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Bellerba F, Chatziioannou AC, Jasbi P, Robinot N, Keski-Rahkonen P, Trolat A, Vozar B, Hartman SJ, Scalbert A, Bonanni B, Johansson H, Sears DD, Gandini S. Metabolomic profiles of metformin in breast cancer survivors: a pooled analysis of plasmas from two randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Transl Med 2022; 20:629. [PMID: 36581893 PMCID: PMC9798585 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03809-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a major health concern for breast cancer survivors, being associated with high recurrence and reduced efficacy during cancer treatment. Metformin treatment is associated with reduced breast cancer incidence, recurrence and mortality. To better understand the underlying mechanisms through which metformin may reduce recurrence, we aimed to conduct metabolic profiling of overweight/obese breast cancer survivors before and after metformin treatment. METHODS Fasting plasma samples from 373 overweight or obese breast cancer survivors randomly assigned to metformin (n = 194) or placebo (n = 179) administration were collected at baseline, after 6 months (Reach For Health trial), and after 12 months (MetBreCS trial). Archival samples were concurrently analyzed using three complementary methods: untargeted LC-QTOF-MS metabolomics, targeted LC-MS metabolomics (AbsoluteIDQ p180, Biocrates), and gas chromatography phospholipid fatty acid assay. Multivariable linear regression models and family-wise error correction were used to identify metabolites that significantly changed after metformin treatment. RESULTS Participants (n = 352) with both baseline and study end point samples available were included in the analysis. After adjusting for confounders such as study center, age, body mass index and false discovery rate, we found that metformin treatment was significantly associated with decreased levels of citrulline, arginine, tyrosine, caffeine, paraxanthine, and theophylline, and increased levels of leucine, isoleucine, proline, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate, 4-methyl-2-oxovalerate, alanine and indoxyl-sulphate. Long-chain unsaturated phosphatidylcholines (PC ae C36:4, PC ae C38:5, PC ae C36:5 and PC ae C38:6) were significantly decreased with the metformin treatment, as were phospholipid-derived long-chain n-6 fatty acids. The metabolomic profiles of metformin treatment suggest change in specific biochemical pathways known to impair cancer cell growth including activation of CYP1A2, alterations in fatty acid desaturase activity, and altered metabolism of specific amino acids, including impaired branched chain amino acid catabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our results in overweight breast cancer survivors identify new metabolic effects of metformin treatment that may mechanistically contribute to reduced risk of recurrence in this population and reduced obesity-related cancer risk reported in observational studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01302379 and EudraCT Protocol #: 2015-001001-14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bellerba
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paniz Jasbi
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nivonirina Robinot
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, Lyon, France
| | - Pekka Keski-Rahkonen
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, Lyon, France
| | - Amarine Trolat
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, Lyon, France
| | - Béatrice Vozar
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, Lyon, France
| | - Sheri J Hartman
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, Lyon, France
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Harriet Johansson
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.
| | - Dorothy D Sears
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara Gandini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Udumula MP, Poisson LM, Dutta I, Tiwari N, Kim S, Chinna-Shankar J, Allo G, Sakr S, Hijaz M, Munkarah AR, Giri S, Rattan R. Divergent Metabolic Effects of Metformin Merge to Enhance Eicosapentaenoic Acid Metabolism and Inhibit Ovarian Cancer In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061504. [PMID: 35326656 PMCID: PMC8946838 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is being actively repurposed for the treatment of gynecologic malignancies including ovarian cancer. We investigated if metformin induces analogous metabolic changes across ovarian cancer cells. Functional metabolic analysis showed metformin caused an immediate and sustained decrease in oxygen consumption while increasing glycolysis across A2780, C200, and SKOV3ip cell lines. Untargeted metabolomics showed metformin to have differential effects on glycolysis and TCA cycle metabolites, while consistent increased fatty acid oxidation intermediates were observed across the three cell lines. Metabolite set enrichment analysis showed alpha-linolenic/linoleic acid metabolism as being most upregulated. Downstream mediators of the alpha-linolenic/linoleic acid metabolism, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were abundant in all three cell lines. EPA was more effective in inhibiting SKOV3 and CaOV3 xenografts, which correlated with inhibition of inflammatory markers and indicated a role for EPA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediators such as Resolvin E1. Thus, modulation of the metabolism of omega-3 fatty acids and their anti-inflammatory signaling molecules appears to be one of the common mechanisms of metformin's antitumor activity. The distinct metabolic signature of the tumors may indicate metformin response and aid the preclinical and clinical interpretation of metformin therapy in ovarian and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P. Udumula
- Department of Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.P.U.); (N.T.); (J.C.-S.); (M.H.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Laila M. Poisson
- Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Public Health Services, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (L.M.P.); (I.D.)
| | - Indrani Dutta
- Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Public Health Services, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (L.M.P.); (I.D.)
| | - Nivedita Tiwari
- Department of Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.P.U.); (N.T.); (J.C.-S.); (M.H.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Seongho Kim
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Jasdeep Chinna-Shankar
- Department of Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.P.U.); (N.T.); (J.C.-S.); (M.H.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Ghassan Allo
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Sharif Sakr
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Miriana Hijaz
- Department of Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.P.U.); (N.T.); (J.C.-S.); (M.H.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Adnan R. Munkarah
- Department of Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.P.U.); (N.T.); (J.C.-S.); (M.H.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Shailendra Giri
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Ramandeep Rattan
- Department of Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.P.U.); (N.T.); (J.C.-S.); (M.H.); (A.R.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +313-876-7381; Fax: +313-876-3415
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Rodgers RL. Reply to Wewer Albrechtsen: The glucose-mobilizing effect of glucagon at fasting is mediated by cyclic AMP. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E580. [PMID: 34369822 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00272.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Rodgers
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
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Shen X, Fan B, Hu X, Luo L, Yan Y, Yang L. Metformin Reduces Lipotoxicity-Induced Meta-Inflammation in β-Cells through the Activation of GPR40-PLC-IP3 Pathway. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:7602427. [PMID: 31950065 PMCID: PMC6948338 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7602427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic drug, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties; nevertheless, its influence on β-cell meta-inflammation remains unclear. The following study investigated the effects of metformin on meta-inflammatory in β-cells and whether the underlying mechanisms were associated with the G protein-coupled receptor 40-phospholipase C-inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (GPR40-PLC-IP3) pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lipotoxicity-induced β-cells and the high-fat diet-induced obese rat model were used in the study. RESULTS Metformin-reduced lipotoxicity-induced β-cell meta-inflammatory injury was associated with the expression of GPR40. GPR40 was involved in metformin reversing metabolic inflammation key marker TLR4 activation-mediated β-cell injury. Furthermore, downstream signaling protein PLC-IP3 of GPR40 was involved in the protective effect of metformin on meta-inflammation, and the above process of metformin was partially regulated by AMPK activity. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of metformin were observed in obese rats. CONCLUSION Metformin can reduce lipotoxicity-induced meta-inflammation in β-cells through the regulation of the GPR40-PLC-IP3 pathway and partially via the regulation of AMPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximei Shen
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Beibei Fan
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Liufen Luo
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Yuanli Yan
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Liyong Yang
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
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CDP-choline accumulation in breast and colorectal cancer cells treated with a GSK-3-targeting inhibitor. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 32:227-235. [PMID: 30446846 PMCID: PMC6424927 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-018-0719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a key controlling element of many cellular processes including cell-cycle progression and recent studies suggest that GSK3 is a potential anticancer target. Changes in glucose metabolism associated with GSK3 inhibition may impact on lipid synthesis, whilst lipid metabolites can act as molecular response markers. Methods Here, SKBr3 breast and HCT8 colorectal cancer cells were treated with the GSK3 inhibitor SB216763, and [14C (U)] glucose and [3H] choline incorporation into lipids was determined. Cell extracts from treated cells were subject to 31P NMR spectroscopy. Results SB216763 treatment decreased choline incorporation into lipids and caused an accumulation of CDP-choline which was accompanied by decreased conversion of glucose into lipid components. Conclusion SB216763 profoundly inhibits phospholipid synthesis in cancer cells which demonstrate accumulation of CDP-choline detectable by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Metabolic changes in lipid metabolism present potential response markers to drugs targeting GSK3.
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Ogrodzinski MP, Bernard JJ, Lunt SY. Deciphering metabolic rewiring in breast cancer subtypes. Transl Res 2017; 189:105-122. [PMID: 28774752 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming, an emerging hallmark of cancer, is observed in breast cancer. Breast cancer cells rewire their cellular metabolism to meet the demands of survival, proliferation, and invasion. However, breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and metabolic rewiring is not uniform. Each subtype of breast cancer displays distinct metabolic alterations. Here, we focus on unique metabolic reprogramming associated with subtypes of breast cancer, as well as common features. Therapeutic opportunities based on subtype-specific metabolic alterations are also discussed. Through this discussion, we aim to provide insight into subtype-specific metabolic rewiring and vulnerabilities that have the potential to better guide therapy and improve outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Ogrodzinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich; Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich
| | - Jamie J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich
| | - Sophia Y Lunt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.
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Response Detection of Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer to Clinically Utilised and Novel Treatments by Monitoring Phospholipid Metabolism. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4793465. [PMID: 28717648 PMCID: PMC5498927 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4793465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) activation is the primary driving factor in prostate cancer which is initially responsive to castration but then becomes resistant (castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)). CRPC cells still retain the functioning AR which can be targeted by other therapies. A recent promising development is the use of inhibitors (Epi-1) of protein-protein interaction to inhibit AR-activated signalling. Translating novel therapies into the clinic requires sensitive early response indicators. Here potential response markers are explored. Growth inhibition of prostate cancer cells with flutamide, paclitaxel, and Epi-1 was measured using the MTT assay. To simulate choline-PET scans, pulse-chase experiments were carried out with [3H-methyl]choline and proportion of phosphorylated activity was determined after treatment with growth inhibitory concentrations of each drug. Extracts from treated cells were also subject to 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Cells treated with flutamide demonstrated decreased [3H-methyl]choline phosphorylation, whilst the proportion of phosphorylated [3H-methyl]choline that was present in the lipid fraction was increased in Epi-1-treated cells. Phospholipid breakdown products, glycerophosphorylcholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine levels, were shown by 31P-NMR spectroscopy to be decreased to undetectable levels in cells treated with Epi-1. LNCaP cells responding to treatment with novel protein-protein interaction inhibitors suggest that 31P-NMR spectroscopy may be useful in detecting response to this promising therapy.
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Checkley LA, Rudolph MC, Wellberg EA, Giles ED, Wahdan-Alaswad RS, Houck JA, Edgerton SM, Thor AD, Schedin P, Anderson SM, MacLean PS. Metformin Accumulation Correlates with Organic Cation Transporter 2 Protein Expression and Predicts Mammary Tumor Regression In Vivo. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:198-207. [PMID: 28154203 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0211-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiologic studies have associated metformin treatment with a reduction in breast cancer incidence in prediabetic and type II diabetic populations. Uncertainty exists regarding which patient populations and/or tumor subtypes will benefit from metformin treatment, and most preclinical in vivo studies have given little attention to the cellular pharmacology of intratumoral metformin uptake. Epidemiologic reports consistently link western-style high fat diets (HFD), which drive overweight and obesity, with increased risk of breast cancer. We used a rat model of HFD-induced overweight and mammary carcinogenesis to define intratumoral factors that confer metformin sensitivity. Mammary tumors were initiated with 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea, and rats were randomized into metformin-treated (2 mg/mL drinking water) or control groups (water only) for 8 weeks. Two-thirds of existing mammary tumors responded to metformin treatment with decreased tumor volumes (P < 0.05), reduced proliferative index (P < 0.01), and activated AMPK (P < 0.05). Highly responsive tumors accumulated 3-fold greater metformin amounts (P < 0.05) that were positively correlated with organic cation transporter-2 (OCT2) protein expression (r = 0.57; P = 0.038). Importantly, intratumoral metformin concentration negatively associated with tumor volume (P = 0.03), and each 10 pmol increase in intratumoral metformin predicted >0.11 cm3 reduction in tumor volume. Metformin treatment also decreased proinflammatory arachidonic acid >1.5-fold in responsive tumors (P = 0.023). Collectively, these preclinical data provide evidence for a direct effect of metformin in vivo and suggest that OCT2 expression may predict metformin uptake and tumor response. Cancer Prev Res; 10(3); 198-207. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Allyson Checkley
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth A Wellberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Erin D Giles
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Reema S Wahdan-Alaswad
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Julie A Houck
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Susan M Edgerton
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ann D Thor
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Steven M Anderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paul S MacLean
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. .,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Probing the PI3K/Akt/mTor pathway using 31P-NMR spectroscopy: routes to glycogen synthase kinase 3. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36544. [PMID: 27811956 PMCID: PMC5109916 DOI: 10.1038/srep36544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Akt is an intracellular signalling pathway that serves as an essential link between cell surface receptors and cellular processes including proliferation, development and survival. The pathway has many downstream targets including glycogen synthase kinase3 which is a major regulatory kinase for cell cycle transit as well as controlling glycogen synthase activity. The Akt pathway is frequently up-regulated in cancer due to overexpression of receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor, or mutation of signalling pathway kinases resulting in inappropriate survival and proliferation. Consequently anticancer drugs have been developed that target this pathway. MDA-MB-468 breast and HCT8 colorectal cancer cells were treated with inhibitors including LY294002, MK2206, rapamycin, AZD8055 targeting key kinases in/associated with Akt pathway and the consistency of changes in 31P-NMR-detecatable metabolite content of tumour cells was examined. Treatment with the Akt inhibitor MK2206 reduced phosphocholine levels in MDA-MB-468 cells. Treatment with either the phosphoinositide-3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002 and pan-mTOR inhibitor, AZD8055 but not pan-Akt inhibitor MK2206 increased uridine-5′-diphosphate-hexose cell content which was suppressed by co-treatment with glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitor SB216763. This suggests that there is an Akt-independent link between phosphoinositol-3-kinase and glycogen synthase kinase3 and demonstrates the potential of 31P-NMR to probe intracellular signalling pathways.
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Harrelson JP, Lee MW. Expanding the view of breast cancer metabolism: Promising molecular targets and therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 167:60-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Smith T, Phyu S. Determination of Rate of [3H-methyl]-choline Incorporation into Cellular Lipids and Non-lipid Metabolites. Bio Protoc 2016. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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