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Al-Shroby WA, Sohaibani IS, AlShlash NK, Alsalamah NA, Alhraiwila NJ. Factors influencing telehealth awareness, utilization, and satisfaction in KSA: A national population-based study. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2024; 19:677-686. [PMID: 38860261 PMCID: PMC11163165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Telehealth involves delivering healthcare remotely through digital platforms such as telephone and video calls. Use of telehealth surged during the COVID-19 pandemic because of the need for contactless healthcare. The Saudi Ministry of Health established the "937 telephone medical consultation call center" almost 10 years ago. Objectives The aim of this study was to examine public awareness of, utilization of, and satisfaction with the 937 call center service, and to assess associated factors. Materials and methods This national community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted through multistage sampling with proportional allocation from 20 health directorates. Participants were selected from the general population in public places and were interviewed with a validated questionnaire. Results Of 7951 approached individuals, 7692 agreed to participate (response rate 96.7%). Seventy-eight percent of participants were aware of the 937 service, and 56.4% had previously used the service. Most (86%) users were satisfied with the service. Long waiting times were the most frequent reason (46.6%) for dissatisfaction. In multivariable analysis, service awareness and utilization were both significantly associated with having higher education (aOR 4.03, 95%CI: 3.17-5.12 and aOR 3.42, 95%CI: 2.64-4.42, respectively). Positive impressions of telephone medical consultation services, Saudi nationality, having children, having medical insurance, and having a history of chronic disease were significantly associated with awareness of, utilization of, and satisfaction with the service. Conclusion The study revealed high awareness of, utilization of, and satisfaction with the 937 telephone medical consultation call center, thus suggesting increased public acceptance of the service. Moreover, the study identified socio-demographic factors influencing public awareness of, utilization of, and satisfaction with telehealth. Further studies are required to increase understanding of the facilitators of, and barriers to, the use of service among various population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid A.A. Al-Shroby
- Deputyship of Public Health, Ministry of Health, KSA
- Public Health & Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | | | - Nora K. AlShlash
- Assistant Deputyship for Preventive Health, Ministry of Health, KSA
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Alqudimat MR, Toupin April K, Jibb L, Victor C, Nathan PC, Stinson J. Assessment of complementary health approaches use in pediatric oncology: Modification and preliminary validation of the "Which Health Approaches and Treatments Are You Using?" (WHAT) questionnaires. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294393. [PMID: 38446765 PMCID: PMC10917275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complementary Health Approaches (CHA) are commonly used by children with cancer; however, a few health care providers (HCPs) inquire about the use of CHA. A standardized questionnaire could facilitate such clinical discussions. We aimed to adapt and determine the face and content validity of the "Which Health Approaches and Treatments are you using?" (WHAT) child and parent-report questionnaires in pediatric oncology. METHODS An electronic Delphi survey that included children with cancer (8-18 years), parents, and HCPs and CHA researchers was conducted to reach consensus on the content of the WHAT questionnaires in pediatric oncology. Children and parents from the Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), and HCPs and researchers from the International Society of Pediatric Oncology and Pediatric Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Education Network completed the survey. To determine the face and content validity of the questionnaires, two iterative cycles of individual interviews were conducted with purposive samples of children (8-18 years), parents, and HCPs from SickKids. RESULTS Consensus was reached on all domains and items of the original WHAT questionnaires after one Delphi cycle (n = 61). For face and content validity testing, the first cycle of interviews (n = 19) revealed that the questionnaires were mostly comprehensive and relevant. However, the paper-based format of the original WHAT was not user-friendly, and generic items were vague and not aimed at facilitating clinical dialogues about CHA use. The WHAT questionnaires were then modified into electronic cancer-specific self- and proxy-report questionnaires including 13 and 15 items, respectively. The second cycle (n = 21) showed no need for further changes. CONCLUSIONS The modified electronic cancer-specific WHAT questionnaires showed adequate face and content validity. The next step is to determine inter-rater reliability, construct validity, and feasibility of administration of the modified WHAT questionnaires in pediatric oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R. Alqudimat
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluation Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karine Toupin April
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute and Institute du Savoir Montfort, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay Jibb
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluation Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Victor
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul C. Nathan
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Stinson
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluation Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Alqudimat MR, Toupin April K, Jibb L, Victor C, Nathan PC, Stinson J. Inter-Rater Reliability, Construct Validity, and Feasibility of the Modified "Which Health Approaches and Treatments Are You Using?" (WHAT) Questionnaires for Assessing the Use of Complementary Health Approaches in Pediatric Oncology. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1500. [PMID: 37761461 PMCID: PMC10529412 DOI: 10.3390/children10091500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to test the inter-rater reliability, construct validity, and feasibility of the modified "Which Health Approaches and Treatments Are You Using?" (WHAT) questionnaires in pediatric oncology; Methods: Parent-child dyads were invited to complete self- and proxy-report-modified WHAT, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, demographics, a diary of the child's recent use of CHA, and a questionnaire assessing the aspects of feasibility. Parents were asked to complete a satisfaction of their children's use of the CHA survey; Results: Twenty-four dyads completed the study. The mean weighted kappa showed strong inter-rater reliability (k = 0.77, SE = 0.056), and strong agreements between the modified WHAT and the diary (self-report [k = 0.806, SE = 0.046] and proxy-report [k = 0.894, SE = 0.057]). Significant relationships were found only between recent and non-recent CHA users in relation to the easy access to CHA (self-report [p = 0.02], proxy-report [p < 0.001]). The mean scores of the feasibility scale (out of 7.0) for the self- and proxy-report were 5.64 (SD = 0.23) and 5.81 (SD = 0.22), respectively, indicating the feasibility of the modified WHAT; Conclusions: The findings provide initial evidence of the reliability and validity of the modified WHAT and their feasibility. Further research is needed to test the theoretical relationships and further explore the validity and reliability of the modified WHAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R. Alqudimat
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Karine Toupin April
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute and Institut du Savoir Montfort, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Lindsay Jibb
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Charles Victor
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6, Canada
| | - Paul C. Nathan
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Stinson
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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Alqudimat MR, Toupin April K, Hundert A, Jibb L, Victor C, Nathan PC, Stinson J. Questionnaires assessing the use of complementary health approaches in pediatrics and their measurement properties: A systematic review. Complement Ther Med 2020; 53:102520. [PMID: 33066855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify questionnaires assessing the use of complementary health approaches (CHA) in pediatrics, describe their content, and appraise the methodological quality of the studies and the measurement properties of the questionnaires. METHOD Major electronic databases were searched from 2011 to 2020. Studies which aimed to assess the use of CHA and studies which reported developing and validating CHA questionnaires in pediatrics were included. Two reviewers independently screened the studies, extracted the data, and rated the methodological quality of the studies and measurement properties of the questionnaires using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. When consensus was not reached, a third reviewer was consulted. RESULTS Thirty-eight studies were included. From these studies, 35 CHA questionnaires with a variety of different items were identified. Only two studies aimed to evaluate the measurement properties of two questionnaires. One questionnaire, available as a self- and proxy-report, was initially validated in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and the other, available as an interviewer-administered questionnaire, was validated in children with cancer. According to the COSMIN, the methodological quality of both studies was inadequate or doubtful, and both questionnaires was not thoroughly validated. CONCLUSION This systematic review showed a lack of a thoroughly validated CHA questionnaire in pediatrics. However, two questionnaires were found to hold promise. To address this gap, one of the existing questionnaires should be adapted and further validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Alqudimat
- University of Toronto, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, 155 College Street, Suite 130, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Child Health Evaluation Sciences, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Karine Toupin April
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada; University of Ottawa, Department of Pediatrics and School of Rehabilitation Sciences, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Amos Hundert
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Child Health Evaluation Sciences, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Lindsay Jibb
- University of Toronto, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, 155 College Street, Suite 130, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Child Health Evaluation Sciences, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Charles Victor
- University of Toronto, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Paul C Nathan
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Haematology/Oncology, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Stinson
- University of Toronto, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, 155 College Street, Suite 130, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Child Health Evaluation Sciences, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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Use of Complementary Health Approaches for Acute Complaints Presenting to the Emergency Department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2020; 36:e378-e382. [PMID: 29489600 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the prevalence of complementary health approaches (CHAs) specifically for acute complaints in patients assessed in a pediatric emergency department (ED) and factors associated with use. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was offered to patients between the age of 28 days and 18 years assessed at a tertiary pediatric ED between December 2014 and July 2015. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify variables associated with CHA use. RESULTS Of 475 potential participants, 412 (86.7%) participated, of which 369 (89.5%) completed the survey. Overall, 28.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.3-33.5) reported using any CHA for their child to treat the presenting complaint in the prior 72 hours to the ED visit. Gastrointestinal complaints had the highest use of CHA (46.3% of presentations endorsed use). The most common complementary health products used were vitamins and minerals (40.9%; 95% CI, 31.2-51.4); the most common complementary health practice used was massage (37.2%; 95% CI, 24.4-52.1). Multivariate analysis showed lower odds of using CHA for rash/skin complaint (odds ratio, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.09-0.59; P < 0.01) or musculoskeletal/extremity complaints (odds ratio, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.07-0.75; P = 0.01) compared with use for fever. No statistically significant association was found between CHAs use and child's sex, child's age, private insurance, or caregiver education. CONCLUSIONS Caregivers commonly use CHA for acute pediatric complaints requiring an ED visit, with greatest use for gastrointestinal complaints. Clinicians should consider the use and safety of CHA when evaluating children presenting to the ED with acute conditions.
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Lee J, Lee SH, Chang GT. Expert consensus on the development of a health-related questionnaire for the pediatric field of Korean medicine: a Delphi study. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:10. [PMID: 32020878 PMCID: PMC7076900 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a variety of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for children have been developed, there is no pediatric PROM specific to Korean medicine (KM) that is validated by experts in the field. The aim of this study was to collate the opinions of specialists in KM pediatrics on the development of a generic PROM that can be used by Korean medical doctors to assess the health status of children. METHODS A three-round Delphi survey was conducted to determine the level of consensus on the development of a new PROM. Delphi questionnaires were sent by e-mail to 91 KM pediatricians on January 24, 2018. The Delphi questionnaire was composed of four sections: conceptualization, construction, items, and sources of content for a PROM. A nine-point Likert scale was used, and if more than two-thirds of the panels agreed or disagreed with a given sentence, they were considered to have reached a consensus. A draft of a PROM for the pediatric field of KM was developed in accordance with the preliminary conceptual framework. RESULTS Out of 91 experts, 18 finished three rounds of the Delphi survey. The experts reached a consensus on the necessity of a KM pediatric PROM for measuring various areas including child health, and using Likert scales with a recall period of 3 months. They also agreed on specific items and sources of content. A new draft of a health questionnaire for KM pediatrics was developed based on the Delphi consensus. It contains 44 items covering 7 domains: i) functions of the digestive system, ii) functions of the respiratory system, iii) mental functions, iv) skin functions, v) pain, vi) functions of the metabolic and endocrine systems, and vii) demographic details. CONCLUSIONS This research represents the first step in developing a health questionnaire for the pediatric field of KM. The questionnaire can be used in clinical and research settings after verifying several types of validity and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, #892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 05278 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Haeng Lee
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453 Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Tae Chang
- Department of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, #892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 05278 Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453 Republic of Korea
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Foster M, Whitehead L, Arabiat D. Development and validation of the needs of children questionnaire: An instrument to measure children's self-reported needs in hospital. J Adv Nurs 2019; 75:2246-2258. [PMID: 31197863 PMCID: PMC6852052 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim To develop and psychometrically test the needs of children questionnaire (NCQ), a new instrument to measure school‐aged children's self‐reported psychosocial physical and emotional needs in paediatric wards. Design This is an instrument development study based on recommendations for developing a reliable and valid questionnaire. Method The NCQ was developed over three phases between February 2013–April 2017 and included item generation; content adequacy assessment; questionnaire administration; factor analysis; internal consistency assessment and construct validity. Psychometric properties were assessed after 193 school‐aged children completed the needs of children's questionnaire in four paediatric areas in Australia and New Zealand. Results The development and validation of the NCQ over two countries resulted in a 16‐item, four‐category tool to measure the self‐reported importance and fulfilment of school‐aged children's needs in hospital. Cronbach's alpha for the combined samples was 0.93. Conclusion The NCQ bridges a gap to measure the level of importance and fulfilment of school‐aged children's self‐reported needs in hospital. Future testing and validation is needed in other paediatric areas and countries. Impact The 16‐item NCQ is a valid measure to evaluate if the quality of care delivered and received in hospital is in line with what children self‐report as important and required and to date indicates good usability and utility. Child self‐reports are essential to inform healthcare delivery, policy, research and theory development from a child and family‐centred care lens that honours the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the best interests of the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandie Foster
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan Univeristy, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa Whitehead
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan Univeristy, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Postgraduate Centre for Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Diana Arabiat
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan Univeristy, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,The University of Jordan, School of Nursing, Amman, Jordan
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Trifa M, Tumin D, Walia H, Lemanek KL, Tobias JD, Bhalla T. Caregivers' knowledge and acceptance of complementary and alternative medicine in a tertiary care pediatric hospital. J Pain Res 2018. [PMID: 29535550 PMCID: PMC5837374 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s156585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies has increased in children, especially in those with chronic health conditions. However, this increase may not translate into acceptance of CAM in the perioperative setting. We surveyed caregivers of patients undergoing surgery to determine their knowledge and acceptance of hypnotherapy, acupuncture, and music therapy as alternatives to standard medication in the perioperative period. Materials and methods An anonymous, 12-question survey was administered to caregivers of children undergoing procedures under general anesthesia. Caregivers reported their knowledge about hypnotherapy, music therapy, and acupuncture and interest in one of these methods during the perioperative period. CAM acceptance was defined as interest in one or more CAM methods. Results Data from 164 caregivers were analyzed. The majority of caregivers were 20-40 years of age (68%) and mothers of the patient (82%). Caregivers were most familiar with acupuncture (70%), followed by music therapy (60%) and hypnotherapy (38%). Overall CAM acceptance was 51%. The acceptance of specific CAM modalities was highest for music therapy (50%), followed by hypnotherapy (17%) and acupuncture (13%). In multivariable logistic regression, familiarity with music therapy was associated with greater odds of CAM acceptance (odds ratio=3.36; 95% CI: 1.46, 7.74; P=0.004). Conclusion Overall CAM acceptance among caregivers of children undergoing surgery was 51%, with music therapy being the most accepted CAM method. Familiarity with music therapy was the only factor that was independently associated with accepting CAM in the perioperative period. The low acceptance for acupuncture and hypnosis in the perioperative situation may be related to insufficient parental knowledge and information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Trifa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Dmitry Tumin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hina Walia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen L Lemanek
- Department of Pediatric Psychology and Neuropsychology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joseph D Tobias
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tarun Bhalla
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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Song P, Xia J, Rezeng C, Tong L, Tang W. Traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine: Focusing on research into traditional Tibetan medicine in China. Biosci Trends 2016; 10:163-70. [PMID: 27301588 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2016.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Song
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Jufeng Xia
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Caidan Rezeng
- The Research Center of Chinese and Tibetan Medicine, Medicine College, Qinghai University
| | - Li Tong
- The Research Center of Chinese and Tibetan Medicine, Medicine College, Qinghai University
| | - Wei Tang
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
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