diffusometry. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10110181. [PMID: 33228090 PMCID: PMC7699397 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is an effective measure in the treatment of infections and the prevention of bacterial drug resistance. However, diverse antibiotic types and bacterial characteristics have formed complicated barriers to rapid diagnosis. To counteract these limitations, we investigated the interactions between antibiotic-treated bacteria and functionalized microbeads in optical diffusometry. The conjugation with bacteria increased the effective microbead complex size, thereby resulting in a temporal diffusivity change. The yielded data were sorted and analyzed to delineate a pattern for the prediction of antimicrobial susceptibility. The outcome showed that a completed rapid AST based on the trend of microbead diffusivity could provide results within 3 h (2 h measurement + 1 h computation). In this research, we studied four bacterial strains, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus, and six antibiotics. Despite the different inhibitory effects caused by various antibiotics, similar trends in diffusivity alteration for all susceptible and resistant cases in the last 40 min of the 2-h measurement period were deduced. In addition, the AST results obtained using optical diffusometry showed good agreement with those acquired from the commercial instrument and conventional culture methods. Finally, we conducted a single-blinded clinical test, and the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the system reached 92.9%, 91.4%, and 91.8%, respectively. Overall, the developed optical diffusometry showcased rapid AST with a small sample volume (20 μL) and low initial bacterial count (105 CFU/mL). This technique provided a promising way to achieve early therapy against microbial diseases in the future.
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Innovative and rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:299-311. [PMID: 32055026 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to human health worldwide, and the rapid detection and quantification of resistance, combined with antimicrobial stewardship, are key interventions to combat the spread and emergence of AMR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) systems are the collective set of diagnostic processes that facilitate the phenotypic and genotypic assessment of AMR and antibiotic susceptibility. Over the past 30 years, only a few high-throughput AST methods have been developed and widely implemented. By contrast, several studies have established proof of principle for various innovative AST methods, including both molecular-based and genome-based methods, which await clinical trials and regulatory review. In this Review, we discuss the current state of AST systems in the broadest technical, translational and implementation-related scope.
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Wang JC, Tung YC, Ichiki K, Sakamoto H, Yang TH, Suye SI, Chuang HS. Culture-free detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by using self-driving diffusometric DNA nanosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 148:111817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Sun H, Chan CW, Wang Y, Yao X, Mu X, Lu X, Zhou J, Cai Z, Ren K. Reliable and reusable whole polypropylene plastic microfluidic devices for a rapid, low-cost antimicrobial susceptibility test. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2915-2924. [PMID: 31369010 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00502a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Using an antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) as an example, this work demonstrates a practical method to fabricate microfluidic chips entirely from polypropylene (PP) and the benefits for potential commercial use. Primarily caused by the misuse and abuse of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to modern medicine. The AST is a promising technique to help with the optimal use of antibiotics for reducing AMR. However, current phenotypic ASTs suffer from long turnaround time, while genotypic ASTs suffer from low reliability, and both are unaffordable for routine use. New microfluidics based AST methods are rapid but still unreliable as well as costly due to the PDMS chip material. Herein, we demonstrate a convenient method to fabricate whole PP microfluidic chips with high resolution and fidelity. Unlike PDMS chips, the whole PP chips showed better reliability due to their inertness; they are solvent-compatible and can be conveniently reused and recycled, which largely decreases the cost, and are environmentally friendly. We specially designed 3D chambers that allow for quick cell loading without valving/liquid exchange; this new hydrodynamic design satisfies the shear stress requirement for on-chip bacterial culture, which, compared to reported designs for similar purposes, allows for a simpler, more rapid, and high-throughput operation. Our system allows for reliable tracking of individual cells and acquisition of AST results within 1-3 hours, which is among the group of fastest phenotypic methods. The PP chips are more reliable and affordable than PDMS chips, providing a practical solution to improve current culture-based AST and benefiting the fight against AMR through helping doctors prescribe effective, narrow-spectrum antibiotics; they will also be broadly useful for other applications wherein a reliable, solvent-resistant, anti-fouling, and affordable microfluidic chip is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chiu-Wing Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yisu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiao Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Xuedong Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kow-loon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kangning Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. and HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Rd, Kow-loon, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Abstract
Botulinum is a deadly bacterial toxin that causes neuroparalytic disease. However, appropriate tools to detect trace toxic proteins are scarce. This study presents a bead-based diffusometric technique for the rapid, simple, and quantitative detection of biological toxins. Functionalized particles called nano-immunosensors were fabricated by forming sandwiched immunocomplexes comprising Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), toxic proteins, and antibodies on fluorescent probe particles. Particle diffusivity tended to decline with increasing concentration of the target proteins. Calibration curves of purified botulinum toxins (0.01-500 ng/mL) were obtained from whole milk and bovine serum, and results suggested that measurement was independent of the background matrix. The activity of botulinum toxin was evaluated by coating synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) on fluorescent probe particles. AuNP-conjugated antibodies attached to the probe particles when SNAP-25 proteins were cleaved by active botulinum. Thus, toxicity could be detected from slight changes in diffusivity. A short measurement time of 2 min and a limit of detection of 10 pg/mL were achieved. The nano-immunosensors demonstrated rapid biosensing capability and met the demands of onsite screening for food safety, medical instrument hygiene, and cosmetic surgery products.
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Adaptable microfluidic system for single-cell pathogen classification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10270-10279. [PMID: 31068473 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819569116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens remain one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Rapid microbiological analysis is required for prompt treatment of bacterial infections and to facilitate antibiotic stewardship. This study reports an adaptable microfluidic system for rapid pathogen classification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) at the single-cell level. By incorporating tunable microfluidic valves along with real-time optical detection, bacteria can be trapped and classified according to their physical shape and size for pathogen classification. By monitoring their growth in the presence of antibiotics at the single-cell level, antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacteria can be determined in as little as 30 minutes compared with days required for standard procedures. The microfluidic system is able to detect bacterial pathogens in urine, blood cultures, and whole blood and can analyze polymicrobial samples. We pilot a study of 25 clinical urine samples to demonstrate the clinical applicability of the microfluidic system. The platform demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 83.33% for pathogen classification and achieved 100% concordance for AST.
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11
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Chen CJ, Chen WL, Phong PH, Chuang HS. Investigation of Micro-volume Viscosity with Janus Microbeads Based on Rotational Brownian Motion. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19051217. [PMID: 30857368 PMCID: PMC6427369 DOI: 10.3390/s19051217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viscosity is an important property of liquids. A viscosity change of aqueous substances that deviates from their normal levels usually implies a compromise in quality due to degradation or microorganism proliferation. Monitoring of macro-scale viscosity can be simply realized by various conventional tools, such as rotational viscometers, capillary tubes, falling bodies, and so forth. Nevertheless, today, micro-volume viscosity measurement remains a challenging endeavor, resulting in rare, expensive, or difficult-to-obtain samples not very well studied. For this reason, a novel technique for micro-viscosity based on rotational Brownian motion is presented in this paper. Janus microbeads were made by coating fluorescent polystyrene beads with gold film. Taking advantage of the bead configuration of half gold/half fluorescence, the rotational Brownian signal was expressed in terms of blinking fluorescent intensity. The characteristic correlation time was derived from the blinking intensity of trace amounts of a selected medium over a certain time period, and results were correlated with viscosity. Given a volume of only 2 μL for each measurement, calibration of a series of glycerol–water mixtures (100%–1% (v/v) water content) yielded good agreement with the expected viscosity predictions over the range of 0.8–574.8 cP. Five common oil products, including lubricant oil, baby oil, food oil, olive oil, and motor oil, were further investigated to demonstrate the feasibility and practicability of the proposed technique. Data measured by the rotational Brownian motion-based diffusometer were comparable with those measured by a commercial rotational viscometer. The method also explicitly showed viscosity degradation after the oils were heated at a high temperature of over 100 °C for 10 min. Evaluation proved the proposed Janus microbead-enabled rotational diffusometric technique to be a promising approach for rapid and micro-scale viscosity measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jui Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Long Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Pham Hong Phong
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 1000, Vietnam.
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 1000, Vietnam.
| | - Han-Sheng Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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Volbers D, Stierle VK, Ditzel KJ, Aschauer J, Rädler JO, Opitz M, Paulitschke P. Interference Disturbance Analysis Enables Single-Cell Level Growth and Mobility Characterization for Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:643-651. [PMID: 30525694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To support the emerging battle against antimicrobial resistance (AMR), detection methods that allow fast and accurate antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) are urgently needed. The early identification and application of an appropriate antibiotic treatment leads to lower mortality rates and substantial cost savings and prevents the development of resistant pathogens. In this work, we present a diffraction-based method, which is capable of quantitative bacterial growth, mobility, and susceptibility measurements. The method is based on the temporal analysis of the intensity of a light diffraction peak, which arises due to interference at a periodic pattern of gold nanostructures. The presence of bacteria disturbs the constructive interference, leading to an intensity decrease and thus allows the monitoring of bacterial growth in very low volumes. We demonstrate the direct correlation of the decrease in diffraction peak intensity with bacterial cell number starting from single cells and show the capability for rapid high-throughput AST measurements by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration for three different antimicrobials in less than 2-3 h as well as the susceptibility in less than 30-40 min. Furthermore, bacterial mobility is obtained from short-term fluctuations of the diffraction peak intensity and is shown to decrease by a factor of 3 during bacterial attachment to a surface. This multiparameter detection method allows for rapid AST of planktonic and of biofilm-forming bacterial strains in low volumes and in real-time without the need of high initial cell numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Volbers
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz1 , München D-80539 , Germany
| | - Valentin K Stierle
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz1 , München D-80539 , Germany
| | - Konstantin J Ditzel
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz1 , München D-80539 , Germany
| | - Julian Aschauer
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz1 , München D-80539 , Germany
| | - Joachim O Rädler
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz1 , München D-80539 , Germany
| | - Madeleine Opitz
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz1 , München D-80539 , Germany
| | - Philipp Paulitschke
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz1 , München D-80539 , Germany
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13
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Phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing of pathogenic bacteria using photonic readout methods: recent achievements and impact. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:549-566. [PMID: 30443798 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of antibiotic resistances in common pathogens is an increasing challenge for therapy of infections and especially severe complications like sepsis. To prevent administration of broad-spectrum and potentially non-effective antibiotics, the susceptibility spectrum of the pathogens underlying the infection has to be determined. Current phenotypic standard methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) require the isolation of pathogens from the patient and the subsequent culturing in the presence of antibiotics leading to results only after 24-72 h. Since the early initialization of an effective antibiotic therapy is crucial for positive treatment result in severe infections, faster methods of AST are urgently needed. A large number of different assay systems are currently tested for their practicability for fast detection of antibiotic resistance profiles. They can be divided into genotypic ones which detect the presence of certain genes or gene products associated with resistances and phenotypic assays which determine the effect of antibiotics on the pathogens. In this mini-review, we summarize current developments in fast phenotypic tests that use photonic approaches and critically discuss their status. We further outline steps that are required to bring these assays into clinical practice.
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14
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Wang JC, Chi SW, Yang TH, Chuang HS. Label-Free Monitoring of Microorganisms and Their Responses to Antibiotics Based on Self-Powered Microbead Sensors. ACS Sens 2018; 3:2182-2190. [PMID: 30221509 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of bacteria and their susceptibility to specific antibiotics plays a vital role in microbial infection treatments. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is a common measure to select effective drugs. However, the conventional practices, such as broth dilution, E-test, and disk diffusion, in clinical applications require a long turnaround time (∼3 days), thereby compromising treatments and increasing mortality. This study presents self-powered sensors for on-site microorganism monitoring and rapid AST based on functionalized microbeads. The microbead sensors are driven by Brownian motion, rendering external power unnecessary. Fluorescent microbeads ( dp = 2 μm) were coated with vancomycin to capture bacteria. The growth and responses of Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus under antibiotic treatment were evaluated. The method showed stable selective binding despite the presence of some interferential substances, such as proteins and cells. Diffusivity change was strongly related to bacterial concentration. Accordingly, the diffusivity values of microbeads bound with motile and nonmotile bacteria exhibited specific patterns because of extra motility from microbes and increased particle diameter. Only a drop of microbead-bacteria suspension (∼5 μL) was needed in a microchip for each measurement. The microchip provided a steady environment for measurement over a few hours. By distinguishing the slope of the last four data points in the temporal diffusivity curve, bacterial susceptibility or resistance to specific antibiotics could be determined within a time frame of 2 h. The study provides insights into saving more lives by using a fast and robust AST technique in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Cheng Wang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan 710
| | | | - Tai-Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan 701
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15
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Kara V, Duan C, Gupta K, Kurosawa S, Stearns-Kurosawa DJ, Ekinci KL. Microfluidic detection of movements of Escherichia coli for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:743-753. [PMID: 29387860 PMCID: PMC5829026 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Various nanomechanical movements of bacteria provide a signature of bacterial viability. Most notably, bacterial movements have been observed to subside rapidly and dramatically when the bacteria are exposed to effective antibiotics. Thus, monitoring bacterial movements, if performed with high fidelity, could offer a path to various clinical microbiological applications, including antibiotic susceptibility tests. Here, we introduce a robust and ultrasensitive electrical transduction technique for detecting the nanomechanical movements of bacteria. The technique is based on measuring the electrical fluctuations in a microfluidic channel, which the bacteria populate. The swimming of planktonic bacteria and the random oscillations of surface-immobilized bacteria both cause small but detectable electrical fluctuations. We show that this technique provides enough sensitivity to detect even the slightest movements of a single cell; we also demonstrate an antibiotic susceptibility test in a biological matrix. Given that it lends itself to smooth integration with other microfluidic methods and devices, the technique can be developed into a functional antibiotic susceptibility test, in particular, for urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vural Kara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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16
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Chandra A, Singh N. Bacterial growth sensing in microgels using pH-dependent fluorescence emission. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1643-1646. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08678d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fast sensing of bacterial growth and antibiotic resistance by observing pH variation in microgels encapsulating bacteria and carbon dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Chandra
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas
- India
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas
- India
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar
- India
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17
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Fröding I, Vondracek M, Giske CG. Rapid EUCAST disc diffusion testing of MDR Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: inhibition zones for extended-spectrum cephalosporins can be reliably read after 6 h of incubation. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:1094-1102. [PMID: 27999046 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The need for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing increases with escalating levels of antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. Our objective was to evaluate the accuracy of reading EUCAST disc diffusion, ROSCO ESBL and carbapenemase detection kits and the Mast Carbapenemase Activity Test (CAT-ID) disc, after 6 h of incubation. Methods We used a collection of 128 isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae with a wide variety of resistance mechanisms. Inhibition zones read from digital photo images with the BD Kiestra™ Total Lab Automation System after 6 h of incubation were compared with standard reading, after 18 h, of the same Mueller-Hinton agar plates. Results For WT isolates, zones were generally smaller at 6 h than at 18 h. Cefotaxime had excellent categorical agreement of 99%, despite the high number of challenge isolates. However, for some other antimicrobials, hetero-resistant subpopulations were commonly invisible at 6 h, which resulted in an unacceptable number of errors when using standard EUCAST breakpoints. Accurate ESBL detection was possible at 6 h for isolates lacking other β-lactamases. Carbapenemase detection was not reliable after 6 h. Conclusions Inhibition zone reading at 6 h is an accurate method for susceptibility testing of extended-spectrum cephalosporins for Enterobacteriaceae. For other antimicrobials, 6 h reading can be used for preliminary reports of clearly resistant or susceptible isolates, preferably with application of adjusted breakpoints including an area of uncertainty between susceptible and resistant values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Fröding
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Vondracek
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian G Giske
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Li Y, Yang X, Zhao W. Emerging Microtechnologies and Automated Systems for Rapid Bacterial Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing. SLAS Technol 2017; 22:585-608. [PMID: 28850804 DOI: 10.1177/2472630317727519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid bacterial identification (ID) and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) are in great demand due to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria. Conventional culture-based AST methods suffer from a long turnaround time. By necessity, physicians often have to treat patients empirically with antibiotics, which has led to an inappropriate use of antibiotics, an elevated mortality rate and healthcare costs, and antibiotic resistance. Recent advances in miniaturization and automation provide promising solutions for rapid bacterial ID/AST profiling, which will potentially make a significant impact in the clinical management of infectious diseases and antibiotic stewardship in the coming years. In this review, we summarize and analyze representative emerging micro- and nanotechnologies, as well as automated systems for bacterial ID/AST, including both phenotypic (e.g., microfluidic-based bacterial culture, and digital imaging of single cells) and molecular (e.g., multiplex PCR, hybridization probes, nanoparticles, synthetic biology tools, mass spectrometry, and sequencing technologies) methods. We also discuss representative point-of-care (POC) systems that integrate sample processing, fluid handling, and detection for rapid bacterial ID/AST. Finally, we highlight major remaining challenges and discuss potential future endeavors toward improving clinical outcomes with rapid bacterial ID/AST technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Li
- 1 Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,7 Department of Physics and Engineering, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Weian Zhao
- 1 Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,6 Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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19
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Leonard H, Halachmi S, Ben-Dov N, Nativ O, Segal E. Unraveling Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Networks on Micropillar Architectures Using Intrinsic Phase-Shift Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2017; 11:6167-6177. [PMID: 28485961 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
With global antimicrobial resistance becoming increasingly detrimental to society, improving current clinical antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is crucial to allow physicians to initiate appropriate antibiotic treatment as early as possible, reducing not only mortality rates but also the emergence of resistant pathogens. In this work, we tackle the main bottlenecks in clinical AST by designing biofunctionalized silicon micropillar arrays to provide both a preferable solid-liquid interface for bacteria networking and a simultaneous transducing element that monitors the response of bacteria when exposed to chosen antibiotics in real time. We harness the intrinsic ability of the micropillar architectures to relay optical phase-shift reflectometric interference spectroscopic measurements (referred to as PRISM) and employ it as a platform for culture-free, label-free phenotypic AST. The responses of E. coli to various concentrations of five clinically relevant antibiotics are optically tracked by PRISM, allowing for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values to be determined and compared to both standard broth microdilution testing and clinic-based automated AST system readouts. Capture of bacteria within these microtopologies, followed by incubation of the cells with the appropriate antibiotic solution, yields rapid determinations of antibiotic susceptibility. This platform not only provides accurate MIC determinations in a rapid manner (total assay time of 2-3 h versus 8 h with automated AST systems) but can also be employed as an advantageous method to differentiate bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Leonard
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, ‡Department of Urology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, and §The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Sarel Halachmi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, ‡Department of Urology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, and §The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Nadav Ben-Dov
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, ‡Department of Urology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, and §The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ofer Nativ
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, ‡Department of Urology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, and §The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, ‡Department of Urology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, and §The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003, Israel
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20
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Chung CY, Wang JC, Chuang HS. Simultaneous and quantitative monitoring of co-cultured Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with antibiotics on a diffusometric platform. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46336. [PMID: 28402317 PMCID: PMC5389350 DOI: 10.1038/srep46336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful treatments against bacterial infections depend on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). However, conventional AST requires more than 24 h to obtain an outcome, thereby contributing to high patient mortality. An antibiotic therapy based on experiences is therefore necessary for saving lives and escalating the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Accordingly, a fast and effective drug screen is necessary for the appropriate administration of antibiotics. The mixed pathogenic nature of infectious diseases emphasizes the need to develop an assay system for polymicrobial infections. On this basis, we present a novel technique for simultaneous and quantitative monitoring of co-cultured microorganisms by coupling optical diffusometry with bead-based immunoassays. This simple integration simultaneously achieves a rapid AST analysis for two pathogens. Triple color particles were simultaneously recorded and subsequently analyzed by functionalizing different fluorescent color particles with dissimilar pathogen-specific antibodies. Results suggested that the effect of the antibiotic, gentamicin, on co-cultured Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus was effectively distinguished by the proposed technique. This study revealed a multiplexed and time-saving (within 2 h) platform with a small sample volume (~0.5 μL) and a low initial bacterial count (50 CFU per droplet, ~105 CFU/mL) for continuously monitoring the growth of co-cultured microorganisms. This technique provides insights into timely therapies against polymicrobial diseases in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yao Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Cheng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Chimei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Sheng Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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