1
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Stindt KR, McClean MN. Tuning interdomain conjugation to enable in situ population modification in yeasts. mSystems 2024; 9:e0005024. [PMID: 38747597 PMCID: PMC11326116 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00050-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to modify and control natural and engineered microbiomes is essential for biotechnology and biomedicine. Fungi are critical members of most microbiomes, yet technology for modifying the fungal members of a microbiome has lagged far behind that for bacteria. Interdomain conjugation (IDC) is a promising approach, as DNA transfer from bacterial cells to yeast enables in situ modification. While such genetic transfers have been known to naturally occur in a wide range of eukaryotes and are thought to contribute to their evolution, IDC has been understudied as a technique to control fungal or fungal-bacterial consortia. One major obstacle to the widespread use of IDC is its limited efficiency. In this work, we manipulated metabolic and physical interactions between genetically tractable Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to control the incidence of IDC. We test the landscape of population interactions between the bacterial donors and yeast recipients to find that bacterial commensalism leads to maximized IDC, both in culture and in mixed colonies. We demonstrate the capacity of cell-to-cell binding via mannoproteins to assist both IDC incidence and bacterial commensalism in culture and model how these tunable controls can predictably yield a range of IDC outcomes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these controls can be utilized to irreversibly alter a recipient yeast population, by both "rescuing" a poor-growing recipient population and collapsing a stable population via a novel IDC-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 system.IMPORTANCEFungi are important but often unaddressed members of most natural and synthetic microbial communities. This work highlights opportunities for modifying yeast microbiome populations through bacterial conjugation. While conjugation has been recognized for its capacity to deliver engineerable DNA to a range of cells, its dependence on cell contact has limited its efficiency. Here, we find "knobs" to control DNA transfer, by engineering the metabolic dependence between bacterial donors and yeast recipients and by changing their ability to physically adhere to each other. Importantly, we functionally validate these "knobs" by irreversibly altering yeast populations. We use these controls to "rescue" a failing yeast population, demonstrate the capacity of conjugated CRISPR/Cas9 to depress or collapse populations, and show that conjugation can be easily interrupted by disrupting cell-to-cell binding. These results offer building blocks toward in situ mycobiome editing, with significant implications for clinical treatments of fungal pathogens and other fungal system engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Stindt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Doctoral Program in Biophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Megan N McClean
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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2
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Minnaar L, den Haan R. Engineering natural isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for consolidated bioprocessing of cellulosic feedstocks. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7013-7028. [PMID: 37688599 PMCID: PMC10589140 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae has gained much attention as a potential host for cellulosic bioethanol production using consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) methodologies, due to its high-ethanol-producing titres, heterologous protein production capabilities, and tolerance to various industry-relevant stresses. Since the secretion levels of heterologous proteins are generally low in domesticated strains of S. cerevisiae, natural isolates may offer a more diverse genetic background for improved heterologous protein secretion, while also displaying greater robustness to process stresses. In this study, the potential of natural and industrial S. cerevisiae strains to secrete a core set of cellulases (CBH1, CBH2, EG2, and BGL1), encoded by genes integrated using CRISPR/Cas9 tools, was evaluated. High levels of heterologous protein production were associated with a reduced maximal growth rate and with slight changes in overall strain robustness, compared to the parental strains. The natural isolate derivatives YI13_BECC and YI59_BECC displayed superior secretion capacity for the heterologous cellulases at high incubation temperature and in the presence of acetic acid, respectively, compared to the reference industrial strain MH1000_BECC. These strains also exhibited multi-tolerance to several fermentation-associated and secretion stresses. Cultivation of the strains on crystalline cellulose in oxygen-limited conditions yielded ethanol concentrations in the range of 4-4.5 g/L, representing 35-40% of the theoretical maximum ethanol yield after 120 h, without the addition of exogenous enzymes. This study therefore highlights the potential of these natural isolates to be used as chassis organisms in CBP bioethanol production. KEY POINTS: • Process-related fermentation stresses influence heterologous protein production. • Transformants produced up to 4.5 g/L ethanol, ~ 40% of the theoretical yield in CBP. • CRISPR/Cas9 was feasible for integrating genes in natural S. cerevisiae isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letitia Minnaar
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Riaan den Haan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.
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3
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Stindt KR, McClean MN. Tuning Interdomain Conjugation Toward in situ Population Modification in Yeast. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.12.557379. [PMID: 37745509 PMCID: PMC10515866 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.557379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability to modify and control natural and engineered microbiomes is essential for biotechnology and biomedicine. Fungi are critical members of most microbiomes, yet technology for modifying the fungal members of a microbiome has lagged far behind that for bacteria. Interdomain conjugation (IDC) is a promising approach, as DNA transfer from bacterial cells to yeast enables in situ modification. While such genetic transfers have been known to naturally occur in a wide range of eukaryotes, and are thought to contribute to their evolution, IDC has been understudied as a technique to control fungal or fungal-bacterial consortia. One major obstacle to widespread use of IDC is its limited efficiency. In this work, we utilize interactions between genetically tractable Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to control the incidence of IDC. We test the landscape of population interactions between the bacterial donors and yeast recipients to find that bacterial commensalism leads to maximized IDC, both in culture and in mixed colonies. We demonstrate the capacity of cell-to-cell binding via mannoproteins to assist both IDC incidence and bacterial commensalism in culture, and model how these tunable controls can predictably yield a range of IDC outcomes. Further, we demonstrate that these lessons can be utilized to lastingly alter a recipient yeast population, by both "rescuing" a poor-growing recipient population and collapsing a stable population via a novel IDC-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 system.
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4
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Ryan ME, Damke PP, Shaffer CL. DNA Transport through the Dynamic Type IV Secretion System. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0043622. [PMID: 37338415 PMCID: PMC10353360 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00436-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The versatile type IV secretion system (T4SS) nanomachine plays a pivotal role in bacterial pathogenesis and the propagation of antibiotic resistance determinants throughout microbial populations. In addition to paradigmatic DNA conjugation machineries, diverse T4SSs enable the delivery of multifarious effector proteins to target prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, mediate DNA export and uptake from the extracellular milieu, and in rare examples, facilitate transkingdom DNA translocation. Recent advances have identified new mechanisms underlying unilateral nucleic acid transport through the T4SS apparatus, highlighting both functional plasticity and evolutionary adaptations that enable novel capabilities. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms underscoring DNA translocation through diverse T4SS machineries, emphasizing the architectural features that implement DNA exchange across the bacterial membrane and license transverse DNA release across kingdom boundaries. We further detail how recent studies have addressed outstanding questions surrounding the mechanisms by which nanomachine architectures and substrate recruitment strategies contribute to T4SS functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E. Ryan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Prashant P. Damke
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Carrie L. Shaffer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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5
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Zoolkefli FIRM, Moriguchi K, Cho Y, Kiyokawa K, Yamamoto S, Suzuki K. Isolation and Analysis of Donor Chromosomal Genes Whose Deficiency Is Responsible for Accelerating Bacterial and Trans-Kingdom Conjugations by IncP1 T4SS Machinery. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:620535. [PMID: 34093458 PMCID: PMC8174662 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.620535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugal transfer is a major driving force of genetic exchange in eubacteria, and the system in IncP1-type broad-host-range plasmids transfers DNA even to eukaryotes and archaea in a process known as trans-kingdom conjugation (TKC). Although conjugation factors encoded on plasmids have been extensively analyzed, those on the donor chromosome have not. To identify the potential conjugation factor(s), a genome-wide survey on a comprehensive collection of Escherichia coli gene knockout mutants (Keio collection) as donors to Saccharomyces cerevisiae recipients was performed using a conjugal transfer system mediated by the type IV secretion system (T4SS) of the IncP1α plasmid. Out of 3,884 mutants, three mutants (ΔfrmR, ΔsufA, and ΔiscA) were isolated, which showed an increase by one order of magnitude in both E. coli-E. coli and E. coli-yeast conjugations without an increase in the mRNA accumulation level for the conjugation related genes examined. The double-knockout mutants for these genes (ΔfrmRΔsufA and ΔiscAΔfrmR) did not show synergistic effects on the conjugation efficiency, suggesting that these factors affect a common step in the conjugation machinery. The three mutants demonstrated increased conjugation efficiency in IncP1β-type but not in IncN- and IncW-type broad-host-range plasmid transfers, and the homologous gene knockout mutants against the three genes in Agrobacterium tumefaciens also showed increased TKC efficiency. These results suggest the existence of a specific regulatory system in IncP1 plasmids that enables the control of conjugation efficiency in different hosts, which could be utilized for the development of donor strains as gene introduction tools into bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuki Moriguchi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan.,Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Yunjae Cho
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kiyokawa
- Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsunori Suzuki
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan.,Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
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6
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Soltysiak MPM, Meaney RS, Hamadache S, Janakirama P, Edgell DR, Karas BJ. Trans-Kingdom Conjugation within Solid Media from Escherichia coli to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5212. [PMID: 31640164 PMCID: PMC6829330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation is a bacterial mechanism for DNA transfer from a donor cell to a wide range of recipients, including both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In contrast to conventional DNA delivery techniques, such as electroporation and chemical transformation, conjugation eliminates the need for DNA extraction, thereby preventing DNA damage during isolation. While most established conjugation protocols allow for DNA transfer in liquid media or on a solid surface, we developed a procedure for conjugation within solid media. Such a protocol may expand conjugation as a tool for DNA transfer to species that require semi-solid or solid media for growth. Conjugation within solid media could also provide a more stable microenvironment in which the conjugative pilus can establish and maintain contact with recipient cells for the successful delivery of plasmid DNA. Furthermore, transfer in solid media may enhance the ability to transfer plasmids and chromosomes greater than 100 kbp. Using our optimized method, plasmids of varying sizes were tested for transfer from Escherichia coli to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrated that there was no significant change in conjugation frequency when plasmid size increased from 56.5 to 138.6 kbp in length. Finally, we established an efficient PCR-based synthesis protocol to generate custom conjugative plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca S Meaney
- Designer Microbes Inc., London, ON N5Z 3N2, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Samir Hamadache
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | | | - David R Edgell
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Bogumil J Karas
- Designer Microbes Inc., London, ON N5Z 3N2, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
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7
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Wang G, Zhao Z, Ke J, Engel Y, Shi YM, Robinson D, Bingol K, Zhang Z, Bowen B, Louie K, Wang B, Evans R, Miyamoto Y, Cheng K, Kosina S, De Raad M, Silva L, Luhrs A, Lubbe A, Hoyt DW, Francavilla C, Otani H, Deutsch S, Washton NM, Rubin EM, Mouncey NJ, Visel A, Northen T, Cheng JF, Bode HB, Yoshikuni Y. CRAGE enables rapid activation of biosynthetic gene clusters in undomesticated bacteria. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2498-2510. [PMID: 31611640 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that exchange of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) among closely related bacteria is an important driver of BGC evolution and diversification. Applying this idea may help researchers efficiently connect many BGCs to their products and characterize the products' roles in various environments. However, existing genetic tools support only a small fraction of these efforts. Here, we present the development of chassis-independent recombinase-assisted genome engineering (CRAGE), which enables single-step integration of large, complex BGC constructs directly into the chromosomes of diverse bacteria with high accuracy and efficiency. To demonstrate the efficacy of CRAGE, we expressed three known and six previously identified but experimentally elusive non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and NRPS-polyketide synthase (PKS) hybrid BGCs from Photorhabdus luminescens in 25 diverse γ-Proteobacteria species. Successful activation of six BGCs identified 22 products for which diversity and yield were greater when the BGCs were expressed in strains closely related to the native strain than when they were expressed in either native or more distantly related strains. Activation of these BGCs demonstrates the feasibility of exploiting their underlying catalytic activity and plasticity, and provides evidence that systematic approaches based on CRAGE will be useful for discovering and identifying previously uncharacterized metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyan Wang
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zhiying Zhao
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jing Ke
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne Engel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yi-Ming Shi
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David Robinson
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kerem Bingol
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Zheyun Zhang
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Bowen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Louie
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert Evans
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yu Miyamoto
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Cheng
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne Kosina
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Markus De Raad
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Leslie Silva
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David W Hoyt
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Hiroshi Otani
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Deutsch
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nancy M Washton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Edward M Rubin
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nigel J Mouncey
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Axel Visel
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Trent Northen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jan-Fang Cheng
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Helge B Bode
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Yasuo Yoshikuni
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.
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8
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Han Y, Zhou ZC, Zhu L, Wei YY, Feng WQ, Xu L, Liu Y, Lin ZJ, Shuai XY, Zhang ZJ, Chen H. The impact and mechanism of quaternary ammonium compounds on the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:28352-28360. [PMID: 31372954 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in microbes can be largely attributed to the abuse and misuse of antibiotics and biocides. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have been used worldwide as common disinfectants and detergents; however, their potential impact on the spread and diffusion of ARGs is still unknown. In this study, we detected the QAC resistance gene (qacEΔ1), the 1 integron gene (intI1), and 12 ARGs (sul1, sul2, cfr, cml, fexA, tetA, tetG, tetQ, tetX, ermB, blaTEM, and dfrA1) in 48 water samples from three watersheds by quantitative PCR (qPCR). We investigated the evolution of bacterial antibiotic resistance under QAC and antibiotic environmental pressures by long-term continuous culture. In addition, five QACs were selected to investigate the effect of QAC on the efficiency of conjugation transfer. The changes in bacterial cell membrane and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry, revealing the mechanism by which QAC affects the spread of antibiotic resistance. Our results showed that the QAC resistance gene was ubiquitous in watersheds and it had significant correlation with intI1 and seven ARGs (r = 0.999, p < 0.01). QACs could increase the resistance of bacteria to multiple antibiotics. Furthermore, all five QACs promoted the conjugation transfer of the RP4 plasmid; the optimal concentration of QACs was about 10-1-10-2 mg/L and their transfer efficiencies were between 1.33 × 10-6 and 8.87 × 10-5. QACs enhanced membrane permeability of bacterial cells and stimulated bacteria to produce ROS, which potentially promoted the transfer of plasmids between bacteria. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that QACs may facilitate the evolution and gene transfer of antibiotic resistance gene among microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhen-Chao Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wei
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wan-Qiu Feng
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lan Xu
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ze-Jun Lin
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin-Yi Shuai
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Institute of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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9
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Beyond Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation: Horizontal Gene Transfer from Bacteria to Eukaryotes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 418:443-462. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Recurrent horizontal transfer of arsenite methyltransferase genes facilitated adaptation of life to arsenic. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7741. [PMID: 28798375 PMCID: PMC5552862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic metalloid arsenic has been environmentally ubiquitous since life first arose nearly four billion years ago and presents a challenge for the survival of all living organisms. Its bioavailability has varied dramatically over the history of life on Earth. As life spread, biogeochemical and climate changes cyclically increased and decreased bioavailable arsenic. To elucidate the history of arsenic adaptation across the tree of life, we reconstructed the phylogeny of the arsM gene that encodes the As(III) S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) methyltransferase. Our results suggest that life successfully moved into arsenic-rich environments in the late Archean Eon and Proterozoic Eon, respectively, by the spread of arsM genes. The arsM genes of bacterial origin have been transferred to other kingdoms of life on at least six occasions, and the resulting domesticated arsM genes promoted adaptation to environmental arsenic. These results allow us to peer into the history of arsenic adaptation of life on our planet and imply that dissemination of genes encoding diverse adaptive functions to toxic chemicals permit adaptation to changes in concentrations of environmental toxins over evolutionary history.
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11
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Abstract
Historically, the members of the Agrobacterium genus have been considered the only bacterial species naturally able to transfer and integrate DNA into the genomes of their eukaryotic hosts. Yet, increasing evidence suggests that this ability to genetically transform eukaryotic host cells might be more widespread in the bacterial world. Indeed, analyses of accumulating genomic data reveal cases of horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to eukaryotes and suggest that it represents a significant force in adaptive evolution of eukaryotic species. Specifically, recent reports indicate that bacteria other than Agrobacterium, such as Bartonella henselae (a zoonotic pathogen), Rhizobium etli (a plant-symbiotic bacterium related to Agrobacterium), or even Escherichia coli, have the ability to genetically transform their host cells under laboratory conditions. This DNA transfer relies on type IV secretion systems (T4SSs), the molecular machines that transport macromolecules during conjugative plasmid transfer and also during transport of proteins and/or DNA to the eukaryotic recipient cells. In this review article, we explore the extent of possible transfer of genetic information from bacteria to eukaryotic cells as well as the evolutionary implications and potential applications of this transfer.
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