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Hayashi Y, Oguchi K, Nakamura M, Koshikawa S, Miura T. Construction of a massive genetic resource by transcriptome sequencing and genetic characterization of Megasyllis nipponica (Annelida: Syllidae). Genes Genet Syst 2022; 97:153-166. [PMID: 36070927 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.21-00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the processes and consequences of the morphological diversity of organisms is one of the major goals of evolutionary biology. Studies on the evolution of developmental mechanisms of morphologies, or evo-devo, have been extensively conducted in many taxa and have revealed many interesting phenomena at the molecular level. However, many other taxa exhibiting intriguing morphological diversity remain unexplored in the field of evo-devo. Although the annelid family Syllidae shows spectacular diversity in morphological development associated with reproduction, its evo-devo study, especially on molecular development, has progressed slowly. In this study, we focused on Megasyllis nipponica as a new model species for evo-devo in syllids and performed transcriptome sequencing to develop a massive genetic resource, which will be useful for future molecular studies. From the transcriptome data, we identified candidate genes that are likely involved in morphogenesis, including genes involved in hormone regulation, sex determination and appendage development. Furthermore, a computational analysis of the transcriptome sequence data indicated the occurrence of DNA methylation in coding regions of the M. nipponica genome. In addition, flow cytometry analysis showed that the genome size of M. nipponica was approximately 524 megabases. These results facilitate the study of morphogenesis in molecular terms and contribute to our understanding of the morphological diversity in syllids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kohei Oguchi
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo.,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Mayuko Nakamura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shigeyuki Koshikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University.,Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Toru Miura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo
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2
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Seaver EC. Sifting through the mud: A tale of building the annelid Capitella teleta for EvoDevo studies. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 147:401-432. [PMID: 35337457 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the annelid Capitella teleta has been used increasingly as a study system for investigations of development and regeneration. Its favorable properties include an ability to continuously maintain a laboratory culture, availability of a sequenced genome, a stereotypic cleavage program of early development, substantial regeneration abilities, and established experimental and functional genomics techniques. With this review I tell of my adventure of establishing the Capitella teleta as an emerging model and share examples of a few of the contributions our work has made to the fields of evo-devo and developmental biology. I highlight examples of conservation in developmental programs as well as surprising deviations from existing paradigms that highlight the importance of leveraging biological diversity to shift thinking in the field. The story for each study system is unique, and every animal has its own advantages and disadvantages as an experimental system. Just like most progress in science, it takes strategy, hard work and determination to develop tools and resources for a less studied animal, but luck and serendipity also play a role. I include a few narratives to personalize the science, share details of the story that are not included in typical publications, and provide perspective for investigators who are interested in developing their own study organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Seaver
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States.
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3
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Ponz-Segrelles G, Ribeiro RP, Aguado MT. Monsters reveal patterns: bifurcated annelids and their implications for the study of development and evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:896-922. [PMID: 34931440 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During recent decades, the study of anatomical anomalies has been of great relevance for research on development and its evolution. Yet most animal groups have never been studied under this perspective. In annelids, one of the most common and remarkable anomalies is anteroposterior axis bifurcation, that is animals that have two or more heads and/or tails. Bifurcated annelids were first described in the 18th century and have been occasionally reported since then. However, these animals have rarely been considered other than curiosities, one-off anomalies, or monsters, and a condensed but comprehensive analysis of this phenomenon is lacking. Such an analysis of the existing knowledge is necessary for addressing the different patterns of annelid bifurcation, as well as to understand possible developmental mechanisms behind them and their evolution. In this review we summarize reports of annelid bifurcation published during the last 275 years and the wide variety of anatomies they present. Our survey reveals bifurcation as a widespread phenomenon found all over the annelid tree. Moreover, it also shows that bifurcations can be classified into different types according to anatomy (lateral versus dorsoventral) or developmental origin (embryonic versus postembryonic, the latter occurring in relation to regeneration, reproduction, or growth). Regarding embryos, three different types of bifurcation can be found: conjoined twins (in clitellates); Janus embryos (two posterior ends with a single head which shows duplicated structures); and duplicitas cruciata embryos (with anterior and posterior bifurcation with a 90° rotation). In adults, we show that while lateral bifurcation can result in well-integrated phenotypes, dorsoventral bifurcation cannot since it requires the discontinuity of at least some internal organs. The relevance of this distinction is highlighted in the case of the Ribbon Clade, a group of syllid annelids in which some species reproduce by collateral and successive gemmiparity (which involves dorsoventral bifurcation), while others grow by branching laterally. Although most known cases of bifurcation came from accidental findings in the wild or were unintentionally produced, experimental studies resulting in the induction of bifurcation of both embryos and adults are also reviewed. In embryos, these experimental studies show how mechanical or chemical disruption of the zygote can result in bifurcation. In adults, the ventral nervous system and the digestive tract seem to play a role in the induction of bifurcation. Based on the reviewed evidence, we argue that the long-forgotten study of annelid developmental anomalies should be incorporated into the growing field of annelid EvoDevo and examined with modern techniques and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Ponz-Segrelles
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin, 2, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Rannyele P Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin, 2, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, U.S.A
| | - M Teresa Aguado
- Biodiversitätsmuseum, Animal Evolution & Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
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4
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Seaver EC, de Jong DM. Regeneration in the Segmented Annelid Capitella teleta. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111769. [PMID: 34828375 PMCID: PMC8623021 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The segmented worms, or annelids, are a clade within the Lophotrochozoa, one of the three bilaterian superclades. Annelids have long been models for regeneration studies due to their impressive regenerative abilities. Furthermore, the group exhibits variation in adult regeneration abilities with some species able to replace anterior segments, posterior segments, both or neither. Successful regeneration includes regrowth of complex organ systems, including the centralized nervous system, gut, musculature, nephridia and gonads. Here, regenerative capabilities of the annelid Capitella teleta are reviewed. C. teleta exhibits robust posterior regeneration and benefits from having an available sequenced genome and functional genomic tools available to study the molecular and cellular control of the regeneration response. The highly stereotypic developmental program of C. teleta provides opportunities to study adult regeneration and generate robust comparisons between development and regeneration.
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5
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Kostyuchenko RP, Kozin VV. Comparative Aspects of Annelid Regeneration: Towards Understanding the Mechanisms of Regeneration. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1148. [PMID: 34440322 PMCID: PMC8392629 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The question of why animals vary in their ability to regenerate remains one of the most intriguing questions in biology. Annelids are a large and diverse phylum, many members of which are capable of extensive regeneration such as regrowth of a complete head or tail and whole-body regeneration, even from few segments. On the other hand, some representatives of both of the two major annelid clades show very limited tissue regeneration and are completely incapable of segmental regeneration. Here we review experimental and descriptive data on annelid regeneration, obtained at different levels of organization, from data on organs and tissues to intracellular and transcriptomic data. Understanding the variety of the cellular and molecular basis of regeneration in annelids can help one to address important questions about the role of stem/dedifferentiated cells and "molecular morphallaxis" in annelid regeneration as well as the evolution of regeneration in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman P. Kostyuchenko
- Department of Embryology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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Tellez-Garcia AA, Álvarez-Martínez R, López-Martínez JM, Arellano-Carbajal F. Transcriptome analysis during early regeneration of Lumbriculus variegatus. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Injury-Induced Innate Immune Response During Segment Regeneration of the Earthworm, Eisenia andrei. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052363. [PMID: 33673408 PMCID: PMC7956685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of body parts and their interaction with the immune response is a poorly understood aspect of earthworm biology. Consequently, we aimed to study the mechanisms of innate immunity during regeneration in Eisenia andrei earthworms. In the course of anterior and posterior regeneration, we documented the kinetical aspects of segment restoration by histochemistry. Cell proliferation peaked at two weeks and remitted by four weeks in regenerating earthworms. Apoptotic cells were present throughout the cell renewal period. Distinct immune cell (e.g., coelomocyte) subsets were accumulated in the newly-formed blastema in the close proximity of the apoptotic area. Regenerating earthworms have decreased pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (e.g., TLR, except for scavenger receptor) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (e.g., lysenin) mRNA patterns compared to intact earthworms. In contrast, at the protein level, mirroring regulation of lysenins became evident. Experimental coelomocyte depletion caused significantly impaired cell divisions and blastema formation during anterior and posterior regeneration. These obtained novel data allow us to gain insight into the intricate interactions of regeneration and invertebrate innate immunity.
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Bhuiyan KA, Rodríguez BM, Pires A, Riba I, Dellvals Á, Freitas R, Conradi M. Experimental evidence of uncertain future of the keystone ragworm Hediste diversicolor (O.F. Müller, 1776) under climate change conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:142031. [PMID: 33182219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is currently assumed that climate change related factors pose severe challenges to biodiversity maintenance. This paper assesses the multi-stressor effects of elevated temperature (15 °C as control, 25 °C as elevated) and CO2 levels (pH 8.1 as control, 7.5 and 7.0 representing acidifying conditions) on the physiological (survival and regenerative capacity), behavioral (feeding and burrowing activities), and biochemical changes (metabolic capacity, oxidative status and biotransformation mechanisms) experienced by the keystone polychaete Hediste diversicolor. Temperature rise enlarged the adverse effect of marine acidification on the survival of H. diversicolor, delayed the beginning of the excavation activity, enhancing the negative effects that pH decrease had in the burrowing behavior of this polychaete. Additionally, regardless of the temperature, exposure of H. diversicolor to acidification results in a reduction in the feeding rate. It is the first time that this decreased feeding capacity is found related to seawater acidification in this species. The healing of the wound and the blastemal formation were retarded due to these two climatic factors which hinder the regenerative process of polychaetes. These vital physiological functions of H. diversicolor can be related to the oxidative stress induced by climate change conditions since free radicals overproduced will impair cells functioning, affecting species biochemical and physiological performance, including feeding and tissue regeneration. The present results also demonstrated that although polychaetes' metabolic capacity was enhanced under stress conditions, organisms were still able to increase or maintain their energy reserves. Our findings are of major environmental relevance considering that predicted climate change conditions will affect species vital and ecological and physiological capacities. These can be translated into shrinking not only at the individual and population level but also in microbial and endofaunal diversities, in the detritus processing in estuaries and biogeochemical cycles at the ecosystem level. Thus the conservation of H. diversicolor populations is vital for the normal functioning of estuarine mudflat ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurshid Alam Bhuiyan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Belén Marín Rodríguez
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Adilia Pires
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inmaculada Riba
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ángel Dellvals
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, São Paulo 11000, Brazil
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Mercedes Conradi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Mauro M, Queiroz V, Arizza V, Campobello D, Custódio MR, Chiaramonte M, Vazzana M. Humoral responses during wound healing in Holothuria tubulosa (Gmelin, 1788). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 253:110550. [PMID: 33359143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Wounds in living organisms trigger tissue-repair mechanisms. The sea cucumber (Holoturia tubulosa) is an excellent model species for achieving a better understanding of the humoral and cellular aspects involved in such healing processes. Consequently, this study assesses data on its morphometric, physiological and humoral responses 1, 2, 6, 24 and 48h after wound induction. In particular, morphometric data on the weight, width, length and coelomic-fluid volume of the species were estimated at different times during our experiments. In addition, the humoral aspects related to the enzymatic activity of esterase, alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase, as well as the cytotoxic activity of cell lysates (CL) and cell-free coelomic fluids (CfCf) are evaluated for the first time. Our results reveal a significant decrease in body length and weight, along with time-dependent, significant changes in the esterase, alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase and cytotoxic activity in both the CL and CfCf. The data obtained lead to the pioneering finding that there is an important time-dependent involvement of morphometric (changes in weight and length) and humoral (enzymatic and cytotoxic) responses in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Mauro
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vinicius Queiroz
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências and Centro de Biologia Marinha (NP-BioMar), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Campobello
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Márcio Reis Custódio
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências and Centro de Biologia Marinha (NP-BioMar), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Chiaramonte
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirella Vazzana
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
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Bae YS, Kim J, Yi J, Park SC, Lee HY, Cho SJ. Characterization of Perionyx excavatus Development and Its Head Regeneration. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090273. [PMID: 32899511 PMCID: PMC7564270 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration is a biological process restoring lost or amputated body parts. The capability of regeneration varies among organisms and the regeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) is limited to specific animals, including the earthworm Perionyx excavatus. Thus, it is crucial to establish P. excavatus as a model system to investigate mechanisms of CNS regeneration. Here, we set up a culture system to sustain the life cycle of P. excavatus and characterize the development of P. excavatus, from embryo to juvenile, based on its morphology, myogenesis and neurogenesis. During development, embryos have EdU-positive proliferating cells throughout the whole body, whereas juveniles maintain proliferating cells exclusively in the head and tail regions, not in the trunk region. Interestingly, juveniles amputated at the trunk, which lacks proliferating cells, are able to regenerate the entire head. In this process, a group of cells, which are fully differentiated, reactivates cell proliferation. Our data suggest that P. excavatus is a model system to study CNS regeneration, which is dependent on the dedifferentiation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Seon Bae
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (Y.S.B.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 142 Life Sciences Addition #3200, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA;
| | - Jeesoo Yi
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (Y.S.B.); (J.Y.)
| | - Soon Cheol Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Hae-Youn Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (Y.S.B.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (H.-Y.L.); (S.-J.C.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2294 (H.-Y.L. & S.-J.C.)
| | - Sung-Jin Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (Y.S.B.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (H.-Y.L.); (S.-J.C.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2294 (H.-Y.L. & S.-J.C.)
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11
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Nikanorova DD, Kupriashova EE, Kostyuchenko RP. Regeneration in Annelids: Cell Sources, Tissue Remodeling, and Differential Gene Expression. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360420030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Kostyuchenko RP, Kozin VV. Morphallaxis versus Epimorphosis? Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Regeneration and Asexual Reproduction in Annelids. BIOL BULL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359020030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Ribeiro RP, Ponz-Segrelles G, Bleidorn C, Aguado MT. Comparative transcriptomics in Syllidae (Annelida) indicates that posterior regeneration and regular growth are comparable, while anterior regeneration is a distinct process. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:855. [PMID: 31726983 PMCID: PMC6854643 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Annelids exhibit remarkable postembryonic developmental abilities. Most annelids grow during their whole life by adding segments through the action of a segment addition zone (SAZ) located in front of the pygidium. In addition, they show an outstanding ability to regenerate their bodies. Experimental evidence and field observations show that many annelids are able to regenerate their posterior bodies, while anterior regeneration is often limited or absent. Syllidae, for instance, usually show high abilities of posterior regeneration, although anterior regeneration varies across species. Some syllids are able to partially restore the anterior end, while others regenerate all lost anterior body after bisection. Here, we used comparative transcriptomics to detect changes in the gene expression profiles during anterior regeneration, posterior regeneration and regular growth of two syllid species: Sphaerosyllis hystrix and Syllis gracilis; which exhibit limited and complete anterior regeneration, respectively. Results We detected a high number of genes with differential expression: 4771 genes in S. hystrix (limited anterior regeneration) and 1997 genes in S. gracilis (complete anterior regeneration). For both species, the comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that gene expression during posterior regeneration and regular growth was very similar, whereas anterior regeneration was characterized by up-regulation of several genes. Among the up-regulated genes, we identified putative homologs of regeneration-related genes associated to cellular proliferation, nervous system development, establishment of body axis, and stem-cellness; such as rup and JNK (in S. hystrix); and glutamine synthetase, elav, slit, Hox genes, β-catenin and PL10 (in S. gracilis). Conclusions Posterior regeneration and regular growth show no significant differences in gene expression in the herein investigated syllids. However, anterior regeneration is associated with a clear change in terms of gene expression in both species. Our comparative transcriptomic analysis was able to detect differential expression of some regeneration-related genes, suggesting that syllids share some features of the regenerative mechanisms already known for other annelids and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rannyele Passos Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Ponz-Segrelles
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christoph Bleidorn
- Animal Evolution & Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Teresa Aguado
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Animal Evolution & Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany. .,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, España.
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14
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Ramon-Mateu J, Ellison ST, Angelini TE, Martindale MQ. Regeneration in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi occurs in the absence of a blastema, requires cell division, and is temporally separable from wound healing. BMC Biol 2019; 17:80. [PMID: 31604443 PMCID: PMC6788111 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to regenerate is a widely distributed but highly variable trait among metazoans. A variety of modes of regeneration has been described for different organisms; however, many questions regarding the origin and evolution of these strategies remain unanswered. Most species of ctenophore (or "comb jellies"), a clade of marine animals that branch off at the base of the animal tree of life, possess an outstanding capacity to regenerate. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this ability are unknown. We have used the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi as a system to study wound healing and adult regeneration and provide some first-time insights of the cellular mechanisms involved in the regeneration of one of the most ancient extant group of multicellular animals. RESULTS We show that cell proliferation is activated at the wound site and is indispensable for whole-body regeneration. Wound healing occurs normally in the absence of cell proliferation forming a scar-less wound epithelium. No blastema-like structure is generated at the cut site, and pulse-chase experiments and surgical intervention show that cells originating in the main regions of cell proliferation (the tentacle bulbs) do not seem to contribute to the formation of new structures after surgical challenge, suggesting a local source of cells during regeneration. While exposure to cell-proliferation blocking treatment inhibits regeneration, the ability to regenerate is recovered when the treatment ends (days after the original cut), suggesting that ctenophore regenerative capabilities are constantly ready to be triggered and they are somehow separable of the wound healing process. CONCLUSIONS Ctenophore regeneration takes place through a process of cell proliferation-dependent non-blastemal-like regeneration and is temporally separable of the wound healing process. We propose that undifferentiated cells assume the correct location of missing structures and differentiate in place. The remarkable ability to replace missing tissue, the many favorable experimental features (e.g., optical clarity, high fecundity, rapid regenerative performance, stereotyped cell lineage, sequenced genome), and the early branching phylogenetic position in the animal tree, all point to the emergence of ctenophores as a new model system to study the evolution of animal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ramon-Mateu
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, 9505 N, Ocean Shore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL, 32080-8610, USA
| | - S Tori Ellison
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Thomas E Angelini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, 9505 N, Ocean Shore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL, 32080-8610, USA.
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15
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Klann M, Seaver EC. Functional role of pax6 during eye and nervous system development in the annelid Capitella teleta. Dev Biol 2019; 456:86-103. [PMID: 31445008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax6 is an important regulator of early animal development. Loss of function mutations of pax6 in a range of animals result in a reduction or complete loss of the eye, a reduction of a subset of neurons, and defects in axon growth. There are no studies focusing on the role of pax6 during development of any lophotrochozoan representative, however, expression of pax6 in the developing eye and nervous system in a number of species suggest that pax6 plays a highly conserved role in eye and nervous system formation. We investigated the functional role of pax6 during development of the marine annelid Capitella teleta. Expression of pax6 transcripts in C. teleta larvae is similar to patterns found in other animals, with distinct subdomains in the brain and ventral nerve cord as well as in the larval and juvenile eye. To perturb pax6 function, two different splice-blocking morpholinos and a translation-blocking morpholino were used. Larvae resulting from microinjections with either splice-blocking morpholino show a reduction of the pax6 transcript. Development of both the larval eyes and the central nervous system architecture are highly disrupted following microinjection of each of the three morpholinos. The less severe phenotype observed when only the homeodomain is disrupted suggests that presence of the paired domain is sufficient for partial function of the Pax6 protein. Preliminary downstream target analysis confirms disruption in expression of some components of the retinal gene regulatory network, as well as disruption of genes involved in nervous system development. Results from this study, taken together with studies from other species, reveal an evolutionarily conserved role for pax6 in eye and neural specification and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Klann
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St. Augustine, Fl, 32080, USA
| | - Elaine C Seaver
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St. Augustine, Fl, 32080, USA.
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16
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Planques A, Malem J, Parapar J, Vervoort M, Gazave E. Morphological, cellular and molecular characterization of posterior regeneration in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii. Dev Biol 2018; 445:189-210. [PMID: 30445055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration, the ability to restore body parts after an injury or an amputation, is a widespread but highly variable and complex phenomenon in animals. While having fascinated scientists for centuries, fundamental questions about the cellular basis of animal regeneration as well as its evolutionary history remain largely unanswered. Here, we present a study of regeneration of the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii, an emerging comparative developmental biology model, which, like many other annelids, displays important regenerative abilities. When P. dumerilii worms are amputated, they are able to regenerate the posteriormost differentiated part of their body and a stem cell-rich growth zone that allows the production of new segments replacing the amputated ones. We show that posterior regeneration is a rapid process that follows a well reproducible path and timeline, going through specific stages that we thoroughly defined. Wound healing is achieved one day after amputation and a regeneration blastema forms one day later. At this time point, some tissue specification already occurs, and a functional posterior growth zone is re-established as early as three days after amputation. Regeneration timing is only influenced, in a minor manner, by worm size. Comparable regenerative abilities are found for amputations performed at different positions along the antero-posterior axis of the worm, except when amputation planes are very close to the pharynx. Regenerative abilities persist upon repeated amputations without important alterations of the process. We also show that intense cell proliferation occurs during regeneration and that cell divisions are required for regeneration to proceed normally. Finally, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) pulse and chase experiments suggest that blastemal cells mostly derive from the segment immediately abutting the amputation plane. The detailed characterization of P. dumerilii posterior body regeneration presented in this article provides the foundation for future mechanistic and comparative studies of regeneration in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabelle Planques
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Julien Malem
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Julio Parapar
- Departamento de Bioloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Michel Vervoort
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France.
| | - Eve Gazave
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France.
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17
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Barton-Owen TB, Szabó R, Somorjai IML, Ferrier DEK. A Revised Spiralian Homeobox Gene Classification Incorporating New Polychaete Transcriptomes Reveals a Diverse TALE Class and a Divergent Hox Gene. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:2151-2167. [PMID: 29986009 PMCID: PMC6118893 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of mechanisms and capacity for regeneration across the Metazoa present an intriguing challenge in evolutionary biology, impacting on the burgeoning field of regenerative medicine. Broad taxonomic sampling is essential to improve our understanding of regeneration, and studies outside of the traditional model organisms have proved extremely informative. Within the historically understudied Spiralia, the Annelida have an impressive variety of tractable regenerative systems. The biomeralizing, blastema-less regeneration of the head appendage (operculum) of the serpulid polychaete keelworm Spirobranchus (formerly Pomatoceros) lamarcki is one such system. To profile potential regulatory mechanisms, we classified the homeobox gene content of opercular regeneration transcriptomes. As a result of retrieving several difficult-to-classify homeobox sequences, we performed an extensive search and phylogenetic analysis of the TALE and PRD-class homeobox gene content of a broad selection of lophotrochozoan genomes. These analyses contribute to our increasing understanding of the diversity, taxonomic extent, rapid evolution, and radical flexibility of these recently discovered homeobox gene radiations. Our expansion and integration of previous nomenclature systems helps to clarify their cryptic orthology. We also describe an unusual divergent S. lamarcki Antp gene, a previously unclassified lophotrochozoan orphan gene family (Lopx), and a number of novel Nk class orphan genes. The expression and potential involvement of many of these lineage- and clade-restricted homeobox genes in S. lamarcki operculum regeneration provides an example of diversity in regenerative mechanisms, as well as significantly improving our understanding of homeobox gene evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Barton-Owen
- Gatty Marine Laboratory, The Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom
- The Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Réka Szabó
- Gatty Marine Laboratory, The Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Ildiko M L Somorjai
- Gatty Marine Laboratory, The Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom
- The Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - David E K Ferrier
- Gatty Marine Laboratory, The Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom
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Ponz‐Segrelles G, Bleidorn C, Aguado MT. Expression of
vasa
,
piwi
, and
nanos
during gametogenesis in
Typosyllis antoni
(Annelida, Syllidae). Evol Dev 2018; 20:132-145. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Ponz‐Segrelles
- Departamento de BiologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblancoMadridSpain
| | - Christoph Bleidorn
- Animal Evolution and BiodiversityGeorg‐August‐University GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - M. Teresa Aguado
- Departamento de BiologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblancoMadridSpain
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19
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Regeneration of the germline in the annelid Capitella teleta. Dev Biol 2018; 440:74-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Ricci L, Srivastava M. Wound-induced cell proliferation during animal regeneration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 7:e321. [PMID: 29719123 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many animal species are capable of replacing missing tissues that are lost upon injury or amputation through the process of regeneration. Although the extent of regeneration is variable across animals, that is, some animals can regenerate any missing cell type whereas some can only regenerate certain organs or tissues, regulated cell proliferation underlies the formation of new tissues in most systems. Notably, many species display an increase in proliferation within hours or days upon wounding. While different cell types proliferate in response to wounding in various animal taxa, comparative molecular data are beginning to point to shared wound-induced mechanisms that regulate cell division during regeneration. Here, we synthesize current insights about early molecular pathways of regeneration from diverse model and emerging systems by considering these species in their evolutionary contexts. Despite the great diversity of mechanisms underlying injury-induced cell proliferation across animals, and sometimes even in the same species, similar pathways for proliferation have been implicated in distantly related species (e.g., small diffusible molecules, signaling from apoptotic cells, growth factor signaling, mTOR and Hippo signaling, and Wnt and Bmp pathways). Studies that explicitly interrogate molecular and cellular regenerative mechanisms in understudied animal phyla will reveal the extent to which early pathways in the process of regeneration are conserved or independently evolved. This article is categorized under: Comparative Development and Evolution > Body Plan Evolution Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration Comparative Development and Evolution > Model Systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ricci
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mansi Srivastava
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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21
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de Jong DM, Seaver EC. Investigation into the cellular origins of posterior regeneration in the annelid Capitella teleta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 5:61-77. [PMID: 29721327 PMCID: PMC5911572 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many animals can regenerate, although there is great diversity in regenerative capabilities. A major question in regenerative biology is determining the cellular source of newly formed tissue. The polychaete annelid, Capitella teleta, can regenerate posterior segments following transverse amputation. However, the source, behavior and molecular characteristics of the cells that form new tissue during regeneration are largely unknown. Using an indirect cell tracking method involving 5′‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, we show that cell migration occurs during C. teleta posterior regeneration. Expression of the multipotency/germ line marker CapI‐vasa led us to hypothesize that stem cells originate from a multipotent progenitor cell (MPC) cluster, migrate through the coelomic cavity, and contribute to regeneration of tissue. We show that the capacity for posterior regeneration and segment formation is greater with than without the MPC cluster. Finally, we propose a working model of posterior regeneration in C. teleta. This work is the first in C. teleta that addresses the potential source of cells contributing to posterior regeneration, and may provide clues as to why some animals are highly successful regenerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M de Jong
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience University of Florida St Augustine FL 32080 USA
| | - Elaine C Seaver
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience University of Florida St Augustine FL 32080 USA
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22
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Kozin VV, Filippova NA, Kostyuchenko RP. Regeneration of the nervous and muscular system after caudal amputation in the polychaete Alitta virens (Annelida: Nereididae). Russ J Dev Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360417030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Özpolat BD, Bely AE. Developmental and molecular biology of annelid regeneration: a comparative review of recent studies. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:144-153. [PMID: 27505269 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies of annelid regeneration have greatly increased in frequency in recent years, providing new insights into the developmental basis and evolution of regeneration. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to regeneration in annelids, focusing on molecular and developmental studies of epimorphic (blastema-based) regeneration, morphallactic (tissue-remodeling based) regeneration, and development and regeneration of putative stem cells of the posterior growth zone and germline. Regeneration is being investigated in a broad range of annelids spanning the phylum, and comparing findings among species reveals both widely conserved features that may be ancestral for the phylum as well as features that are variable across the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Duygu Özpolat
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Alexandra E Bely
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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24
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Seaver EC. Annelid models I: Capitella teleta. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 39:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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